全肝血流阻断对胆道梗阻兔肝脏损伤的研究

目的　研究全肝血流阻断对胆道梗阻兔肝脏缺血 /再灌注损伤。方法　将 30只兔随机均分为 3组 :A组 (对照组 )、B组 (胆道梗阻组 )和C组 (全肝血流阻断组 )。组织气体分析仪持续测定兔肝组织氧压 (PtiO2 ) ;光镜观察肝脏病理改变 ;全自动生化仪测定血清总胆红素 (TBIL)丙氨酸氨基转氨酶 (ALT)。结果　B、C组在全肝血流阻断后 ,肝PtiO2 值均明显下降 ,再灌注 60min后 ,肝PtiO2 值仍未恢复 ,与缺血前PtiO2 值差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5) ,且在再灌注 60min时 ,B组较C组肝PtiO2 值恢复更慢 (P <0 .0 5) ;B、C组肝缺血再灌注 2 4h的不同时相 ,ALT值均进一步升高 ,B组较C组升高更为明显。至第 7d ,B、C两组ALT值均恢复到近于正常值 ,肝细胞损伤的病理改变也恢复近似正常。结论　胆道梗阻时肝脏能耐受全肝血流阻断 (2 0min)所致的肝缺血再灌注损伤。     

入肝血流阻断和全肝血流阻断对胆道梗阻兔肝脏损伤的研究

目的 研究入肝血流阻断和全肝血流阻断对胆道梗阻兔肝脏的缺血-再灌注损伤。方法 36只兔随机均分为3组:胆道梗阻组(A组,BCDL)、入肝血流阻断组(B组,PTC)和全肝血流阻断组(C组,THVE)。组织气体分析仪持续测定肝组织氧分压(P_(ti)O_2);全自动生化仪测定血流总胆红素(TBIL)、丙氨酸氢基转氨酶(ALT);光镜观察肝脏病理改变。结果 B、C组在肝血流阻断后,肝 P_(ti)O_2值均明显下降,再灌注 60 min仅恢复到缺血前的 87.5％和 73.4％(P<0.05),C组较 B组肝P_(ti)O_2 值恢复更慢(P<0.05)。B、C两组 ALT值在肝缺血-再灌注期间均有不同程度升高,C组ALT值升高更明显,且与肝细胞损伤的病理学改变相一致。结论 急性胆道梗阻兔行PTC和THVE均可导致肝脏缺血-再灌注损伤,PTC较THVE对肝脏的损伤明显减轻。     

亚甲蓝对兔肝缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 探讨亚甲蓝对兔肝缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 健康成年新西兰大白兔24只,雌雄不拘,体重2.0～2.3 kg,随机分为3组(n=8):假手术组(S组)、肝缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和亚甲蓝组(MB组).I/R组及MB组采用夹闭肝左外叶、中叶、右中叶及方形叶肝动脉分支40min再灌注60 min的方法制备肝缺血再灌注模型,S组仅游离相应血管.MB组于再灌注前20 min经耳缘静脉注射亚甲蓝5 mg/kg(用生理盐水稀释至5 ml),S组及I/R组给予等容量生理盐水.于缺血前即刻(T1)、缺血20 min(T2)、加min(T3)、再灌注1 min(T4)、再灌注5 min(T5)、30 min(T6)、60 min(T7)时记录MAP和HR.于T1,5-7时取股动脉血样1 ml,测定血清TNF-α及IL-6的浓度.分别于T1,6,7时取股动脉血样1.5 ml,测定血浆ALT及AST的活性.于T7时测定肝左叶组织SOD活性及MDA含量,光镜下观察肝组织病理学结果.结果 与S组比较,I/R组T4-7,时MAP降低,T7时HR降低,肝组织SOD活性降低,MDA含量升高,I/R组及MB组T3-5时血清TNF-α和IL-6浓度升高,T6,7时血浆ALT和AST活性升高(P<0.05或0.01);与I/R组比较,MB组T4-7时MAP升高,肝组织SOD活性升高,MDA含量降低,T3-5时血清TNF-α和IL-6浓度降低,T6,7时血浆ALT和AST活性降低(P<0.05或0.01).MB组肝组织损伤较I/R组减轻.结论 亚甲蓝可维持血液动力学稳定,减轻兔肝缺血再灌注损伤.     

