Augmented osteosynthesis with tensor fascia latae muscle pedicle bone grafting in neglected femoral neck fracture

Background:

Neglected intracapsular femoral neck fracture in young patients may fail to unite because of the excessive shearing strain at the fracture site and it is a surgical challenge to any orthopedic surgeon. The problem is compounded by resorption of the femoral neck and avascular necrosis (AVN) of femoral head. There is no satisfactory solution available in the management of femoral neck fracture as far as the union of the fracture and AVN of femoral head are concerned. Muscle pedicle bone grafting has been advocated to provide additional blood supply to the femoral head. We report a retrospective analysis of 48 cases of neglected femoral neck fracture treated by internal fixation and tensor fascia latae based muscle pedicle bone grafting.

Materials and Methods:

48 patients with femoral neck fractures with age varied from 20 to 53 years (average age 32.9 years) with male to female ratio of 2:1 were enrolled. All fractures were more than 3 weeks old with mean delay being 86 days (22–150 days). Open reduction and internal fixation along with tensor fascia latae muscle pedicle bone grafting was done in all cases. It was supplemented by multiple drilling and cortico-cancellous bone grafting. Fracture fixation was done with three parallel 6.5-mm AO cannulated cancellous lag screws and the graft fixed with a 4-mm cancellous screw to provide a secure fixation. During the followup period of 2-6.8 years (average 4.4 years) the results were assessed clinically by modified Harris hip scoring system and radiologically by the evidence of signs of fracture union.

Results:

Union was achieved in 41/48 (85.41%) cases which were followed for an average period of 4.4 years (2–6.8 years) with good functional results and ability to squat and sit cross-legged. Results were assessed according to modified Harris Hip Scoring system and found to be excellent in 19, good in 22, fair in 5, and poor in 2 patients. Complications were nonunion, (n=3) avascular necrosis (n=2), and coxa vara deformity (n=2).

Conclusion:

Internal fixation with muscle pedicle bone grafting is a suitable option to secure union in neglected femoral neck fractures in physiologically active patients with late presentation.     

Closed reduction, internal fixation with quadratus femoris muscle pedicle bone grafting in displaced femoral neck fracture

Background:

Management of femoral neck fracture is still considered as an unsolved problem. It is more evident in displaced fractures where this fracture is considered as some sort of vascular insult to the head of the femur. We have used closed reduction, internal fixation and quadratus femoris muscle pedicle bone grafting in fresh displaced femoral neck fractures.

Materials and Methods:

From April 1996 to December 2004 we operated 73 consecutive patients of displaced femoral neck fracture in the age group of 24 to 81 years, mean age being 54.6 years. The patients were operated within one week of injury, the mean delay being 3.6 days. Closed reduction internal fixation along with quadratus femoris muscle pedicle bone grafting was done in all cases. They were followed up for an average period of 5.6 years (range 2-11 years).

Results:

Results were assessed according to modified Harris Hip Scoring system and found to be excellent in 53, good in 12, fair in six and poor in two patients. Bony union occurred in 68 cases, no patient developed avascular necrosis (AVN) till date.

Conclusion:

For fresh displaced femoral neck fracture in physiologically active patients closed reduction, internal fixation and quadratus femoris muscle pedicle bone grafting is a suitable option to secure union and prevent development of AVN.     

阔筋膜张肌缝匠肌骨瓣移植治疗股骨颈骨折

目的 观察阔筋膜张肌和缝匠肌双肌蒂肌瓣移植治疗新鲜股骨颈头下型和经颅型骨折的疗效。方法 缝匠肌蒂组30例用可折螺钉固定加缝匠肌蒂骨瓣移植;双肌蒂组23例采用可折螺钉或空心加压螺钉固定加阔筋膜张肌和缝匠肌双肌蒂骨瓣移植。结果 随访52例,时间3－5年,平均4年,缝匠肌蒂组8例疗效较差,双肌蒂组均愈合良好。结论 联合双肌蒂骨瓣治疗股骨颈头下型和经颈型骨折,其近期和中期疗效均较缝匠肌单肌蒂骨瓣移植好。     

