Tuberculosis of hip in children: A retrospective analysis

Background:

Tuberculosis (TB) of hip constitutes nearly 15% of all cases of osteoarticular tuberculosis. We report a retrospective study carried out on 43 children with hip TB.

Materials and Methods:

Forty-three children of TB hip treated between 1971 and 2000 were analysed. Twenty-four children of the early series were treated with streptomycin (S), isoniazid (H) and PAS (Pa) for 18 months (3HPaS, 15 HPa), while 19 children in the later series were treated with isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R) and ethambutol (E) or pyrazinamide (Z) for 12 months [(12 RHE(Z)]. Five out of 18 children with radiologically normal appearing type hip TB were treated with chemotherapy alone and 38 children were subjected to surgery; simple synovectomy alone in 31 hips, joint debridement in six hips, and proximal femoral varisation osteotomy in one. After surgery hips were immobilized in cast for one to three months according to the severity of the disease and patients pain tolerance, and then were mobilized under leg traction in bed gradually till pain subsided completely.

Results:

TB of hip healed with minimum sequelae in all children. In 18 Type one hip TB, normal hip (synovial form) anatomy was maintained, and in 25 patients with advanced lesions some defect in the femoral head and acetabulum was noticed, though painless good hip motion was maintained. Excellent to good results were obtained in 31 children (73.1%), fair in eight (18.6%), and poor in four (9.3%). In four patients with poor results, there was some residual morphological defect in the hip. None developed ankylosis of hip.

Conclusion:

We achieved good outcome with minimum sequelae in this series. The management goal should be aimed not only to heal the disease but also to maintain a painless mobile hip and anatomical cephalocotyloid relationship until maturity, and retard the development of secondary osteoarthritis.     

Tubercular spondylitis in children

Spine of the child has unique anatomy and growth potential to grow to adult size. Tuberculosis (TB) spine results in bone loss as well as disturbed growth potential, hence spinal deformities may progress as the child grows. The growth potential is also disturbed when the disease focus is surgically intervened. Surgery is indicated for complications such as deformity, neurological deficit, instability, huge abscess, diagnostic dilemma and in suspected drug resistance to mycobacterium tuberculosis. The child on antitubercular treatment needs to be periodically evaluated for weight gain and drug dosages need to be adjusted accordingly. The severe progressive kyphotic deformity should be surgically corrected. Mild to moderate cases should be followed up until maturity to observe progression/improvement of spinal deformity. The surgical correction of kyphotic deformity in active disease is less hazardous than in a healed kyphosis. The internal kyphectomy by extra pleural approach allows adequate removal of internal salient in paraplegic patients with healed kyphotic deformity.     

髋关节结核病灶清除术后关节僵硬的特点及治疗

目的探讨髋关节结核病灶清除术后关节僵硬的预防与治疗.方法20例髋关节结核病灶清除术后关节僵硬病人,首先给予全麻下手法松解,未达优良者经髋关节后外侧切口进入行软组织松解手术治疗,术后髋关节均屈曲位固定3天,然后进行CPM功能锻炼及主动功能锻炼.结果术后半年20例髋关节屈曲均超过90°,14例可达120°.结论全麻下行髋关节手法松解,或股骨髁上骨牵引加全麻下行髋关节手法松解,对大多数髋关节结核病灶清除术后关节僵硬的改善是十分有效的;少数严重病例,由髋关节后外侧切口进入行软组织松解术亦可取得满意效果.CPM功能锻炼及主动功能锻炼是治疗的重要组成部分.     

Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of suspected hip sepsis in children

Background:Rapid and accurate diagnosis of musculoskeletal infection in children is critical to enable appropriate, targeted surgical interventions. Distinguishing between septic arthritis, myositis, and osteomyelitis around the hip can be difficult using clinical criteria and ultrasound scan alone.Materials and methods:We performed a retrospective 5-year observational review of selective magnetic resonance imaging scanning for hip sepsis in a pediatric tertiary referral center. Included were children with atraumatic hip pain with symptom duration <2 weeks, minimum of two positive modified Kocher’s criteria, and a hip effusion on ultrasound. All cases were followed up to discharge. We evaluated hip ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging findings, operative procedures, microbiology results, duration of treatment, outcomes, and complications.Results:Fifty-one patients, 55% male, with a mean age 6.4 (0–16) years were included. Thirty-nine underwent magnetic resonance imaging scan for suspected septic arthritis of the hip; 24 prior to surgical washout (pre-emptive), and 15 afterwards (postoperative). In the pre-emptive group, 1/24 had septic arthritis, 7/24 had osteomyelitis, 6/24 had myositis, 5/24 had osteomyelitis and myositis, and 5/24 had no evidence of infective pathology. In the postoperative group, 3/15 had myositis, 3/15 had osteomyelitis, 3/15 had re-accumulation of the hip effusion requiring repeat washout, 3/15 had myositis and osteomyelitis, and 1/15 had septic arthritis of a contiguous joint.Conclusion:Pre-emptive magnetic resonance imaging scanning avoided unnecessary hip washout in 23 cases and enabled targeted drainage of an alternative focus in four of those. Magnetic resonance imaging scanning after hip washout indicated that four cases required further surgery to drain a different focus of infection.     

Cementing of the hip arthroplasty stem increases load-to-failure force: a cadaveric study

Background and purpose — To date, there is not a single clinical or mechanical study directly comparing a cemented and a cementless version of the same stem. We investigated the load-to-failure force of a cementless and a cemented version of a double tapered stem.

Material and methods — 10 femurs from 5 human cadaveric specimens, mean age 74 years (68–79) were extracted. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. None of the specimens had a compromised quality (average T value 0.0, –1.0 to 1.4). Each specimen from a pair randomly received a cemented or a cementless version of the same stem. A material testing machine was used for lateral load-to-failure test of up to a maximal load of 5.0?kN.

Results — Average load-to-failure of the cemented stem was 2.8?kN (2.3–3.2) and 2.2?kN (1.8–2.8) for the cementless stem (p = 0.002). The cemented version of the stem sustained a higher load than its cementless counterpart in all cases. Failure force was not statistically significantly correlated to BMD (p = 0.07).

Interpretation — Implanting a cemented version of the stem increases the load-to-failure force by 25%.     

Tuberculosis of the elbow: A clinicoradiological analysis

Background:

The incidence of Tuberculosis (TB) of elbow is 2-5% of all skeletal locations. Most reports of TB elbow have focused attention on the diagnosis. The management options and classification has been missing. We present a retrospective clinicoradiological analysis of 38 cases (40 elbows) of TB of elbow joint.

Materials and Methods:

The patients presented with pain, swelling and loss of motion. Two cases had bilateral involvement. The average delay between onset of symptoms and presentation was 8 months. The elbows were classified according to modified Martini''s radiological classification, which distinguishes between osseous lesions close to joint line (e.g. coronoid, condyles) and lesions away from the joint line (e.g. epicondyles, olecranon). We modified the classification to subdivide into para-articular bony lesions that had invaded the joint and those that were threatening to invade joint. All patients received antitubercular chemotherapy and immobilization in above-elbow plaster slab for 4–8 weeks. Twenty patients underwent surgical interventions (synovectomy, intraarticular debridement).

Results:

The average followup period was 5.3 years (range 1.5-14.2 years). The range of movement at final followup averaged 107° for stage 2, 90° for stage 3A, 47° for stage 3B and 32° for stage 4. Range of supination and pronation was less satisfactory as compared to flexion and extension and all elbows with bony involvement had less than 90° arc of supination and pronation.

Conclusion:

Surgical intervention could appreciably alter the outcome especially in patients with extra-articular involvement close to the joint. We have classified this subgroup separately.     

