良性阵发性位置性眩晕的眼震图研究

目的:探讨视频眼震图(VNG)在良性阵发性位置性眩晕(BPPV)中的应用价值。方法:回顾126例BPPV患者的VNG资料,分析总结各型BPPV在Dix-Hallpike和滚转试验中VNG上的眼震特点。结果:126例BPPV患者中,后半规管BPPV(PSC-BPPV)98例(77.8%),水平半规管BPPV(HSC-BPPV)17例(13.5%),前半规管BPPV(ASC-BPPV)5例(3.9%),混合型BPPV6例(4.8%);28例PSC-BPPV记录到反转相眼震。VNG上显示PSC和ASC管石症Dix-Hallpike悬头位垂直相眼震分别向上、向下,水平相眼震均向对侧,回到坐位时眼震反向。HSC-BPPV滚转试验向两侧转头均可诱发出眼震,眼震与转头方向相同时,可判断为HSC管石症,以能够诱发较强眼震的转头侧为患侧;眼震与转头方向相反时,则为HSC嵴顶结石症,以能够诱发较弱眼震的转头侧为患侧。结论:VNG能够客观地记录BPPV患者的眼震情况,准确判断耳石所在的半规管,并且保存了眼震数据资料,可以进一步指导临床实践,值得推广。     

水平半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕的诊断

目的探讨水平半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕（BPPV）的诊断。方法自2003年1月至2006年9月，本眩晕中心共确诊为水平半规管BPPV（HSC BPPV）患者46例。诊断依据为典型的病史及用红外视频眼震电图仪记录患者在Dix—Hallpike试验和滚转试验中的眼震结果，并排除其他疾病。研究HSC BPPV的眼震特点。结果441例诊断为BPPV患者中，46例（10．43％）为水平半规管BPPV。其中38例（82．61％）为单侧病变，5例（10．87％）患者合并同侧后半规管病变，3例（6．52％）为双侧病变。35例患者通过两种试验诱发出水平眼震，11例患者仅通过滚转试验诱发出水平眼震。25例患者眼震方向向地，13例患者眼震方向背地，3例患者眼震方向不固定，5例患者各种手法诱发出同一方向的眼震。29例患者在双侧手法中出现眼震，17例患者在一侧手法中出现眼震。结论HSC BPPV眼震为完全水平性且多为快相向地。通常受累耳在双侧手法中均可出现眼震，以向患侧为重。一侧水平半规管和后半规管可同时受累。滚转试验在HSC BPPV检查中比Dix—Hallpike试验更加敏感。Dix—Hallpike试验结合滚转试验可使更多的HSCBPPV患者得到确诊．     

水平半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕的临床特点

目的 探讨水平半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕(benign paroxysmal positional vertigo,BPPV)的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析2003年8月至2010年12月诊治的239例水平半规管BPPV患者的临床表现.结果 水平半规管BPPV占同期全部BPPV患者的25.7％(239/931).平卧侧头试验见水平向地性眼震者197例,眼震的平均潜伏期为(0.88±0.72)s,持续时间(26.36±19.71)s;水平离地性眼震者42例,平均潜伏期(2.69±1.83)s,持续时间(53.48±43.12)s;其中39例眼震表现为水平略带扭转向上而非纯水平,占16.3％(39/239).离地组眼震潜伏期明显长于向地组(t=-6.33,P＜0.001),眼震持续时间亦明显长于向地组(t=-3.99,P＜0.001).水平向地性眼震者予以Barbecue翻滚法治疗,192例经(1.6±0.8)个循环复位成功;水平离地性眼震者经左右侧头训练后,40例眼震转化为向地性,经(1.9±0.8)个循环后复位成功.结论 水平半规管BPPV占同期BPPV的比例较预期高.水平向地性眼震患者可直接给予Barbecue翻滚法治疗,水平离地性眼震患者应先行左右侧头训练,再给予Barbecue翻滚法复位.     