Osteosynthesis of ununited femoral neck fracture by internal fixation combined with iliac crest bone chips and muscle pedicle bone grafting

Background:Ununited femoral neck fracture is seen commonly in developing countries due to delayed presentation or failure of primary internal fixation. Such fractures, commonly present with partial or total absorption of femoral neck, osteonecrosis of femoral head in 8–30% cases with upward migration of trochanter posing problem for osteosynthesis, especially in younger individuals. Several techniques for treatment of such conditions are described like osteotomies or nonvascularied cortical or cancellous bone grafting provided varying degrees of success in terms of fracture union but unsatisfactory long term results occurred due to varying incidence of avascular necrosis (AVN) of femoral head. Moreover, in presence of AVN of femoral head neither free fibular graft nor cancellous bone graft is satisfactory. The vascularied bone grafting by deep circumflex iliac artery based on iliac crest bone grafting, free vascularied fibular grafting and muscle pedicle periosteal grafting showed high incidence of success rate. Osteosynthesis is the preferred treatment of choice in ununited femoral neck fracture in younger individuals.Results:The mean followup is 12.5 years (range 3-35). The union of fractures occurred in 202 (82.8%), delayed union in 18 (7.3%), and established nonunion in 24 (9.8%) patients. Full weight bearing was permitted at 16–22 weeks after union of fractures. Mean Harris hip score at the longest followup was 85.5. Among the complications, superficial wound infection occurred in 20 (8.2%), deep infection in seven (2.9%), and coxa vara in 39 (16%) patients. Preoperative radiodensity of femoral head disappeared mostly after the union of fracture whereas fresh radiodensity of femoral head appeared in 20 (8%) patients; nine (45%) of them developed segmental collapse.Conclusion:Ununited femoral neck fractureis characterized by absorption of femoral neck, posterior cortical defect, smoothening and overriding of fracture surfaces with intervening fibrous tissues associated with or without AVN of femoral head. The above method of osteosynthesis rectified the above pathology and provided satisfactory results with union of fractures in 90.1% patients at long term followup.     

Internal fixation and muscle pedicle bone grafting in femoral neck fractures

Background:

The treatment of displaced intracapsular femoral neck fracture is still an unsolved problem. Non-union and avascular necrosis are the two main complications of this fracture, especially if patient presents late. Muscle pedicle bone grafting has been advocated to provide additional blood supply. We present analysis of our 32 cases of displaced femoral neck fracture treated by internal fixation and quadratus femoris based muscle pedicle bone grafting.

Materials and Methods:

Open reduction and internal fixation with muscle pedicle grafting was done in 32 patients. The age of patients varied from 14-62 years (average age 45 years) with male to female ratio of 13:3. Twenty-nine fractures were more than three weeks old. All the cases were treated by Meyers'' procedure. The fracture was internally fixed after open reduction and then a muscle pedicle graft was applied. It was supplemented by cancellous bone graft in seven cases. Fixation was done by parallel cancellous lag screws (n = 19), crossed Garden''s screws (n = 7), parallel Asnis screws (n = 5) and Moore''s pin (n = 1).Quadratus femoris muscle pedicle graft was used in 32 cases. In the initial 12 cases the graft was fixed with circumferential proline sutures, but later, to provide a secure fixation, the graft was fixed with a cancellous screw (n = 20). Postoperative full weight bearing was deferred to an average of 10 weeks.

Results:

Union was achieved in 26/29 (89.65%) cases which could be followed for an average period of 3.4 years, (2-8.5 years) with good functional results and had the ability to squat and sit cross-legged. Results were based on hip rating system given by Salvatti and Wilson. The results were excellent in 15 cases, good in four cases, fair in four cases and poor in six cases. Complications were avascular necrosis (n = 2), transient foot drop (n = 2), coxa-vara (n = 1) and temporary loss of scrotal sensation (n = 1).

Conclusion:

Muscle pedicle bone grafting with internal fixation is a viable treatment option in displaced femoral neck fractures with late presentation.     

