两种低张胶体液对失血并腹腔海水浸泡伤实验犬的救治作用

目的观察两种低张胶体液对失血并腹腔海水浸泡伤的救治效果。方法建立腹腔海水浸泡伤动物模型。42只犬随机均分为对照组(A组)、5%葡萄糖治疗组(B组)、045%氯化钠治疗组(C组)、09%氯化钠治疗组(D组)、低张胶体(右旋糖酐40)救治组(E组)及低张胶体(右旋糖酐70)救治组(F组),观察每一组腹腔海水浸泡后平均动脉压(MAP)、心输出量(CO)、尿量、血浆渗透压及脑肺病理学的变化。结果两种低张胶体液均可显著改善MAP及CO,增加尿量,降低血浆渗透压,预防脑肺水肿发生。伤后24h低张胶体(右旋糖酐70)改善MAP及CO作用优于低张胶体(右旋糖酐40)(P<005)。结论失血并腹腔海水浸泡伤后早期低张胶体(右旋糖酐40)与低张胶体(右旋糖酐70)有类似救治效果,伤后24h低张胶体(右旋糖酐70)改善血流动力学作用优于低张胶体(右旋糖酐40)。     

腹腔海水浸泡伤战地救治的早期效果观察

目的　观察野战环境战地救治对腹腔海水浸泡伤实验犬生存的影响。方法　杂种犬 15只 ,随机均分为对照组 (A组 )、生理盐水救治组 (B组 )及综合救治组 (C组 ) ,观察每一组腹腔海水浸泡后的存活时间及血浆渗透压、乳酸水平变化。结果　①C组平均存活时间 (5 8h)显著长于A(2 4h)、B(4 1h)两组 (P <0 0 1) ;②腹腔海水浸泡后 1hC组血浆渗透压(36 6 1± 8 4 )mmol/L、乳酸 (8 9± 1 8)mmol/L水平均显著低于A组〔分别为 (374 3± 11 2 )mmol/L、(12 4± 3 1)mmol/L〕(P <0 0 5 ) ,B组乳酸 (10 3± 2 1)mmol/L水平也显著低于A组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;腹腔海水浸泡后 3hC组乳酸 (9 1± 1 7)mmol/L水平显著低于B组 (11 4± 1 9)mmol/L(P <0 0 5 )。结论　腹腔海水浸泡伤战地早期补入低张胶体液及进行腹腔清创有助于缓解机体高渗状态 ,改善机体代谢 ,延长创伤动物生命。     

腹腔海水浸泡伤实验犬的早期救治研究

目的：观察术后早期处理对用腹腔海水浸泡伤实验犬的救治效果。方法：杂种犬18只，随机均分为对照组（n＝9）及治疗组（n＝9），观察第一组存活情况，谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、血淀粉酶（AMY）、尿素氮（BUN）、肌酸激酶（CK）、内毒素（ET）及肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）的变化。结果：（1）治疗线存活率显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）；（2）腹腔海水浸泡后两组血ALT、AMY、BUN、CK、ET、TNF水平均显著升高（P＜0．01），而术后24h治疗组水平均开始显著低于对照组（P＜0．05）。 结论：腹腔海水浸泡可引起机体发生多器官功能障碍，早期及时合理救治是提高机体伤后存活率的关键。     

犬烧冲复合伤后海水浸泡对酸碱平衡的影响

目的 建立犬烧冲复合伤后海水浸泡的实验模型,探讨烧冲复合伤海水浸泡对犬酸碱平衡的影响,为海水浸泡早期救治提供理论依据. 方法 20条健康成年杂种犬按随机数字表法随机分为两组.对照组致伤后直接观察( n=10);浸泡组致伤后置入 21 ℃海水中浸泡 4 h( n=10),于伤前,浸泡后即刻(相当于对照组伤后 4 h),浸泡后 3 h(相当于对照组伤后 7 h),浸泡后 6 h(相当于对照组伤后 10 h),浸泡后 16 h(相当于对照组伤后 20 h),浸泡后 24 h(相当于对照组伤后 28 h)测定血气、酸碱平衡以及血流动力学指标. 结果浸泡组出海后 PaO2 、 BE、 HCO3-、 pH 和 PaCO2 与对照组相比均明显下降,且 BE、 pH、 HCO3-和 PaCO2 呈进行性下降;而 PaO2随时间延长呈恢复趋势.对照组致伤前后无明显变化. 结论海水浸泡可导致犬严重的低碳酸血症和代谢性酸中毒,对体液内环境的失衡有重要影响.     

早期应用头孢菌素类抗生素对腹腔海水浸泡伤大鼠的救治研究

目的　观察早期应用头孢菌素类抗生素对腹腔海水浸泡伤大鼠的救治效果。方法　选取SD大鼠 6 0只 ,随机均分为腹腔海水浸泡组 (A组 ,n =30 )及腹腔海水浸泡后治疗组 (B组 ,n =30 ) ,观察每组术后血浆内毒素 (endotoxin ,ET)、肿瘤坏死因子 (tumornecrosisfactor,TNF)、细菌培养水平变化。另外再选取SD大鼠 4 0只 ,随机均分为C组 (n =2 0 )及D组 (n =2 0 ) ,C组处理同A组 ,D组处理同B组 ,观察C、D两组在两种不同处理情况下实验动物的存活情况。结果　①腹腔海水浸泡后两组血浆ET、TNF水平均显著升高 (P <0 0 1) ,而术后 12h始B组水平开始显著低于A组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;②腹腔海水浸泡后 2 4hB组细菌培养总阳性率 (2 /12 )显著低于A组 (8/12 ) (P <0 0 5 ) ;③D组存活率 (9/2 0 )显著高于C组 (2 /2 0 ) (P <0 0 5 )。结论　腹腔海水浸泡后早期应用头孢菌素类抗生素减轻了机体感染和继发损伤的程度 ,有利于提高创伤后动物存活率。     

