超声弹性成像技术在慢性乙型肝炎患者肝纤维化分级中的应用

目的 探讨超声弹性成像技术(ARFI)无创检测慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者肝纤维化分级的临床价值和诊断效能.方法 测定210例CHB患者(CHB组)和100例体检健康者(对照组)的声触诊组织量化值(VTQ),CHB组均经肝穿刺活组织检查进行肝纤维化病理分级,并对各级VTQ进行对比研究.结果 CHB组病理检查无S0级,S1、S2、S3、S4级的VTQ分别为(1.43 ±0.24)、(1.67±0.45)、(1.67±0.45)、(2.54±0.80) m/s,均高于对照组的(1.05±0.14) m/s,P均＜0.05; CHB组各级肝纤维化间比较,P均＜0.05.ROC曲线分析,当VTQ阈值为1.20、1.50、1.60、1.95 m/s时,分别诊断肝纤维化程度≥S1、≥S2、≥S3、≥S4级有较高的准确性、敏感度及特异性.结论 肝脏超声弹性成像的VTQ阈值可作为CHB肝纤维化分级的一种无创诊断方法,有助于临床CHB患者肝纤维化的早期诊断及疗效、预后评估.     

声脉冲辐射力成像技术评估肝纤维化的临床应用

目的探讨声脉冲辐射力成像技术(ARFI)评估不同程度肝纤维化的临床应用价值。方法对健康志愿者250例、肝病患者361例行ARFI检测,测量其声触诊组织量化值(VTQ),统计归纳出肝纤维化程度的增加与VTQ相关性及相应界限值。结果受检361例患者中348例行超声引导下肝脏穿刺活检并行S0～S4分期,不同时期肝纤维化VTQ平均值(m/s):S0(1.21±0.14)、S1(1.26±0.13)、S2(1.36±0.13)、S3(1.77±0.32)、S4(2.23±0.20),正常组(1.11±0.17);各组间除S0和S1期的病例组(P=0.048)并不能说明实际临床上VTQ值差异是否具有临床意义外,其余组间VTQ值差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.001);慢性肝病程度的加重,弹性参数值也随之增加,两者具有一定相关性。结论 ARFI能对肝纤维化程度进行量化分析,从而避免肝脏穿刺活检,为临床提供一种无创、操作简单、可重复性强的肝纤维化程度及疗效的评估手段。     

声辐射力脉冲弹性成像技术预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床价值

目的探讨声辐射力脉冲弹性成像(ARFI)技术在预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血中的临床价值。方法回顾分析2014年10月-2017年5月于解放军总医院第五医学中心就诊的271例肝硬化患者资料,所有患者均应用ARFI技术对肝脏和脾脏的超声弹性进行检测,并根据有无食管静脉曲张破裂出血将患者分为出血组(n=56)和无出血组(n=215),比较两组间相关指标的差异并结合受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)评估分析ARFI弹性测值对肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的诊断价值。正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用t检验;非正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料2组间比较采用χ2检验。结果肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血组及无出血组脾脏ARFI弹性测值分别为3.89(3.49~4.11)m/s和3.46(2.93~3.80)m/s,出血组显著高于无出血组(Z=-4.941,P<0.001);出血组及无出血组肝脏ARFI弹性值分别为2.08(1.57~2.74)m/s和1.98(1.49~2.70)m/s,两组间差异无统计学意义(Z=-1.025,P=0.305)。脾脏和肝脏ARFI弹性测值预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.714和0.544(P=0.0025),以3.71 m/s作为脾脏ARFI弹性测值预测食管静脉曲张出血发生的诊断界值,其敏感度为0.68,特异度0.69。结论脾脏ARFI弹性测值较肝脏弹性测值可更有效预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的风险,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

瞬时弹性成像与实时组织弹性成像评估肝纤维化的比较

目的 对比分析瞬时弹性成像和实时组织弹性成像评估慢性肝病肝纤维化的价值.方法 对92例行肝组织学检查的慢性肝病患者同时行瞬时弹性成像和实时组织弹性成像检查,以肝组织病理学检查结果为金标准,比较瞬时弹性成像和实时组织弹性成像与肝纤维化病理分期的相关系数、诊断肝纤维化的受试者工作特征曲线下面积. 结果 瞬时弹性成像与肝纤维化病理分期的相关系数(r=0.755,95％ CI0.651 ～ 0.831,P=0.000)高于实时组织弹性成像(r=0.481,95％CI0.306 ～ 0.624,P=0.000),Z=3.07,P=0.002.瞬时弹性成像和实时组织弹性成像诊断肝纤维化(S≥2)、肝硬化(S=4)的受试者工作特征曲线下面积分别为0.903和0.740、0.915和0.786,瞬时弹性成像高于实时组织弹性成像(P值分别为0.003和0.020). 结论 瞬时弹性成像诊断慢性肝病肝纤维化效能优于实时组织弹性成像,但后者与二维超声图像融合,具有广泛的应用前景.     