股方肌骨瓣移植治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的 探讨股方肌骨瓣移植治疗青壮年头下型和经颈型股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法 26例全部采用可折断螺钉固定加股方肌骨瓣移植。结果 26例随访时间3-8年，疗效评定按童星杰等制定的标准，优19例（73.1%)。良6例（23.1%)。差1例（3.8%)。结论 采用可折断螺钉固定股方肌骨瓣移植治疗青壮年头下型和经颈型股骨颈骨折，疗效较好。尤其适合于经颈型股骨颈骨折。     

多肌蒂髂骨瓣治疗陈旧性股骨颈骨折

目的探讨治疗陈旧性青壮年股骨颈骨折的新技术：方法对11例陈旧性股骨颈骨折切开复位、二枚螺纹钉内固定，用缝匠肌阔筋膜张肌蒂髂骨瓣植骨、克氏针固定，适度制动及功能锻炼。结果术后平均132d骨折均获愈合，平均随访36个月，按Harris评分优7例，良2例，可1例，关节功能满意，恢复日常工作，无股骨头缺血坏死。结论采用切开复位内固定加多肌蒂髂骨瓣植骨治疗陈旧性青壮年股骨颈骨折，对促进骨折愈合、预防股骨头缺血坏死具有重要价值。     

带血管蒂髂骨瓣移位治疗股骨颈骨折术后股骨头缺血性坏死

目的 探讨应用带血管蒂髂骨瓣移位治疗股骨颈骨折术后股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis of femoral head,ANFH)的疗效.方法 2002年6月-2006年12月,采用带血管蒂髂骨瓣移位治疗股骨颈骨折内固定术后ANFH 22例22髋.男18例,女4例;年龄28～48岁,平均37.5岁.左...     

空心钉内固定加股方肌肌骨瓣移植治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的探讨青壮年股骨颈骨折采用空心钉内固定加股方肌肌骨瓣移植的疗效。方法采用Moore切口,股骨颈骨折行切开复位,空心加压螺纹钉内固定,股方肌肌骨瓣移植于股骨颈骨折处30例。结果随诊30例,时间3~5年,优良率96.6%,股骨颈骨折愈合率96.6%,股骨头缺血坏死率13.3%。结论空心钉内固定加股方肌肌骨瓣移植是治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的有效方法。骨折愈合率高,坏死率低。     

Nonvascularized fibular grafting in nonunion of femoral neck fracture: A systematic review

Nonunion of femoral neck fractures following primary fixation and neglected femoral neck fracture in young adults is a challenging task. Every effort should be directed toward hip joint salvage in these patients. Among different available options of hip salvage, nonvascularized fibular graft (NVFG) osteosynthesis is simple, easy to perform, and a successful technique. In this review, the available literature on NVFG in neglected and nonunion femoral neck fractures has been analyzed. After review of 15 articles on NVFG, the average nonunion rate was estimated to be 7.86% (range 0–31%). Six articles that evaluated the preoperative and postoperative osteonecrosis reported improvement in 50% patients. The clinical and/or functional outcome was good to excellent in 56–96% patients following fibular osteosynthesis. Few complications such as coxa vara deformity, limb shortening, and intraarticular penetration of the graft or hardware have been reported. However, there are minimal donor site morbidities such as mild ankle pain, transient loss of toe flexors and extensors and transient lateral popliteal nerve palsy.     

带血管蒂髂骨瓣复合骨基质明胶移植治疗股骨颈骨折不愈合

目的探讨带血管蒂髂骨瓣复合骨基质明胶移植治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折不愈合的疗效。方法本组28例股骨颈骨折经手术或非手术治疗6～9个月，骨折仍不愈合者，采用带血管蒂髂骨瓣复合骨基质明胶移植，术后观察骨折愈合，股骨头坏死及关节功能恢复情况。结果28例骨折全部愈合，关节功能按Ja-cobs标准评定，优19例，良7例，差2例。结论青壮年股骨颈骨折不愈合的手术治疗，带血管蒂髂骨瓣复合骨基质明胶(BMG)移植是有效术式，治疗结果体现了该术式具有“活骨移植”及诱导成骨的双重作用，疗效明显。     

