Analysis of creams

The possibilities of the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis with flame ionization detection of creams of the o/w emulsion type were investigated. Interferences by cream base components in the determination of the active compounds were studied. It appeared to be possible to determine active compounds with a retention index lower than 1900 onov-17 (e.g. methyl salicylate, menthol, thymol, camphor) without clean-up of the cream samples; for the determination of compounds with retention indices between 1900 and 3700, a simple clean-up step suffices. The possible analysis of some of the cream base components together with the active compounds of the creams was investigated as well. Cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, lanette wax sx and cetiol v could be determined easily, whether or not a sample clean-up step was incorporated.     

Analysis of creams

The uv absorbing properties of the components of the cream bases as described in the Formulary of the Dutch Pharmacists were investigated. Directuv spectrophotometric determinations without any clean-up steps appeared to be possible for a number of drugs (e.g. tripelennamine HCl, tretinoin, salicylic acid, methyl salicylate, resorcinol, clioquinol), with the help of a solvent mixture in which the cream samples dissolved completely to yield clear solutions. Correcting for the contribution to theuv absorbance by the preservative is sometimes necessary and can be achieved by measuring the absorbance at two wavelengths. The determination of chlorhexidine, as an example of a basic drug withuv absorbing properties which prevent direct measurements of the solution of the cream samples, could be achieved after removal of the interfering compounds by a simple liquid-liquid extraction.     

Analysis of creams

The possibilities of applying reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography to the analysis of o/w emulsion type creams without preceding sample clean-up were investigated. The Chromatographic behaviour of cream base components and active compounds in reversed phase systems consisting of methanol-water mixtures as the mobile phase and a chemically bonded octadecyl stationary phase, was studied. A number of active compounds and the preservative (sorbic acid) could be determined — often in one Chromatographic run — without complications, by simply dissolving the sample in a suitable solvent mixture and injecting an aliquot of the solution into the Chromatograph. Separation was achieved by the proper choice of methanol content, pH and ionic strength of the eluent. The compounds were detected by uv absorption. Some of the lipophilic cream base components could easily be determined in the same manner, with methanol as the eluent and with refraction index detection. The developed procedure was applied to the analysis of a number of creams. Some of the results are presented as examples, demonstrating the suitability of the method for quality control purposes.     

Analysis of creams

A standard procedure, consisting of twotlc systems, for the qualitative control of creams is presented. All common cream excipients, except those of very high polarity, are separated in a simple gradient elution system, using diethyl ether as the eluent in a chromatographic chamber saturated withn-pentane. The very polar cream base components are separated usingn-butanol-glacial acetic acid-water (20+2+5) as the eluent. The chromatographic behaviour of common cream excipients as well as threefna cream bases and four commercial cream bases is discussed.     

The analysis of creams; a critical review

Qualitative and quantitative procedures for the analysis of creams of the oil-in-water type are reviewed and discussed, with special attention to the clean-up methods. It is concluded that systematic investigations have hardly been reported, except for creams containing corticosteroids.In honour of Prof. Dr. M.Langejan on the occasion of her retirement.     

Analysis of creams

The possibilities for the determination of active components in creams by acid-base titrations in non-aqueous solvents were investigated. Interference by cream-base components with the titration of weak organic bases and their halides with perchloric acid in acetic acid, and with the titration of weak acids with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in N,N-dimethylformamide were studied. It appeared to be possible to determine alkaloid halides, salicylic acid, hexachlorophene and methyl salicylate without previous clean-up of the cream samples.     

Analysis of creams

The possibilities for the determination of active components in creams by acid-base titrations in non-aqueous solvents were investigated. Interference by cream-base components with the titration of weak organic bases and their halides with perchloric acid in acetic acid, and with the titration of weak acids with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in N,N-dimethylformamide were studied. It appeared to be possible to determine alkaloid halides, salicylic acid, hexachlorophene and methyl salicylate without previous clean-up of the cream samples.     

A randomized,double-blind therapeutic trial of 0.25% desoxymethasone and 0.1 % hydrocortisone 17-butyrate in the treatment of varicose eczema

Summary

A double-blind, randomized trial was carried out in 60 patients with varicose (hypostatic) eczema to compare the efficacy and tolerance of treatment with 0.25% desoxymethasone in an oily cream base, the oily cream base alone, and 0.1 % hydrocortisone 17-butyrate cream. The creams were applied twice daily and patients' progress followed for up to 38 days. Clinical ratings based on an assessment of individual signs and symptoms, the area of skin involved and the physician's overall impression demonstrated a significant difference from the oily cream base in favour of both active treatments within the first 10 days. No significant difference between the two active treatments was shown. AN three treatments were well tolerated by the patients.     