声辐射力脉冲成像技术定量预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张程度的临床价值

目的探讨声辐射力脉冲成像(ARFI)技术定量分析预测肝硬化门静脉高压食管静脉曲张程度的临床价值。方法选取2014年10月-2016年2月解放军第三〇二医院收治的肝硬化患者116例,应用ARFI技术分别对肝脏、脾脏的实时超声弹性进行测量,以胃镜为食管静脉曲张程度的诊断金标准,将患者分为无曲张组(EV0,n=16)、轻度曲张组(EV1,n=39)、中度曲张组(EV2,n=26)和重度曲张组(EV3,n=35)。采用受试者工作特征曲线分析肝脏、脾脏ARFI技术预测食管静脉曲张程度的临床诊断价值。计量资料多组间比较采用方差分析或Kruskal-Wallis H检验,进一步两两比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料多组间比较采用χ~2检验。ARFI弹性测值与食管静脉曲张程度的相关性采用Spearman相关分析。结果肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度从EV0至EV3级的脾脏ARFI测值分别为(2.54±0.34)、(3.05±0.34)、(3.48±0.50)、(3.69±0.33)m/s,组间比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=60.121,P0.001)。脾脏ARFI测值与食管静脉曲张分级呈正相关(r=0.713,P0.001)。脾脏ARFI测值诊断不同食管静脉曲张程度≥EV1、≥EV2、EV3的受试者工作特征曲线下面积分别为0.93、0.88、0.83。肝脏ARFI测值在不同食管静脉曲张程度组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.085),其与肝硬化食管静脉曲张程度亦无相关性(P=0.245)。结论脾脏ARFI弹性测值可较准确地无创定量预测肝硬化门静脉高压食管静脉曲张程度,具有潜在的临床应用前景。     

FibroScan评估酒精性肝病肝纤维化程度的诊断价值

目的探讨瞬时弹性成像技术(FibroScan)在评估酒精性肝病肝纤维化程度中的应用价值。方法对60例酒精性肝病患者采用FibroScan测量肝脏硬度,获得FibroScan弹性值(FS值),同时对患者进行肝活组织检查.以病理结果为金标准,分析FS值与酒精性肝纤维化分期的相关性。用受试者工作特征(receiver operatmg charateristic,R()C)曲线评估FibroScan对酒精性肝病的诊断价值。结果酒精性肝病患者肝纤维化分期S0~S4的FS值分别为S0:(5.31±1.06)kPa、S1:(7.91±2.81)kPa、S2:(9.81±3.39)kPa、S3:(14.66±4.31)kPa、S4:(19.81±6.02)kPa。组间差异有统计学意义(P0.(5)。进一步分析显示FS值与肝纤维化分期呈正相关性(r=0.706,P0.05)。肝纤维化程度≥S1、≥S2、≥S3和S4的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.833、0.871、0.906和0.919。结论 Fibroscan作为一种无创技术,能够较准确地定量评估酒精性肝病肝纤维化程度。     

慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化患者实时剪切波弹性成像的应用价值分析

目的探讨实时剪切波弹性成像技术(shear wave elastography,S W E)与常规超声检查在评估慢性乙型肝炎患者肝纤维化中的应用价值.方法回顾性分析唐山市传染病医院在2015-08/2017-06收治的慢性乙型肝炎患者87例,分别进行常规超声和S W E检查,以病理穿刺活检结果为金标准,分析常规超声、SWE与肝纤维化病理分期的相关性,评估常规超声、SWE诊断肝纤维化各分期的ROC曲线下面积,比较常规超声与SWE在诊断肝纤维化各分期的诊断效能.结果 (1)常规超声积分在肝纤维化相邻分期之间(S0-S1vs S2,S2 vs S3,S3 vs S4)比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.451,0.639,0.103);但不相邻分期(S0-S1 vs S3,S0-S1vs S4,S2 vs S4)之间常规超声评分比较差异具有统计学意义(P=0.001,0.000,0.000);SWE在不同肝纤维化分期的弹性模量值分别为(S0=5.625 kPa±1.221 kPa,S1=7.172 k Pa±1.818 k Pa,S2=10.295 kPa±3.122kPa,S3=15.541 kPa±4.340 kPa,S4=23.918 kPa±5.697 kPa),肝脏弹性模量在相邻及不相邻分期之间比较差异均具有统计学意义(P均0.05);(2)Spearman相关性分析显示,常规超声积分、SWE弹性模量值与肝纤维化分期之间存在正相关(r=0.529,0.798,P均0.001);SWE弹性模量值与肝纤维化之间相关系数高于常规超声积分;(3)常规超声积分在诊断肝纤维化S≥2、S≥3和S4期的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.766,0.891,0.764;SWE值在诊断肝纤维化S≥2、S≥3和S4期的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.941,0.948,0.952;SWE的诊断效能高于常规超声(P0.05).结论相比于常规超声,SWE技术在评估慢性乙型肝炎患者肝纤维化程度方面具有更高的应用价值,可重复性好,具有较高的潜在临床价值.     