空心加压螺钉结合股方肌骨瓣移植术治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的探讨空心加压螺钉内固定结合股方肌骨瓣移植治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法采用髋关节后外侧切口,切开复位、空心加压螺钉内固定加股方肌骨瓣移植治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折26例。结果患者均获随访,时间1~3年。骨折均一期骨性愈合,疗效评定：优秀16例,良好8例,差2例,优良率达92.3%（24/26）。结论空心加压螺钉内固定结合股方肌骨瓣移植治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折骨愈合率高,并发症少,操作简单,恢复快,疗效好。     

小切口缝匠肌髂骨瓣植入治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的:探讨一种经小切口与缝匠肌髂骨瓣转移治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的方法。方法:股骨颈骨折33例,男25例,女8例;年龄17~50岁,平均39.5岁。Garden骨折分类:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型16例,Ⅳ型11例。采用经股骨粗隆外侧小切口带缝匠肌髂骨瓣植入方法进行治疗。结果:33例均获得随访,随访时间6个月~7年8个月,平均3年6个月。所有病例均达解剖复位。股骨头缺血性坏死2例,骨折不愈合1例,其余病例骨折愈合良好。按Harris疗效评定标准:优19例,良10例,可2例,差2例。无断钉及螺钉松动发生。结论:经小切口与缝匠肌髂骨瓣转移具有操作简便,骨折复位可靠,创伤小,并发症少的优点,为青壮年股骨颈骨折患者提供一种骨折愈合率高、股骨头坏死率低的手术方法。     

多肌蒂髂骨瓣治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的 探讨治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的难题。方法 17例(男12例、女5例)患者，平均年龄28.7岁，采用椎管麻醉，骨折切开复位螺纹钉内固定后，取缝匠肌、阔筋膜张肌蒂髂骨瓣植人股骨头颈槽内。结果 17例骨折全部获得愈合。平均愈合时间16周。随访16例未见股骨头缺血性坏死。结论 青壮年股骨颈骨折损伤暴力大，血循环破坏重，骨折愈合慢，股骨头缺血性坏死率较高，采用本方法可以促进骨折愈合，减少股骨头坏死率，提高疗效。     

切开复位空心螺钉固定+肌骨瓣移植治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

正2010年6月~2014年6月,我科采用切开复位空心螺钉固定+股直肌蒂骨瓣移植治疗44例青壮年股骨颈骨折患者,临床效果满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组44例,男31例,女13例,年龄16~47岁。骨折部位:头下型20例,头颈型14例,经颈型10例。骨折按Garden分型:Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型15例,Ⅳ型23例。1.2治疗方法硬膜外麻醉。改良     

带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣转移治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折

目的：探讨用带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣转移治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法：采用经前路切开复位带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣转移及多螺钉内固定治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折36例，结果：经1．5－5年随访，优良率为89．2％，股骨头无菌性坏死率为3％，疗效满意，结论：带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣具有充足血供，能明显提高股骨颈骨折的治愈率，减少股骨头无菌性坏死的发生，对治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折有重要价值。     

Treatment of neglected femoral neck fractures using the modified dynamic hip screw with autogenous bone and bone morphogenetic protein-2 composite materials grafting

Background:The neglected femoral neck fracture is one where there has been a delay of more than 30 days to seek medical help from the time of the original injury. Salvage procedures, such as osteotomy and other treatment options such as vascularized and nonvascularized bone grafts have high failure rates and arthroplasty procedures are not ideal, given the patient''s young age and higher levels of activity. We designed a hollow bone graft dynamic hip screw (Hb-DHS) (modified DHS, Hb-DHS) for use in neglected femoral neck fractures. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of the modified dynamic hip screw (DHS) with autogenous bone and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) composite materials grafting for the treatment of the neglected femoral neck fractures.Results:The mean operation time was 75.8 min (range 55–100 min) with mean intraoperative blood loss volume of 105 mL (range 70–220 mL). The mean time to union was 17 weeks (range 12–24 weeks). One patient did not achieve union, and two patients had avascular necrosis of the femoral head. This patient with nonunion underwent intertrochanteric osteotomy. In patients with avascular necrosis one required total hip arthroplasty, the other did not require intervention at the last followup. A total of 14 patients (70%) had excellent results, 2 (10%) had good, 1 (5%) had moderate and 3 (15%) had poor results.Conclusion:The modified DHS with autogenous bone and BMP-2 composite materials grafting for the treatment of neglected femoral neck fractures waseffective and had less complications.     