低张胶体液对失血并腹腔海水浸泡伤实验犬的救治作用

目的：观察低张胶体液对失血并腹腔海水浸泡伤的救治效果。方法：建立腹腔海水浸泡伤动物模型。35只犬随机均分为对照组(A组)、质量分数为5％的葡萄糖治疗组(B组)、0．45％氯化钠治疗组(C组)、0．9％氯化钠治疗组(D组)及低张胶体液治疗组(E组)，观察每组动物腹腔海水浸泡后平均动脉压(MAP)、心排血量(CO)、尿量、血浆渗透压及脑、肺组织的病理学变化。结果：低张胶体液可显著改善MAP及CO，增加尿量，降低血浆渗透压，预防脑、肺水肿的发生。结论：低张胶体液对失血并腹腔海水浸泡伤具有较好的救治效果。     

犬烧冲复合伤后海水浸泡对酸碱平衡的影响

目的：建立犬烧冲复合伤后海水浸泡的实验模型，探讨烧冲复合伤海水浸泡对犬酸碱平衡的影响，为海水浸泡早期救治提供理论依据。方法：20条健康成年杂种犬按随机数字表法随机分为两组。对照组：致伤后直接观察(n=10)；浸泡组：致伤后置入21℃海水中浸泡4h(n=10)，于伤前，浸泡后即刻(相当于对照组伤后4h)，浸泡后3h(相当于对照组伤后7h)，浸泡后6h(相当于对照组伤后10h)，浸泡后16h(相当于对照组伤后20h)，浸泡后24h(相当于对照组伤后28h)测定血气、酸碱平衡以及血流动力学指标。结果：浸泡组出海后PaO2、BE、HCO3^-、pH和PaCO2与对照组相比均明显下降，且BE、pH、HCO3^-和PaCO2呈进行性下降；而PaO2随时间延长呈恢复趋势。对照组致伤前后无明显变化。结论：海水浸泡可导致犬严重的低碳酸血症和代谢性酸中毒，对体液内环境的失衡有重要影响。     

腹腔复温对大鼠腹腔低温海水浸泡伤的救治效果

目的　观察腹腔复温对腹腔低温海水浸泡伤大鼠存活的影响。方法　SD大鼠 2 4只 ,随机均分为对照组 (A组 )、腹腔低温海水浸泡组 (B组 )及腹腔低温海水浸泡后复温组 (C组 ) ,观察每一组平均动脉压 (MAP)、心率 (HR)、乳酸 (LA)及乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)的变化。另取大鼠 4 0只 ,随机均分为腹腔海水浸泡组 (D组 )、腹腔海水浸泡后复温组 (E组 ) ,用以观察腹腔复温后 2 4h死亡率。结果　①术后 2 4hE组大鼠死亡率 (6 / 2 0 )显著低于D组 (15 / 2 0 ) (P <0 0 1)。②低温腹腔海水浸泡后B、C两组大鼠均出现MAP及HR急剧下降 (与浸泡前比较P <0 0 1) ,腹腔灌洗后C组改善快于B组 (P <0 0 5 )。③腹腔灌洗后C组LA及LDH水平显著低于B组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　腹腔复温有助于纠正低温腹腔海水浸泡伤大鼠血液动力学率乱 ,改善机体代谢 ,提高实验大鼠存活率     

早期补入低张胶体液对失血并腹腔海水浸泡伤实验犬血自由基水平的影响

目的　观察早期补入低张胶体液对失血并腹腔海水浸泡伤实验犬血自由基水平的影响。方法　建立失血并腹腔海水浸泡伤动物模型。 35只犬随机均分为对照组 (A组 )、5 %葡萄糖治疗组 (B组 )、0 4 5 %氯化钠 (含 2 5 %葡萄糖液 )治疗组 (C组 )、0 9%氯化钠治疗组 (D组 )及低张胶体液治疗组 (E组 ) ,观察每一组腹腔海水浸泡后丙二醛 (malondialdehyde ,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶 (superoxidedismutase ,SOD)及乳酸 (lacticacid ,LA)水平的变化。结果　补液后B、C、D、E组MDA及LA水平均显著下降 ,SOD水平显著上升 (与A组比较 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,补液后 2 4hE组MDA及LA水平均显著低于而SOD水平显著高于B、C、D组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　失血并腹腔海水浸泡伤后早期补入低张胶体液可显著降低血自由基水平 ,改善机体代谢。     

犬多发伤合并海水浸泡的早期综合救治

目的：观察犬多发伤合并海水浸泡救治前后水、电解质变化，探讨犬多发伤早期综合救治方案。方法：成年杂种犬20只，制作多发伤动物模型。随机分为多发伤救治组(n=10)：海水浸泡1h后打捞出水救治；对照组(n=10)；海水浸泡1h打捞出水后不予救治。救治组在补液、复温同时行破裂小肠一期切除吻合术和右下肢软组织爆炸伤清创术，观察救治前后水、电解质、酸碱平衡的改善情况，体温变化和术后吻合口并发症及犬存活情况。结果：多发伤合并海水浸泡犬水、电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱和体温过低于救治后4--6h得以纠正，小肠吻合口并发症低，1周存活率为80％；对照组水、电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱和体温过低在打捞出水后继续加重，全部于6h内死亡，死亡率为100％。结论：对多发伤合并海水浸泡应实施早期综合救治，可同时行破裂小肠一期切除吻合术和软组织爆炸伤清创术。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。