水平半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕的临床特点及疗效分析

目的 探讨水平半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕(benign paroxysmal positional vertigo,BPPV)的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析56例水平半规管BPPV患者的临床表现及眼震电图特征,通过体位试验确诊BPPV后,水平向地性眼震者以Barbecue翻滚法复位治疗,水平背地性眼震者经左右侧头训练后再同法复位,并限制体位.结果 56例患者中,平卧侧头试验见水平向地性眼震者41例,潜伏期为2.5±1.3s,其中5例患者无明显潜伏期,眼震持续时间22.9±16.4s,2例持续时间≥60 s;诱发出水平背地性眼震者15例,潜伏期为3.7±3.1s,眼震持续时间67.2±17.7s,其中2例持续时间≤60 s.41例水平向地性眼震者中39例1次复位成功,首次复位治疗成功率为95.12％(39/41),其中2例眼震持续时间＞60 s的患者均一次复位成功;有2例复位不成功.15例水平背地性眼震患者中,2例在首次左右侧头训练时即见眼震转化为水平向地,3例在2～4次随访时转化为水平向地;眼震转化后再行平卧侧头试验表现为,转向起初眼震为水平背地较弱侧时,其水平向地性眼震更明显,且眼震速度明显增快、潜伏期明显缩短.结论 在水平半规管BPPV患者的复位治疗过程中,翻滚复位法结合左右侧头训练及体位限制有助于复位成功.     

蜗窗膜入路人工耳蜗植入术

目的　探讨以持续性眩晕为表现的良性阵发性位置性眩晕（benign paroxysmal positional vertigo,BPPV）患者的诊治。方法　回顾性分析2例以持续性眩晕为表现的BPPV患者的临床资料。结果　此2例患者在坐位及平躺位见方向向患侧的水平自发持续性眼震,甩头试验健侧阳性,平卧侧头试验双侧均诱发出水平离地性眼震,平躺后头部向患侧连续转360°时分别出现2个眼震消失点和2个眼震最强点,给予手法复位后患者眩晕症状缓解。结论　水平半规管BPPV患者偶可表现为持续性眩晕发作,其病因为壶腹嵴帽耳石症,临床表现与耳石重力因素和水平半规管空间位置相关。     

以持续性眩晕为表现的水平半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕的诊治

目的　探讨以持续性眩晕为表现的良性阵发性位置性眩晕（benign paroxysmal positional vertigo,BPPV）患者的诊治。方法　回顾性分析2例以持续性眩晕为表现的BPPV患者的临床资料。结果　此2例患者在坐位及平躺位见方向向患侧的水平自发持续性眼震,甩头试验健侧阳性,平卧侧头试验双侧均诱发出水平离地性眼震,平躺后头部向患侧连续转360°时分别出现2个眼震消失点和2个眼震最强点,给予手法复位后患者眩晕症状缓解。结论　水平半规管BPPV患者偶可表现为持续性眩晕发作,其病因为壶腹嵴帽耳石症,临床表现与耳石重力因素和水平半规管空间位置相关。     

上半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕41例

目的 探讨上半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕(BPPV)诊断和治疗的最佳方案。方法 回顾性分析41例上半规管BPPV患者的病历资料,并对所有患者的诊断及复位进行评估分析。结果 SRM-Ⅳ模拟Dix-Hallpike试验诱发出典型垂直向下眼震28例(68.3%),其中眼震伴有向地扭转的成分19例,不伴有扭转成分9例;SRM-Ⅳ上半规管BPPV诱发试验诱发出典型垂直向下眼震35例(84.6%),其中眼震伴有向地扭转的成分30例,不伴有扭转成分5例。在所有41例患者中有38例能通过两种诱发试验对受累侧别做出判断,其中因诱发眼震伴有扭转成分而判断侧别30例,单侧诱发诱发出垂直向下眼震且不伴有扭转成分3例,双侧诱发出垂直向下眼震5例,且不伴有扭转成分,但因眩晕及眼震的强度有明显差别而判断出侧别,患者对受累侧别不能判断3例。在能判断出侧别的38例患者中有左侧上半规管受累25例,右侧上半规管受累13例。对41例采用SRM-Ⅳ上半规管BPPV复位法进行治疗,通过一次治疗痊愈28例,有效12例,无效1例。结论 上半规管BPPV 临床上被越来越重视,应用SRM-ⅣBPPV诊疗系统对上半规管BPPV进行诊治效果好,应该在临床得到推广。     