Primary synovial chondromatosis of the hip joint (PrSC of the hip): A retrospective cohort analysis and review of the literature

IntroductionPrimary synovial osteochondromatosis (SOCM) or Synovial chondromatosis (SC) of the hip is a benign metaplastic condition of the synovium that is rare and may present with a spectrum of clinical features and radiological findings.Patients and methodsA retrospective search using the keyword ‘Synovial chondromatosis’ (SC) of the hip was performed at a tertiary care orthopaedic referral centre in the UK and a hospital in India. The radiology images were collected from our Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) and Radiology Information System (RIS), over 15 years. The patient's data was collated with Electronic Patient Records (EPR), RIS, and correlated with histo-pathology laboratory records where available. The demographic details of the patients, their clinical symptoms, imaging details, and management outcomes were collected.ResultsWe found 15 cases, with a mean age of 36.53 years (range: 14–50 years). There were 9 male and 6 female patients. The follow-up ranged from 1 year to 6 years. Predominantly unilateral presentation with insidious onset of symptoms was found. A spectrum of radiological Imaging was undertaken. Management strategies included supervised observation, arthroscopic or open synovectomy, and hip arthroplasty. No malignant transformation was found in the analysed cohort.ConclusionPrimary ‘Synovial chondromatosis’ of the hip had a male preponderance in our cohort, presenting with a range of clinical features. Radiologically, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was the commonest modality of cross-sectional imaging utilised and crucial for the diagnosis, evaluating underlying articular involvement including guiding appropriate patient management presenting with Primary ‘Synovial chondromatosis’ of the hip.     

Timing of surgery for hip fractures in the elderly: A retrospective cohort study

IntroductionAlthough early surgery for elderly patients with hip fracture is recommended in existing clinical guidelines, the results of previous studies are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to compare postoperative outcomes of early and delayed surgery for elderly patients with hip fracture.Materials and MethodsIn this retrospective study using a national inpatient database in Japan, patients aged 65 years or older who underwent surgery for hip fracture between July 2010 and March 2014 were included. Early surgery was defined as surgery on the day or the next day of admission. Assessed outcomes included death within 30 days and hospital-acquired pneumonia.ResultsIn this cohort, 47,073 (22.5%) patients underwent surgery for hip fractures within two days of admission (early surgery group) and 161,805 (77.5%) underwent surgery for hip fractures thereafter (delayed surgery group). Early surgery was significantly associated with lower odds for hospital-acquired pneumonia (odds ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.25–0.69) and pressure ulcers (odds ratio, 0.56, 95%CI: 0.33–0.96, p = 0.035), but was not associated with 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.49–1.86) or pulmonary embolism (odds ratio, 1.62, 95%CI: 0.58–4.52, p = 0.357).ConclusionsThese results support current guidelines, which recommend early surgery for elderly hip fractures patients.     

活动性髋关节结核一期病灶清除全髋关节置换28例报告

目的 探讨活动性髋关节结核一期病灶清除全髋关节置换的可行性及其临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年10月期间接受一期病灶清除全髋关节置换治疗的28例晚期活动性髋关节结核患者的相关资料,男17例,女11例;年龄18～72岁,平均36岁.8例单纯关节内脓肿,20例合并关节周围脓肿;均有髋臼及股骨头骨破坏.术前红细胞沉降率为28～102 mm/1 h,平均52 mm/1 h;C反应蛋白为11～73 mg/L,平均38 mg/L.9例合并肺结核,1例合并脊柱结核,术前抗结核治疗时间平均7周(3～32周).所有患者术中均彻底清除髋关节周围脓肿、髋臼死骨,将切除的股骨头颈清除病灶组织后置于体积分数75％酒精浸泡5 min,用生理盐水冲洗,用于骨缺损区植骨,采用非骨水泥型假体置换.病理检查证实为髋关节结核.术后系统抗结核治疗18个月.结果 28例患者均获得随访,随访时间24～56个月,平均37个月.所有患者切口一期愈合,红细胞沉降率恢复正常时间平均为3.3个月(2～5个月),C反应蛋白恢复正常时间平均为2.1个月(1～3个月).髋关节Harris评分从(30.214±9.350)分改善至(90.535±6.746)分.1例患者术后13个月自行停用抗结核化疗后结核复发,术后56个月随访时患者能行走,股骨柄和髋臼杯无松动,目前保留假体密切随访中.结论 活动性全髋关节结核在有效抗结核化疗的基础上行一期病灶清除全髋关节置换可获得较好的临床疗效.     