Anti-aging efficacy of topical formulations containing niosomes entrapped with rice bran bioactive compounds

Context: Rice [Oryza sativa L. (Gramineae)] bran is a rich source of phytochemicals. Its oil also contains several bioactive components that exhibit antioxidative properties such as ferulic acid (F), γ-oryzanol (O), and phytic acid (P) which can be a new source of cosmetic raw materials.

Objective: To evaluate the anti-aging effects of the gel and cream containing niosomes entrapped with the rice bran bioactive compounds.

Materials and methods: The semi-purified rice bran extracts containing F, O, and P which indicated the growth stimulation of human fibroblasts and the inhibition of MMP-2 by sulforhodamine B and gelatin zymography, respectively, were entrapped in niosomes by supercritical carbon dioxide fluid (scCO₂) and incorporated in gel and cream formulations. The skin hydration, elasticity, thickness and roughness, and pigmentation in human volunteers after treated with these gel and creams were investigated by corneometer, cutometer, visiometer, and mexameter, respectively.

Results: Gel and cream containing the semi-purified rice bran extracts entrapped in niosomes gave no sign of erythema and edema detected within 72?h on the shaved rabbit skin by the closed patch test investigated by mexameter and visual observation, respectively. These formulations also demonstrated higher hydration enhancement and improvement of skin lightening, thickness, roughness, and elasticity on the skin of 30 human volunteers within the 28–day treatment not more than 9, 27, 7, 3, and 3 times, respectively.

Discussion and conclusions: The formulations containing niosomes entrapped with the rice bran bioactive compounds gave superior clinical anti-aging activity which can be applied as a novel skin product.     

盐酸特比萘芬乳膏的透皮吸收和含量测定

目的:建立盐酸特比萘芬乳膏HPLC分析方法,并使用该方法进行自制乳膏和原研制剂的透皮吸收考察和自制乳膏的含量测定.方法:采用Kromasil C₁₈柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),甲醇-乙腈-pH 7.5的醋酸三乙胺缓冲液(55:35:10)为流动相,流速1 ml·min^-1,检测波长282 nm.体外透皮实验采用Franz智能透皮吸收仪,以实验用离体乳猪皮为透皮屏障,通过累计渗透量和皮肤滞留量评价自制乳膏与原研制剂的透皮相似性.结果:盐酸特比萘芬质量浓度在4~150 ng·ml^-1、20~400 μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6,r=0.999 8),盐酸特比萘芬溶液平均回收率为98.88%,制剂加样平均回收率为100.4%.3批自制乳膏的平均含量为97.2%,累计渗透量和24 h皮肤滞留量与原研制剂差异无显著性(P >0.05).结论:所建立HPLC方法快速、准确,可同时用于盐酸特比萘芬乳膏的透皮吸收考察和含量测定.自制乳膏的透皮吸收特性与原研制剂相似,含量达到要求.     

Solid lipid nanoparticles bearing oxybenzone: In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation

In the present project, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) bearing oxybenzone were prepared by ethanol injection method to improve its effectiveness as sunscreen. SLNs were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and surface morphology. The optimized SLNs bearing oxybenzone were incorporated into water-removable cream base and compared with SLNs unloaded water-removable cream base for in vitro and in vivo parameters. Cream base formulation containing SLNs (Csd) with 5% oxybenzone showed slow drug release and better sun protecting factor (more than 25) compared to cream base containing 5% oxybenzone. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy was used to visualize the distribution of developed formulations in skin. CLSM indicated prolonged retention of SLNs in the stratum corneum as compared to plain cream base. These studies revealed that the cream base bearing SLNs exhibited good skin retention as well as enhanced sun protection effect compared to cream base.     

Analysis of creams

The uv absorbing properties of the components of the cream bases as described in the Formulary of the Dutch Pharmacists were investigated. Directuv spectrophotometric determinations without any clean-up steps appeared to be possible for a number of drugs (e.g. tripelennamine HCl, tretinoin, salicylic acid, methyl salicylate, resorcinol, clioquinol), with the help of a solvent mixture in which the cream samples dissolved completely to yield clear solutions. Correcting for the contribution to theuv absorbance by the preservative is sometimes necessary and can be achieved by measuring the absorbance at two wavelengths. The determination of chlorhexidine, as an example of a basic drug withuv absorbing properties which prevent direct measurements of the solution of the cream samples, could be achieved after removal of the interfering compounds by a simple liquid-liquid extraction.     