Dix-Hallpike诱发试验双侧阳性的良性阵发性位置性眩晕的临床分析

目的探讨良性阵发性位置性眩晕(Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo,BPPV)患者Dix-Hallpike诱发试验双侧阳性的眼震特点和诊治策略。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年12月就诊于安徽医科大学第二附属医院耳鼻喉科的BPPV患者的诊治过程。结果 Dix-Hallpike诱发试验,阳性患者150例,其中双侧阳性患者14例,2例双侧可见扭转、向上、向地性眼震,进一步行平躺试验为垂直向上性眼震,分次给予双侧改良Epley法复位后双侧眼震均消失;12例患侧为扭转、向上、向地性眼震,健侧为扭转、向上、离地性眼震者,给予患侧改良Epley法复位后双侧眼震均消失。结论除了双侧后半规管BPPV,部分单侧后半规管BPPV患者行Dix-Hallpike诱发试验也可表现为双侧阳性结果,临床诊治应注意眼震方向形式的差别。     

水平半规管性良性阵发性眩晕(HSCBPPV)

BPPV是一种外周性迷路综合征,它是由一定的位置变化而引起的短暂、剧烈的眩晕发作。常伴有自主神经症状。患者在向患侧迷路倾倒时即诱发眩晕和眼震。眼震特点是,呈扭转性、有典型的潜伏期,发作短暂,不超过30秒、恢复坐位时眼震方向改变及呈可疲性。但近来发现在50％的BPPV病例中在悬头位时有继发性眼震出现。其发病机理认为可能是由耳石膜的耳石脱落沉积于后半规管(PSC)嵴帽所致。Schuknecht称之为嵴顶沉石症。近来在这种BPPV病例中发现其症状虽与BPPV相似,但与PSC嵴顶沉石症不尽相同。由此作者推测其病程可能起源于水平半规管(HSC)。     

良性阵发性位置性眩晕半规管功能分析

目的 评估良性阵发性位置性眩晕(benign paroxysmal positional vertigo,BPPV)患者半规管损伤与异位耳石的关系及其损伤频率特征.方法 BPPV患者214例,包括后半规管管石症(posterior semicircular canal canalithasis,PSC-Can) 107例,水平半规管管石症(horizontal semicircular canal canalithasis,HSC-Can) 80例,水平半规管嵴顶结石症(horizontal semicircular canal cupulolithiasis,HSC-Cup) 27例;其中合并有其他疾病者190例(88.8％),无合并疾病者24例(11.2％).三组患者均完成高频视频头脉冲试验(video head impulse test,vHIT)、中频摇头试验(head shaking test,HST)和低频冷热试验三项检查,以vHIT的增益值(vHIT gain,vHIT-G)、HST诱发摇头眼震(head shaking nystagmus,HSN)和冷热试验单侧半规管反应非对称值(unilateral weakness,UW)为指标,分析三组不同责任半规管BPPV患者的三项试验结果特点及其相互关系.结果 所有BPPV患者vHIT、HST及冷热试验的阳性率分别为7.0％、24.3％和71.0％,相差比较明显,经x2检验,差异具有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05);有和无合并疾病的两类BPPV患者上述三项试验的阳性率结果比较,差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).三组BPPV患者每一项试验(vHIT、HST及冷热试验)结果进行组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).三组BPPV患者各组内上述三项试验结果之间比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P值均为0.000).三组冷热试验单侧异常者UW值比较,差异无统计学意义(F=0.970,P=0.383).结论 BPPV多存在与椭圆囊病变同源的半规管损伤,该损伤主要发生在低频区,异位耳石不是其损伤的主要原因;中频HST和高频vHIT不宜用作BPPV半规管损伤的筛查项目.     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.