大鼠急性肝缺血-再灌注时心肌细胞氧化损伤及瑞芬太尼的干预作用

目的 观察大鼠急性肝缺血-再灌注时心肌细胞氧化损伤以及瑞芬太尼预处理对氧化损伤的干预作用.方法 建立大鼠肝缺血-再灌注损伤模型.将72只Wistar大鼠随机分为瑞芬太尼预处理组(R组,n=24)、缺血-再灌注组(IR组,n=24)、假手术组(Sham组,n=24).于再灌注30min、1、2、3 h处死大鼠.R组缺血前以1μg·kg-1·min-1微泵输注瑞芬太尼30 min进行预处理.分别检测各组大鼠心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力及谷胱甘肽过氧化氧酶(GSH-Px)活力变化.结果 与Sham组比较,R组和IR组再灌注1、2、3 h时心肌组织MDA含量明显升高,SOD、GSH-Px活力明显降低(P<0.05).与IR组比较,R组再灌注30 min、1 h时心肌组织MDA含量降低,SOD、GSH-Px的表达增高(P<0.05).结论 大鼠急性肝缺血-再灌注可造成心肌细胞氧化损伤,而瑞芬太尼预处理可起到一定的保护作用.     

山莨菪碱对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨山莨菪碱对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 将雄性Wistar大鼠制成肝脏缺血再灌注模型，随机分为正常对照组、缺血再灌注组、生理盐水组和山莨菪碱组，观察肝脏缺血60min再灌注1、3、6、12及24h后血浆和／或肝组织中内皮素－1（ET－1）、透明质酸（HA）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、丙二醛（MDA）和再灌注1h后肝细胞内游离Ca^2 ([Ca^2 ]i)、ATP含量变化以及肝组织病理学改变。结果 肝脏缺血再灌注后血浆和／或肝细胞中ET－1、HA、ALT、MDA和肝细胞内[Ca^2 ]u含量均显著升高，而肝组织中ATP含量明显降低；肝脏缺血再灌注前应用山莨菪碱2.0mg/kg者，血浆HA和肝细胞内[Ca^2 ]i含量明显降低，肝组织中MDA也有不同程度的降低，而肝组织中ATP含量明显升高，同时肝酶的漏出减少，肝组织病理学损害明显减轻。结论 山莨菪碱对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用。     

缺血后处理对大鼠移植肝缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨在体条件下缺血后处理对大鼠移植肝缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其可能机制。方法采用SD大鼠原位肝移植模型,供肝冷保存时间100min,无肝期控制于18min以内,60只雄性健康SD大鼠随机分为3组,对照组12只,缺血再灌注损伤组和后处理组各24只。对照组开腹后仅游离肝周韧带;缺血再灌注损伤组受体大鼠供肝切除前仅以肝素化生理盐水经门静脉灌注;后处理组供肝植入后完全再灌注前,给予多次短暂复灌复停作为缺血后处理。缺血再灌注损伤组、后处理组受体一半（6只）于再灌注后2h留取血液及肝组织,另一半（6只）于再灌注后6h留取肝组织。对照组于关腹后相应时间留取血液及肝组织。各组分别检测肝功能,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清肿瘤坏死因子Or．和中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶。根据酶促反应原理,利用分光光度仪测定肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、丙二醛、髓过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶。肝组织HE染色后光镜下观察组织学变化。结果缺血再灌注损伤组和后处理组血清肝功能指标、炎性细胞因子水平及肝组织过氧化物含量均高于对照组（P〈0．05）,而后处理组较缺血再灌注损伤组则明显低（P〈0．05）;缺血再灌注损伤组和后处理组肝组织抗氧化酶活力显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）,而后处理组较缺血再灌注损伤组则明显高（P〈0．05）。结论缺血后处理对大鼠移植肝的缺血再灌注损伤有明显的保护作用。提高组织的抗氧化能力和降低炎性细胞因子水平可能是缺血后处理保护作用的机制之一。     