耳用硼黄乳膏剂对真菌性外耳道炎常见病原菌的体外抑菌活性分析

目的:考察2种耳用乳膏剂及其各药物成分对真菌性外耳道炎常见病原菌的抑菌活性。方法:根据医院制剂硼黄栓的处方药物构成,分别制备单方乳膏和2种复方乳膏,采用改良琼脂扩散法对所制备的乳膏进行4种标准菌株和2种临床分离菌株的体外抑菌实验,测定抑菌圈直径和最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。以醋酸曲安奈德益康唑乳膏作为对照,对2种复方乳膏进行抑菌效果比较。结果:硼酸、硼砂、盐酸苯海拉明单方乳膏对4种标准菌株均具有抑菌活性,雄黄和呋喃唑酮单方乳膏只对部分菌株有抑菌活性,冰片单方乳膏未显示抑菌活性。复方乳膏A和B对全部6种菌株均有抑菌效果。与对照乳膏相比,复方乳膏A和B对黑曲霉菌、白色念珠菌和近平滑念珠菌1的抑菌圈直径较小(P<0.01),对铜绿假单胞菌和近平滑念珠菌2的抑菌圈直径较大(P<0.01),对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径无明显差异。复方乳膏B对黑曲霉菌、白色念珠菌的抑菌圈直径大于复方乳膏A(P<0.05),对其余菌株无明显差异。结论:2种新型复方乳膏的抗真菌活性弱于对照药醋酸曲安奈德益康唑乳膏,但抑制细菌的活性优于对照药,预期其在治疗混合菌感染的外耳道炎方面具有一定优势。复方乳膏B的抑菌效果略优于复方乳膏A,且复方乳膏B处方更精简,制剂稳定性更好。     

The analytical control of the composition of creams

The analysis without prior sample clean-up of promethazine hydrochloride or clioquinol in commercially available creams has been investigated using UV-spectrophotometry and titrimetric methods. The results were compared with those obtained by GLC and HPLC. Although in some cases the active drug could be determined satisfactorily using the comparatively non-selective UV-absorbance or titrimetric methods, these methods were found to be reliable only when applied to creams for which the qualitative and quantitative composition was completely known. Without prior sample clean-up, these methods will therefore be of interest mainly for process control purposes in manufacturing.     

In vitro evaluation of Spirulina platensis extract incorporated skin cream with its wound healing and antioxidant activities

Context: Algae have gained importance in cosmeceutical product development due to their beneficial effects on skin health and therapeutical value with bioactive compounds. Spirulina platensis Parachas (Phormidiaceae) is renowned as a potential source of high-value chemicals and recently used in skincare products.

Objective: This study develops and evaluates skin creams incorporated with bioactive S. platensis extract.

Materials and methods: Spirulina platensis was cultivated, the aqueous crude extract was prepared and in vitro cytotoxicity of S. platensis extract in the range of 0.001–1% concentrations for 1, 3 and 7?d on HS2 keratinocyte cells was determined. Crude extracts were incorporated in skin cream formulation at 0.01% (w/w) concentration and in vitro wound healing and genotoxicity studies were performed. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the collagen activity.

Results: 0.1% S. platensis extract exhibited higher proliferation activity compared with the control group with 198% of cell viability after 3?d. Skin cream including 1.125% S. platensis crude extract showed enhanced wound healing effect on HS2 keratinocyte cell line and the highest HS2 cell viability % was obtained with this concentration. The micronucleus (MN) assay results indicated that S. platensis extract incorporated creams had no genotoxic effect on human peripheral blood cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that collagen 1 immunoreactivity was improved by increased extract concentration and it was strongly positive in cells treated with 1.125% extract incorporated skin cream.

Conclusions: The cell viability, wound healing activity and genotoxicity results showed that S. platensis incorporated skin cream could be of potential value in cosmeceutical and biomedical applications.     