骨质疏松女性股骨颈骨折与股骨转子间骨折的髋部骨密度差异分析

目的明确骨质疏松女性股骨颈骨折与股骨转子间骨折的髋部骨密度差异,探讨骨质疏松患者发生髋部骨折(股骨颈骨折、股骨转子间骨折)与骨折部位骨密度的相关性。方法回顾性分析2015年1月1日至2016年12月31日期间于福建省某三级甲等医院的住院治疗的骨质疏松及髋部骨质疏松性骨折患者172例,其中无病史的原发骨质疏松患者109例、骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折患者39例、骨质疏松性转子间骨折24例。分别统计3组患者年龄、体质指数、糖尿病患病情况、骨折侧别、髋部各部位骨密度、血清Ⅰ型胶原交联C末端肽(C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type Ⅰ collagen,CTX)、Ⅰ型原胶原N-端前肽(procollagen type ⅠN propeptide,PINP)、25羟基维生素D(25-OH-D)。分别进行三组间及两两组间比较。结果三组间年龄、体质指数、糖尿病患病率差异无统计学意义(F=2.667,P=0.072; F=0.882,P=0.416;χ~2=3.216,P=0.232),股骨颈骨折组与股骨转子间骨折组组间骨折侧别差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.958,P=0.328),三组间髋部Ward区骨密度差异无统计学意义(F=2.937,P=0.056),髋部骨密度比较,股骨颈、股骨大转子、股骨转子间、髋部整体差异有统计学意义(F=7.825,P=0.001; F=8.668,P0.001; F=9.657,P0.001)。股骨颈骨折组、转子间骨折组股骨颈、股骨大转子、股骨转子间、髋部整体骨密度均小于骨质疏松组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);股骨颈骨折组与转子间骨折组股骨颈、大转子、转子间、髋部整体骨密度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。三组间β-CTX、P1NP、维生素D差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。股骨颈骨折组、转子间骨折组β-CTX、维生素D均小于骨质疏松组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);转子间骨折与骨质疏松组P1NP差异无统计学意义,股骨颈骨折组与转子间骨折组股骨颈、大转子、转子间、髋部整体骨密度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论女性骨质疏松患者发生髋部骨折的类型可能并不取决局部的骨密度,可能与骨微结构等因素相关,要得到明确、可靠的结果仍需进一步研究证实。     

经伤椎单侧椎弓根固定及植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的探讨经伤椎单侧椎弓根固定及植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床疗效。方法对23例胸腰椎骨折患者应用椎弓根钉棒系统治疗,经伤椎一侧椎弓根螺钉固定,经另一侧椎弓根通道植骨。X线片评价术前、术后1周及末次随访时的伤椎前缘高度、后凸Cobb角。结果患者均获随访,时间8~24(10±2)个月,无内固定物失效,胸腰椎高度和后凸矫正度无明显丢失,骨折愈合良好。结论经伤椎单侧椎弓根固定及植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折可以减少内固定失败和矫正度的丢失,操作简单,临床效果满意。     

外固定支架加缝匠肌蒂髂骨瓣治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的：探讨应用外固定支架加缝匠肌蒂髂骨瓣移植治疗肌骨颈骨折的疗效,方法：采用改良Smith-peterson切口,切开复位,利用外固定支架外固定加缝匠肌蒂髂骨瓣治疗股骨颈骨折13例,结果：经2－7年随访,骨折均达坚强愈合,肢体功能恢复满意,无股骨头无菌性坏死或塌陷,结果：外固定支架加缝匠肌蒂髂骨瓣移植治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折,既解决了股骨颈骨折复位后固定问题,又起活体骨移植作用,改善了股骨头颈血供,提高了骨折的愈合率。