内质网应激分子伴侣GRP78在大鼠缺血再灌注损伤肝脏中的表达

目的:观察内质网应激相关分子葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)在大鼠缺血再灌注损伤肝脏组织中的表达水平.方法:将24只健康雄性SD大鼠随机均分为假手术组,单纯肝缺血组(肝缺血30 min+再灌注0h),再灌注6h组(肝缺血30 min+再灌注6h)和再灌注12h组(肝缺血30 min+再灌注12h).分别检测各组血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平;肝组织病理学、凋亡情况及GRP78 mRNA表达水平.结果:与对照组比较,各实验组大鼠肝缺血后出现明显的肝组织损伤,且随着再灌注时间的延长损伤加重,表现为血清ALT和AST水平升高,明显的肝组织病理学改变,肝细胞凋亡率增加,各组间计量指标的差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).大鼠肝组织GRP78 mRNA变化趋势与上述指标一致,缺血后表达明显上调,且随着再灌注时间延长而逐渐升高,各组间差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论:缺血再灌注损伤肝脏组织中GRP78表达上调,但其具体作用还有待于探明.     

美心力对肝移植手术患者术中血流动力学及心肌酶的影响

复杂的肝脏手术，如肝切除、肝移植等，术中常需要阻断肝脏血流，从而导致肝脏缺血、缺氧，恢复血流后则会引起肝缺血-再灌注损伤。肝缺血-再灌注损伤不仅会影响肝脏本身，而且对远隔脏器也会产生组织损伤。目前，关于如何减轻肝缺血-再灌注损伤的报道很多，其中大多数是关于缺血-再灌注对移植肝本身影响的报道，关于如何减少肝移植手术中肝缺血-再灌注损伤对心肌影响的问题，国内外尚无相关报道。本研究观察肝移植手术中静脉泵人不同剂量美心力对血流动力学及心肌酶的影响，旨在探索肝移植手术中减轻肝再灌注损伤和心肌损伤的可行途径。     

麦角新碱预处理对减轻大鼠移植肝缺血再灌注损伤的作用

目的 探讨使用外源性药物麦角新碱预处理对减轻大鼠移植肝缺血再灌注损伤的作用.方法 在大鼠的门静脉-左肾静脉搭桥、肝后下腔静脉内置管分流法自体原位肝移植模型中,于肝门阻断前10 min经大鼠尾静脉注射麦角新碱;观察移植肝缺血前和再灌注后5 min、30 min、2 h时血清一氧化氮(NO)和血浆内皮素1(ET1)水平以及NO/ET1的比值变化;测定血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)酶学差异和肝组织内三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和丙二醛(MDA)含量变化;再灌注2 h取肝组织检测肝细胞、肝小叶超微结构.结果 应用麦角新碱预处理的大鼠移植肝缺血前门脉血浆中ET1升高(P＜0.01),但再灌注后5 min、30 min时,血浆中ET1水平降低(P＜0.05);而缺血前NO/ET1比值降低(P＜0.01),再灌注后5 min时,NO/ET1比值升高(P＜0.01);再灌注后ALT的升高有逐渐降低趋势;再灌注后2 h肝细胞内超微结构的损害程度减轻.结论 使用麦角新碱预处理能减轻大鼠移植肝缺血再灌注损伤.移植肝缺血再灌注损伤的靶细胞是肝血窦内皮细胞,NO/ET1比值平衡可能是影响移植肝微循环血流量变化的调节因素.     