Mutagenic risks induced by homemade hair straightening creams with high formaldehyde content

Regardless of official recommendations, the inappropriate use of homemade hair creams has became a popular practice in Brazil and high formaldehyde content in the ‘progressive straightening’ creams has been reported. In the present work, three of these creams were analyzed by spectrophotometric, chromatographic and genotoxic assays in order to evaluate mutagenic risks associated with the uncontrolled addition of formaldehyde at contents higher than those allowed by regulation. The ultraviolet and Fourier‐transformed infrared absorption spectra showed characteristic signals that can be assigned to formaldehyde, although with different relative intensities, revealing distinct compositions. Using high‐performance liquid chromatography 1.6–10.5% w/v formaldehyde was quantified. Antibacterial activity was detected in all creams. At 0.10 μg per plate, one of them showed positive mutagenicity induction (P < 0.05) in the Salmonella/microsome assay using the TA100 strain. The measurement of β‐galactosidase induction in the SOS chromotest by this cream, at dosages of 10–100 μg per assay, was positive (P < 0.05) in Escherichia coli PQ37 and OG100 strains. Our data show a more intense genotoxic response than those reported before for formaldehyde, suggesting that this compound may be acting synergistically with any unknown components in the creams or perhaps these unspecified components by themselves might have significant genotoxic potential. We call attention to the popular use of homemade formulations of cosmetics, such as hair straightening creams, because they can contain mutagens that could increase the incidence of neoplasia in those people who use them. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of creams

A standard procedure, consisting of twotlc systems, for the qualitative control of creams is presented. All common cream excipients, except those of very high polarity, are separated in a simple gradient elution system, using diethyl ether as the eluent in a chromatographic chamber saturated withn-pentane. The very polar cream base components are separated usingn-butanol-glacial acetic acid-water (20+2+5) as the eluent. The chromatographic behaviour of common cream excipients as well as threefna cream bases and four commercial cream bases is discussed.     

Analysis of pharmaceutical creams: a useful approach based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and UV spectrophotometry

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) using C-18, diol and ion-exchange sorbents followed by UV spectrophotometric (conventional and derivative mode) assay was applied to the analysis of basic, acidic and neutral drugs commercially available in creams.A representative set of drugs (promethazine, chlorhexidine, benzydamine, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, fentiazac, piroxicam, fluorouracil, crotamiton and hydrocortisone acetate) was selected, and for each drug the appropriate SPE conditions (adsorption, washing and elution) were investigated to obtain a practical and reliable sample clean-up. It was shown that the developed SPE procedures were capable of removing interfering cream components (excipients including preservatives) allowing accurate spectrophotometric analyses to be performed. In some applications, derivative spectrophotometry was advantageous over the conventional absorption mode with respect to higher selectivity and versatility.     

Antimicrobial Property of Picralima nitida Stem Bark Extract in Cream Formulations

The effects of formulation variables on the antimicrobial activities of the basic fraction (BF) of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Picralima nitida Stapf. Th. & H. Durrant (Apocynaceae) in cream preparations were studied using a 2³ factorial experimental design. The individual and interaction effects of nature of humectant (N), concentration of humectant (C), and time of storage of cream preparation (S) on the effectiveness of the BF cream preparations, as measured by the diameter of zone of inhibition (mm) against Staphylococcus aureus and Microsporum canis, were evaluated. The effects of the variables depended considerably on the amount of BF in the formulation. The nature of humectant (N) generally had the highest effects on the antimicrobial activity of the creams with a positive increase in activity with changes from glycerin to propylene glycol. On the other hand, changing the concentration of humectant (C) from a "low" to a "high" level (from 5% to 10%, w/w) in the formulation also generally increased the antimicrobial activity of the BF creams. The time of storage (S) exhibited the least influence, but with the creams generally losing some activity after 12 months. The interaction effects of the variables on the antimicrobial effectiveness of the BF cream formulations appeared to be generally low. In clinical trials, the 10% w/w BF cream formulation generally exhibited impressive effectiveness against skin conditions of pityriasis versicolor, tinea pedis interdigitalis, tinea capitis, and tinea corporis. More work, however, is required to develop the BF into a clinically useful antimicrobial agent.     

都梁丸的血清药物化学研究

目的对都梁丸的入血成分进行分析研究,探讨都梁丸的药效物质基础。方法采用偏头痛模型小鼠,灌胃给药制得含药血清和空白血清,通过比较都梁丸、酒炖白芷和川芎体外供试品及含药血清样品和空白血清样品的HPLC色谱图,根据保留时间及对照品,明确都梁丸给药后血中移行成分。结果都梁丸给药后,在血清中共有22个移行成分,其中18个成分为原形入血成分,4个成分为原型成分的代谢产物,经对照品确认了12种原型成分。结论这22个血中移行成分可能是都梁丸在体内直接作用的药效物质,为深入研究其作用机制、质量控制标准及剂型改革提供了科学依据。