11例急性肺栓塞患者临床资料分析

目的：探讨急性肺栓塞的诊治要点，以提高急诊医师对肺栓塞的诊断意识，及时准确救治。方法：对我院2006年1月至2007年5月急诊明确诊断的11例肺栓塞患者的危险因素、临床表现、辅助检查、治疗及转归进行临床分析。结果：心电图呈典型SIQⅢTⅢ者5例，血气分析有低氧血症者占100％，D-二聚体（D-diner）〉500μg／l者占81．82％，超声心动图呈典型改变者占72．73％，X线胸片呈典型不张楔型改变者占18．19％，经肺动脉CTA发现肺动脉内栓塞者占100％。结论：肺栓塞临床表现多不典型，需要结合多种检查手段，才能早期确诊、早期治疗、提高患者生存率。     

肺栓塞24例临床资料分析

目的:认识肺栓塞临床表现的多变性及非特异性,提高诊断水平。方法:对24例肺栓塞患者的临床资料进行总结分析。结果:肺栓塞临床表现差异较大,特异性差。结论:肺栓塞临床表现缺乏特异性,容易误诊及漏诊。临床各科医师应提高对肺栓塞的的警惕性,以便及时诊断和正确治疗。     

浅谈基层医院对肺栓塞诊断认识

肺栓塞作为一常见的心血管疾病，由于缺乏特异的临床表现，容易误诊、误治。不经治疗的肺栓塞死亡率20％～30％，诊断明确并经过治疗者死亡率降至2％～8％，越来越多的资料显示我国肺栓塞发病率并不低，国内误诊率80％左右。大多数肺栓塞患者首先就诊于基层医院，面对严峻现实，须引起广大临床医师对肺栓塞诊断的高度重视，进一步减少肺栓塞的误诊和漏诊，最重要的是提高对肺栓塞的诊断意识。基层医院如何利用现有医疗手段，对肺栓塞进行筛选。通过收集我院1999年2002年拟诊肺栓塞4例病人资料，拟探讨临床表现、发病，以提高对该病的诊治水平。     

32例肺栓塞的急诊临床分析及治疗

目的 对肺栓塞进行临床分析，探讨急性肺栓塞的诊断程序及治疗措施。方法 对1999年-2001年确诊的32例急性肺栓塞病人临床表现、鉴别诊断及治疗进行临床分析。结果 32例肺栓塞的首次误诊率为75％，血气分析有低氧血症者占81．2％，D-二聚体大于50μg／L者占93．7%，超声心动呈典型改变占90．7％，肺通气灌注扫描提示至少一个肺段灌注缺损并与通气小匹配者占100％。结论 肺栓塞的误诊率高，提高诊断意识和诊断水平是当务之急。     

肺栓塞26例诊断分析

目的：提高对肺栓塞的认识及诊治水平。方法：对26例肺栓塞病人进行系统回顾、分析。结果：通过综合分析病史、临床表现、血气分析、ECG、心脏彩超及肺通气／灌注扫描、螺旋CT、肺动脉造影可确定肺栓塞诊断。本组入院误漏诊率73．1％。7例溶栓治疗。院内死亡9例（死亡率34．6％）。结论：作为急症，肺栓塞应引起医务人员的高度重视，及早诊断、治疗，减少死亡率，改善预后。     

106例肺栓塞患者临床分析

目的:总结肺栓塞(PE)的临床特征,提高临床医师对肺栓塞的认识、诊断及治疗水平。方法:对106例PE患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:PE的临床表现缺乏特异性,容易误诊,误诊率59.4％。深静脉血栓形成和心肺血管疾病是PE的重要危险因素,其发病率分别为68.9％和36.8％。结论:及时诊断及规范化治疗可明显改善预后。     

急性肺栓塞26例临床分析

目的 探讨急性肺血栓栓塞症(PTE，简称肺栓塞)的临床危险因素、临床表现及治疗问题。方法 对26例经肺螺旋CT或核素扫描证实肺栓塞病人的危险因素、临床表现、辅助检查及治疗方法进行临床评估分析。结果 26例存在肺栓塞危险因素，表现为呼吸困难(61．5％)、呼吸频率增快(80．8％)，均有血D—Dimer升高，低碳酸血症(96．2％)、低氧血症(84．6％)，心电图示S1QⅢTⅢ(61．5％)，胸片或CT区域性肺血管纹理稀疏(76．9％)，心脏彩超均示肺动脉压增高及右室扩张(76．9％)。接受溶栓或抗凝治疗23例无死亡；单纯对症治疗3例，l例死亡(33．3％)。结论 肺栓塞的诊断应注重危险因素，综合分析临床表现和辅助检查，尽早实施床旁无创检查以尽早确立诊断指导治疗。溶栓及抗凝治疗可提高肺栓塞患者的生存率。     

心衰合并肺栓塞36例临床分析及探讨

目的：探讨心衰合并肺栓塞的易患因素与发病的关系，正确的诊断方法及治疗措施，方法：对36例心衰合并肺栓塞患者易患因素、临床表现、治疗及转归进行临床分析。结果：下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）是心衰合并肺栓塞的最主要危险因素（69．4％），采用20U小剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗有效率与80万～150万U尿激酶溶栓疗效相近，无并发症。溶栓治疗死亡率为10％，未溶栓治疗死亡率为25％。结论：心衰合并肺栓塞发病率与易患因素密切相关，应尽快常规完成ECG、UCG、血气分析、D—dimer、胸部螺旋CT检查，一经确诊，立即给予小剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗．可提高肺栓塞患者的生存率。     

肺栓塞的诊治体会并文献复习

探讨肺栓塞尤其是慢性肺栓塞的发病诊因及临床特点，以期减少本病的误漏诊，并总结治疗方法。方法：综合本科发现的２例和国内文献报导的２０３例，计２０５例肺栓塞患者的临床资料结合文献复习，对肺栓塞的诊断和治疗进行讨论。结果：肺栓塞尤其是慢性肺栓塞的误漏诊率高达７４．６０％，如能正确诊断并合理治疗，治疗好转率为９０．２８％。结论：发现并重视诱发肺栓塞的基础疾病对避免误漏诊很有意义，而临床医生对本病的诊断意义     

肺栓塞误诊为冠心病1例分析

目的 分析临床肺栓塞误诊病例的误诊原因,总结经验教训.方法 回顾分析1例临床初诊误诊为冠心病的肺栓塞患者的临床表现及诊治过程的特点.结论 肺栓塞临床表现多样无特异性,极易造成漏诊和误诊,临床医师应提高对肺栓塞的认识,降低漏诊误诊率,做到早期的诊断和及时治疗.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.