脾静脉-股静脉转流下大鼠全肝缺血再灌注损伤模型的建立

目的建立脾静脉-股静脉转流下大鼠全肝缺血再灌注损伤模型。方法 40只Wistar 大鼠,体重240-270 g,随机分为2组:单纯肝门阻断组(C组);脾静脉-股静脉转流下肝门阻断组(B 组),应用自制转流泵调节转流量在5-10ml·min-1。两组均用无创动脉夹夹闭肝动脉、门静脉及胆总管40min,随后放开动脉夹再灌注。监测缺血前即刻、缺血5、10、40min及再灌注5、20 min时平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、门静脉压(PVP)、心率(HR)、心电图和胃肠淤血情况,观察再灌注1、24 h肝脏、小肠的病理改变及再灌注24 h的存活率。结果与缺血前即刻比较,C组缺血观察40min、再灌注20min时MAP降低,缺血10、40min时CVP降低,再灌注5、20min时CVP升高,缺血5-40 min、再灌注5、20 min时PVP升高,缺血10、40 min、再灌注5、20min时HR升高;B组缺血5-40 min、再灌注5 min时MAP下降,缺血10 min时PVP升高,缺血5 min时HR下降(P<0．05或0．01)。与C组比较,B 组缺血5-40min、再灌注5、20 min时MAP、PVP,缺血10、40min、再灌注5、20 min时CVP,再灌注5、20 min时HR差异有统计学意义,心律失常发生率降低,再灌注24 h存活率升高(P<0．05或0．01)。B组无明显的胃肠淤血。与C组比较,再灌注1 h B组只有少部分肠绒毛顶端有变性脱落,粘膜下炎症不明显,两组肝脏病理均可见肝小叶结构完整,中央静脉及肝窦扩张,汇管区炎症浸润;再灌注24 h时C 组可见肝细胞点片状坏死,B组多为点状肝细胞坏死。结论大鼠脾静脉-股静脉转流下全肝缺血再灌注损伤模型血液动力学稳定,腹腔内脏器无淤血,无肠道屏障破坏。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝外胆道解剖异常的防范

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中肝外胆道异常的诊断及处理。方法1999年10月～2008年6月1216例LC中，发现15例（1．2％）胆道解剖异常。3例胆囊管异常粗、短，开口在左右肝管汇合部；1例胆囊颈部结石嵌顿，胆总管较细，向上牵拉胆囊使胆总管走行移位；1例胆囊管与肝总管并行后低位开口，1例胆囊管在胆总管右侧回旋扭曲，开口于右肝管侧壁，2例胆囊壶腹部粘连严重，覆盖于胆总管及肝总管前方；3例在胆床附近见迷走胆管走行；3例在分离胆囊管时发现右后肝管开口于肝总管；1例Mirizzi综合征解剖不清。仔细分离，丝线结扎或上钛夹处理，解剖不清者中转开腹。结果13例顺利完成LC；2例（13．3％）中转开腹，其中1例副右肝管损伤，1例Mirizzi综合征。无腹腔内出血、腹腔感染、肠道损伤及死亡等严重并发症。15例随访3个月～4年，其中〉1年11例，无胆道狭窄及残余结石。结论LC术中精细解剖胆囊三角，确切辨认各管道关系，是预防胆道异常情况下肝外胆道损伤的关键。     

吲哚菁绿荧光导航在复杂腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的:探讨吲哚菁绿荧光导航在复杂腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析2018年7月—2020年8月在鄂东医疗集团黄石市中心医院肝胆胰腺外科收治的96例复杂胆囊结石伴胆囊炎患者行LC的临床资料,按照术前是否静脉注射吲哚菁绿荧光导航分为实验组( n＝44)和对照组( n＝52),实...     

医源性胆道损伤52例报告

目的:总结医源性胆道损伤的经验教训。方法:对过去33年间5 2例医源性胆道损伤进行回顾性分析。结果:肝外胆道手术所致4 8例,胃大部切除术及肝脏手术所致各2例。损伤部位在肝总管与胆总管交界处34例,肝总管6例,胆总管6例,左右肝管汇合部4例,左、右肝管各1例。胆管完全性损伤30例,部分性损伤2 2例。结论:要警惕医源性胆道损伤的发生,及早诊断并修复胆道的连续性是提高疗效的关键     

Clinico-pathological studies on a transitional type between extrahepatic biliary atresia and paucity of the interlobular bile ducts

Among the neonatal and infantile cases of obstructive jaundice seen at Niigata and Yamagata University Hospitals between 1976 and 1990, extrahepatic bile ducts were visualized in 19 cases by either preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) or intraoperative cholangiography. Neonatal hepatitis was diagnosed in 3 of these cases by clear images of the bile duct system extending from the common bile duct to the intrahepatic bile duct. In 7 cases, the common bile duct was able to be seen, while the common hepatic duct was only slightly visualized. Four of these 7 cases were consistent with paucity of the interlobular bile ducts (PILBD) based on hepatic histology, while the remaining 3 showed fibrosis, bile ductular proliferation, and many bile plugs in the bile ductuli of the portal areas, concurrent with histological changes in extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA), not PILBD. In 9 cases, only the common bile duct was visualized while the common hepatic duct was not seen, 7 of these 9 cases being consistent with type III-al EHBA. In 2 cases, neither fibrosis nor proliferation of the bile ductuli was observed in the portal areas, and portal areas without any bile ductuli were also seen, in accordance with findings for PILBD. Three cases which showed similar hepatic histological findings to EHBA despite the presence of patent extrahepatic bile ducts, and 2 cases which had obstructed extrahepatic bile ducts and hepatic histological findings similar to PILBD, were thought to be of a transitional type between EHBA and PILBD. Thus, it is postulated that the entire bile duct system covering hepatocytes to extrahepatic bile ducts is affected by a certain factor, but the expression of individual disease types may be dependent upon the location of the site most seriously affected.     