胸锁关节结核1例

1病例资料患者,女,50岁,左胸锁关节有黄豆粒大小肿物,无疼痛,未行任何处理。约1个月后,感左胸锁关节处肿物疼痛,就诊当地医院进行治疗,诊断未明确,患者症状无缓解,未继续治疗。肿物进行性增大、疼痛加重1个月,遂就诊于我院。无潮热、盗汗等症状。查体:左胸锁关节处可触及一1·5     

Total hip arthroplasty in patients with Trisomy 21: Systematic review and exploratory patient level analysis

Introduction

Trisomy 21 is the most common chromosomal disorders in humans; it is caused by an extra copy of chromosome number 21. This extra chromosomal material causes widespread abnormalities involving nearly every part of human body. Hip disorders are the second most serious musculoskeletal disorder in patients with T21 with a reported incidence between 2 and 28%. The outcomes of these hip disorders in patients with T21 are much less favorable than similar hip diagnoses in normal patients and a substantive number of these patients develop severe osteoarthritis that require total hip arthroplasty (THA). The outcome of THA in this cohort of patient is not well studied.

Acute septic arthritis of the hip in children

Thirty-three cases of acute septic arthritis of the hip in children were treated at our hospital from 1986 to 1997. The average follow-up period was 6 years (range 2–¶11 years). In 17 cases the right hip was affected, and in 16 the left hip. The average duration of symptoms was 5 days (range 1–14 days). Microorganisms were isolated from the blood, joint aspirate, or surgical specimens in 25 cases (76%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria found (44%). Those patients with S. aureus infection were older than 1 year of age. There was no significant difference in the final outcome between the younger and the older age groups. Twenty-six out of 33 patients (89%) had a satisfactory outcome. Satisfactory results can also be expected with arthrocentesis and medical treatment if the diagnosis is made early, and antibiotic treatment affords a good clinical response. Four out of 7 cases with an unsatisfactory result were associated with osteomyelitis of the proximal femur. The two most important factors associated with poor results included a delay of definite treatment lasting longer than 5 days and the presence of osteomyelitis of the proximal femur.     

Predictors of mortality and length of stay after hip fractures – A multicenter retrospective analysis

BackgroundThe ubiquity of hip fractures pose a substantial burden on public health services worldwide. There is widespread geographical variation in mortality rates and length of stay after hip fractures. The current study investigates both the predictors of; (1) one-year mortality and (2) length of hospital stay (LOS) in adults aged 60 years or older. We aim to identify the risk factors and quantify the extent of influence they have on both outcomes.MethodologyA retrospective multi-center cohort study identified consecutively documented hip fractures between January 2013 and September 2018. A multivariate regression analysis of 603 patients was performed to determine independent factors affecting mortality and total LOS.ResultsThe study sample included 603 patients with a total one-year mortality rate of 20.6% (n = 124). Predictors of mortality included; longer LOS, increasing age, inability to return to baseline mobility and comorbid burden. The mean overall LOS was 15.1 days, and 22.6 days in the mortality group. Predictors of increased LOS included; previous hip fractures, comorbid burden; diabetic, cerebrovascular disease and smokers. Return to baseline mobility status was associated with reduced LOS.ConclusionPatients with a longer length of stay, inability to return to baseline mobility status, higher ASA scores, previous hip fractures and longer time to surgery had a higher mortality rate. Determinants of a longer LOS include; increased time to surgery, impeded postoperative mobility status, fixation rather than joint replacement and comorbid burden. A multifaceted approach to preoperative optimization and postoperative recovery is crucial in order to address all possible modifiable factors.     