血清铜蓝蛋白水平与慢性乙型肝炎患者临床病理关系的初步研究

目的 探讨慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者血清铜蓝蛋白(CP)水平与肝脏炎症活动度分级、纤维化分期的关系,建立肝纤维化分级无创模型并分析其诊断价值.方法 2009年1月至2011年6月于福建医科大学附属第一医院肝病中心确认的CHB患者148例,同步进行肝组织病理学、血清CP及生物化学指标检查.Spearman等级相关分析法判断CP水平与肝脏病理学分级之间的相关性;Logistic回归分析法分析相关指标的诊断意义.构建肝脏纤维化诊断预测模型,受试者工作曲线(ROC)法评价模型的诊断价值.结果 148例CHB患者炎症活动度分级G1、G2、G3、G4的血清CP平均值分别为(212.5±34.9)、(205.5±32.0)、(201.4±37.7)和(172.8±20.4) mg/L,ANOVA分析提示4组炎症活动度分级间CP水平的差异有统计学意义(F=6.309,P＜0.01);纤维化分期S1、S2、S3、S4的血清CP平均水平分别为(217.4±32.3)、(206.0±37.7)、(194.2±29.8)和(179.7±30.4)mg/L,ANOVA分析提示纤维化分期间CP的差异有统计学意义(F=8.608,P＜0.01).Spearman等级相关分析法分析提示,CP与炎症活动度分级(r=-0.316,P＜0.01)以及纤维化分期(r=-0.404,P＜0.01)均呈负相关关系.应用ROC分别建立CP水平对S≥2、S≥3、S=4的诊断曲线,曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.71、0.70和0.72.经Logistic回归分析,筛选出模型-1(S≥2)、模型-2(S≥3)、模型-3(S=4)组包括CP、甲胎蛋白、胆碱酯酶、PLT、年龄的肝纤维化独立预测因子,最终构建数学模型并计算肝纤维化评分,模型-1、模型-2、模型-3的AUC分别为0.84、0.83和0.87,准确率分别为71.8％、80.3％和79.2％.结论 CHB患者的血清CP水平与肝脏炎症活动度分级、纤维化分期呈负相关关系,随病理分级的增加而呈阶梯状降低.CP水平可作为无创性判断肝脏纤维化状态的一项重要指标,纳入CP而构建的肝纤维化预测模型对CHB肝纤维化肝硬化有较好的诊断价值.     

实时组织弹性成像技术对慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化的诊断价值

目的探讨实时组织弹性成像技术(RTE)对慢性乙型肝炎患者肝纤维化程度的诊断价值。方法选取2013年3-8月于首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院和佑安医院就诊的86例慢性乙型肝炎患者,按照肝纤维化病理分期分组,依次进行RTE检查、血清生化学指标检测、肝穿刺活组织检查,计算肝纤维化指数(LFI)和APRI指数。各纤维化分期之间的比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验,LFI与肝纤维化病理分期的相关性检验采用Spearman相关分析。计算LFI诊断肝纤维化的灵敏度、特异度,分别以肝纤维化S≥2(显著肝纤维化)、S≥4(早期肝硬化)为判断阳性的标准绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),并与APRI指数进行比较。结果除S0与S1之间LFI差异无统计学意义(P=0.298),其余各期差异均有统计学意义(P=0.000)。LFI与病理分期有明显相关性,相关系数r=0.831,P0.001。LFI诊断显著肝纤维化和早期肝硬化的曲线下面积分别为0.873(P0.001)、0.923(P=0.002),诊断阈值分别为2.74、3.61,敏感度、特异度分别为0.766、0.872和0.833、0.878,明显优于APRI指数。结论 RTE技术对显著肝纤维化和早期肝硬化有较高的诊断价值,是慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化无创诊断的一种重要方法。     

HBeAg水平与免疫清除期慢性乙型肝炎患者的临床病理关系

目的 探讨免疫清除(IC)期慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者血清HBeAg水平与肝脏炎症活动度分级(G)、纤维化分期(S)的关系.方法 连续收集2007年3月至2010年6月福建医科大学附属第一医院肝病中心确诊为IC期的CHB患者,同步行肝组织病理学检查及血清HBeAg和HBVDNA检测.Spearman等级相关分析法判断HBeAg水平与肝脏病理学分级间的相关性,受试者工作曲线(ROC)法判断HBeAg水平对肝脏G分级及S分期的预测价值.结果 共249例IC期CHB患者纳入本研究,G1～G4患者血清HBeAg水平分别为(2.93±2.85)、(2.96±2.74)、(2.69±2.67)和(2.30±2.41) lg s/co,S1～S4患者血清HBeAg水平分别为(2.99±2.74)、(2.89±2.73)、(2.58±2.55)和(2.32±2.44)lg s/co,提示4组患者G分级及S分期间HBeAg水平差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为47.13和74.12,均P＜0.01).Spearman等级相关分析提示血清HBeAg水平与G分级、S分期呈负相关(r值分别为-0.418和-0.532,均P＜0.01).判断G≥3和G≥4,S≥3和S≥4患者的受试者工作曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.74和0.73,0.80和0.77; HBeAg最佳截点分别为2.95、2.64、2.99和2.82 lg s/co.结论 在IC期CHB中,肝组织学G分级及S分期与HBeAg水平呈负相关.结合HBeAg水平,有助于肝脏病理学变化程度的判断.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。