医源性胆管损伤致伤机制与分类初探

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤发生的机制，以期对医源性胆管损伤进行合理的对临床有指导意义的分类。方法对医源性胆管损伤的原因、方式、部位、损伤程度进行分析。结果与结论从致伤原因上看，胆管可受到机械性损伤、热力损伤、缺血性损伤、化学性损伤等，医源性胆管损伤可分为4类，Ⅰ肝内胆管损伤，Ⅱ肝外胆管中上段损伤，Ⅲ胆总管下段损伤，Ⅳ副肝管损伤。     

The etiology of "white bile" in the biliary tree

"White bile" is the colorless fluid occasionally found in occluded biliary systems. The absence of pigments in this "bile" was not satisfactorily explained. The objectives of this study were to assess its etiology. In dogs, "white bile" developed whenever both the common bile duct and the cystic duct were ligated. In comparison, dark green ("black") bile occurred when only the common bile duct was ligated leaving the gallbladder in communication with the obstructed ducts. The pressure in extrahepatic ducts containing "white bile" was significantly higher than in those filled with "black bile." Flow in the extrahepatic ducts was assessed by the aid of radioiodinated human serum albumin (RIHSA). When "black bile" was present, the direction of flow was from the extrahepatic ducts into the gallbladder. Whenever "white bile" developed, a reverse flow from the extrahepatic ducts into the liver was observed. Thus, the role of the gallbladder appears to be decompression of the biliary system allowing bile flow from the liver even in obstruction. In the absence of the gallbladder water absorption activity, the colorless secretion of the bile ducts seems to "back wash" into the liver and replace the bile present in the ducts at the time of occlusion.     

Hepatic portocholecystostomy for biliary atresia.

Four infants with biliary atresia had gross obliteration of the common hepatic duct but residual patency of the gallbladder, cystic duct and common bile duct. The patients were treated by hepatic portocholecystostomy utilizing the extant bile ducts for biliary reconstruction. Bile drainage was achieved in all four infants. There was a conspicuous absence of postoperative cholangitis. Subsequent obstruction of the distal ducts in two patients necessitated reoperation and construction of a standard biliointestinal conduit. The other two children are surviving, jaundice-free, 5 1/2 and 5 years after operation with minimal sequelae of biliary atresia. Hepatic portocholecystostomy is a feasible surgical alternative to intestinal reconstruction in patients with biliary atresia in whom the disease is limited to the proximal extrahepatic bile ducts.     

Magnetic resonance cholangiography for the diagnosis of biliary atresia

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) for the diagnosis of biliary atresia in infantile cholestatic jaundice. Methods: Forty-seven consecutive infants with cholestatic jaundice underwent single-shot MRC. The diagnosis of biliary atresia was made by MRC based on the nonvisualization of extrahepatic bile ducts and excluded on the basis of the complete visualization of extrahepatic bile ducts. The final diagnosis of biliary atresia (BA group, n = 23) or nonbiliary atresia (NBA group, n = 24) was established by operation or clinical follow-up until the jaundice resolved. Results: The extrahepatic bile ducts including the gallbladder, the cystic duct, the common bile duct, and the common hepatic duct were visualized in 23 of the 24 infants of the NBA group. The extrahepatic bile ducts, except the gallbladder, were not depicted in any infant of the BA group. MRC had an accuracy of 98%, sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 96%, for diagnosis of biliary atresia as the cause of infantile cholestatic jaundice. Conclusions: MRC is a very reliable noninvasive imaging modality for the diagnosis of biliary atresia. In infants with cholestatic jaundice and considered for exploratory laparotomy, MRC is recommended to avoid unnecessary surgery.