老年患者髋部骨折术后1年病死率及危险因素分析:一项回顾性队列研究

目的 调查老年髋部骨折患者术后1年病死率,并分析其危险因素. 方法 研究为回顾性队列研究,收集2011年～2014年因髋部骨折行手术治疗的老年(年龄≥65岁)患者信息,随访术后1年存活情况,采用Logistic回归分析筛选术后死亡的危险因素. 结果 共295名老年髋部骨折患者纳入本研究,平均年龄(78.4±6.7)岁,女性占71.5％,术前有3种以上合并症的占38％,平均随访(31.2±0.7)个月.住院期间、术后30 d、术后1年以及随访结束时病死率分别为0.7％、1.7％、3.7％和5.8％. 结论 高龄、术前合并呼吸系统疾病、既往有脑卒中病史及采用内固定手术是老年髋部骨折患者术后1年死亡的危险因素.     

老年髋部骨折患者骨组织形态计量分析

目的通过骨组织形态计量对老年髋部骨折患者的骨量和骨结构异常进行研究。方法 25例患者均接受髂骨活检。 A组 14例,为老年髋部骨折组,其中男 6例 (A1组 ),年龄 (75.01± 7.15)岁;女 8例 (A2组 ),年龄 (69.85± 11.58)岁。 B组 11例,为对照组,其中男 5例,女 6例;年龄 (41.44± 3.87)岁。所取标本经甲基丙烯酸甲酯包埋、硬组织切片、甲苯胺蓝染色后行组织形态计量分析。结果 (1)A组的骨小梁体积、皮质骨宽度、骨小梁密度、骨小梁厚度、结点末端比显著低于对照组 (P< 0.01),而骨小梁间距则明显高于对照组 (P< 0.01)。 (2)A组中 2例女性患者的病理改变较为特殊,其骨量参数与对照组相近;结点末端比在对照组 95％可信度区间之外,而与本组其他患者相似。结论 (1)骨小梁连续性显著下降,而非骨量降低是部分骨转换增高的绝经后女性髋部骨折的重要内因。 (2)按骨量、骨结构 (骨小梁连续性 )和骨转换状况,老年髋部骨折患者的骨组织病理改变可以分为三型。     

Concurrent fractures of the hip and wrist: A matched analysis of elderly patients

Introduction

Osteoporotic fractures involving the hip and wrist are common in the elderly. The incidence of coincident hip and wrist fractures in the same patient is small but may represent a unique subpopulation of elderly with osteoporotic fragility fractures and little information has been published about these patients.

Materials and methods

We performed a retrospective review studying a series of 33 elderly patients who were admitted with concurrent hip and wrist fractures and matched them with patients of similar age, race, gender and co-morbidities with isolated hip fractures analysing their pre-morbid functional status, degree of osteoporosis by the Singh's index, length of stay and re-admission rate.

Results

In our cohort of 33 matched pairs, location of fall in the study group consisted of 21 at home and 26 in the control group. The median duration of stay in hospital was 23 days versus 18 days in the control group. Bone density assessment of our study group revealed 18 patients with severe osteoporosis with Singh's index and 21 severe osteoporosis in the control group. The 1-year re-admission rate for the patients in the study group was 7 and 12 in the control group. Ambulatory status at discharge in the study group was 12 and in the control group 21.

Discussion and conclusion

Our study population demonstrated a higher proportion of community ambulators with fewer 1-year re-admission rates and a high cervical:trochanteric ratio of 2.7, all of which signify that they belong to a physiologically younger and more active cohort than our control group of isolated hip fractures. Patients with concurrent hip and wrist fractures were not significantly more osteoporotic, and showed a trend toward longer stay in hospital and incurred a higher cost of stay. The confluent upper limb injury was the likely reason for their post-discharge impaired ambulatory status. The most common location of injury in both groups of patients is at home.     

The timing of surgery and mortality in elderly hip fractures: A retrospective,multicenteric cohort study

Background:

Early surgery is recommended for elderly hip fracture patients, but some studies show no clear advantage. The benefits of early surgery may differ according to the medical environment in different countries. The purpose of this study was to identify the potential benefits of early surgery in elderly hip fracture patients by evaluating the effect of timing of surgery on mortality.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted at multiple centers on hip fracture patients aged over 65 years. The primary outcome was 1 year mortality and the secondary outcomes were 30-day/6-month mortality and complications during admission. The effect of time to surgery on mortality was analyzed using a Cox proportional-hazards model.

Results:

Among the 874 patients, 162 (18.5%) received surgery within 3 days and their 1-year mortality rate was 9.9%. However, the 1-year mortality rate for the delayed surgery group was 12.5%. After adjustment for potential confounders, the 1-year mortality rates in patients who received surgery in 3-7 days (Hazard ratio = 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7-1.6) and over 7 days (hazard ratio = 1.3; 95% CI: 0.9-1.8) were not significantly different. In addition, the time to surgery did not have a significant effect on 30-day mortality, 60-day mortality or complications arising during hospitalization.

Conclusions:

The time to surgery did not affect short and long term mortality or the in hospital complication rate in elderly hip fracture patients. We recommend concentrating more on optimizing the condition of patients early with sufficient medical treatment rather than being bound by absolute timing of surgery.     

老年人髋部骨折156例临床治疗分析

目的 报告老年人髋部骨折的临床治疗方法，分析老年髋部骨折特点及诊治注意事项。方法 自1997年1月－1999年12月共治疗60岁以上（60－93岁）髋部骨折156例。男性55例，平均年龄71．8岁；女性101例，平均年龄73．1岁。骨折类型：股骨颈骨折94例，男性20例，女性74例；股骨粗隆间骨折62例，男性35例，女性27例。本组接受非手术治疗41例；手术治疗115例，其中行各种内固定手术45例，人工股骨头置换68例，股骨头颈切除2例。部分病例同时给予骨质疏松药物治疗。结果 获得随访110例。随访时间0．5－3．5年。术后下肢静脉栓塞2例，股骨头缺血坏死2例，内固定物松动，滑脱2例，断裂1例，人工股骨头下沉致疼痛4例，术后近期死亡2例（死于心肌梗塞及呼吸道感染），97例（88．2％）恢复行走功能。结论 （1）老年人髋部骨折以女性多见，占64．7％；男性少见，占35．3％。这与女性绝经后骨折疏松症的发生密切相关。而老年股骨颈骨折多见于女性，股骨粗隆间骨折则多见于男性。70岁以后，老年髋部骨折发生率明显上升。这与老年性骨质疏松症的发生明显相关。说明随着年龄的增加，骨折的发生率明显增高，骨折危险性增加。（2）老年人髋部骨折属于骨质疏松性骨折，股骨粗隆间骨折一般都有明确外伤史；而股骨颈骨折常由轻微外力（扭转）所致，因此在诊断时须防止漏诊或误诊，影响治疗效果。（3）老年人多伴有心血管系统或呼吸系统疾病，骨折后长期卧床具致使的威胁，因此在治疗上如无禁忌应争取早期手术，早期下床活动。（4）在治疗骨折的同时，应注意对骨质疏松症的治疗，这对减轻全身骨痛，促进骨折愈合，防止再骨折均有重要意义。     

闭合复位治疗婴幼儿发育性髋脱位的疗效观察

Objectives To retrospectively review the results of closed reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), and analyze the causative for the dissatisfactory results of radiolagieal. Methods From 1997 to 2005 the results of closed reduction for DDH in 60 children (77 hips) over 4.5 years period were retrospectively reviewed. Radiological final results of the patients were evaluated with Severin classification. The causative factors made from medical records and radiographs were used to make statistical analysis. Results Seventy-three percent of the patients (56/77) had satisfactory results according to Severin classification. Twenty-one hips classed as SeverinⅢ-Ⅴ. Seventeen of the 21 hips had a reconstructive procedure. Avaseular necrosis was observed in 29 hips (38%). The most important parameters affecting the result were age at reduction (P ＜ 0. 05) and avascular necrosis (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions In order to achieve better clinical and radioiogical results, the infants suffering from the DDH should be treated in the early stage. The postoperative avascular necrosis usually leads to poor prohnosis.