Influenza vaccination among adults living with persons at high-risk for complications from influenza during early 2016–17 influenza season

BackgroundThe Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends all persons aged ≥6 months get vaccinated for influenza annually, placing particular emphasis on persons who are at increased risk for influenza-related complications and persons living with or caring for them.MethodsData from the 2016 National Internet Flu Survey (NIFS), a nationally representative, probability-based Internet panel survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. civilian population aged ≥18 years, was used to compare influenza vaccination coverage among adults who live with household members at high-risk for complications from influenza with those who do not. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the difference in the adjusted vaccination coverage prevalence between persons living with and without high-risk household members.ResultsFrom the 2016 NIFS (n = 4,113), we estimated that 29.2% of noninstitutionalized U.S. adults had at least one household member at increased risk for influenza-related complications. Unadjusted influenza vaccination coverage was significantly higher for adults with a high-risk household member compared with those without (46.7% vs 38.6%, respectively). After adjustment for demographic and access-to-care factors, adults with high-risk household members were more likely to be vaccinated than those without (adjusted prevalence difference = 5.3 [0.3, 10.3]). Among vaccinated respondents with high-risk household members, 88.7% reported that protection of their family and close contacts was one of the reasons they were vaccinated.ConclusionApproximately half of adults living with someone at increased risk of complications from influenza did not report receiving an influenza vaccination. Vaccination reminder/recall for persons at increased risk should include reminders for their household contacts.     

Assessment of indirect protection from maternal influenza immunization among non-vaccinated household family members in a randomized controlled trial in Sarlahi,Nepal

Influenza is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the World Health Organization highly recommends maternal vaccination during pregnancy. The indirect effect of maternal vaccination on other close contacts other than newborns is unknown. To evaluate this, we conducted a nested substudy between 2011 and 2012 of influenza and acute respiratory illness (ARI) among household members of pregnant women enrolled in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of antenatal influenza vaccination in the rural district of Sarlahi, Nepal. Women were assigned to receive influenza vaccination or placebo during pregnancy and then they and their household members were followed up to 6 months postpartum with weekly symptom surveillance and nasal swab collection. Swabs were tested by RT-PCR for influenza. Rates of laboratory-confirmed influenza and of ARI were compared between vaccine and placebo groups using generalized estimating equations with a Poisson link function. Overall, 1752 individuals in 520 households were eligible for inclusion. There were 82 laboratory-confirmed influenza illness episodes, for a rate of 7.0 per 100 person-years overall. Of the influenza strains able to be typed, 29 were influenza A, 40 were influenza B, and 6 were coinfections with influenza A and B. The rate did not differ significantly whether the household was in the vaccine or placebo group (rate ratio (RR) 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83–2.26). The rate of ARI was 28.5 per 100 person-years overall and did not differ by household group (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.72–1.36). Influenza vaccination of pregnant women did not provide indirect protection of unvaccinated household members.     

Association between provider recommendation and influenza vaccination status among children

BackgroundProvider recommendation is associated with influenza vaccination receipt. The objectives of this study were to estimate the percentage of children 6 months–17 years for whom a provider recommendation for influenza vaccination was received, identify factors associated with receipt of provider recommendation, and evaluate the association between provider recommendation and influenza vaccination status among children.MethodsNational Immunization Survey-Flu (NIS-Flu) parentally reported data for the 2013–14, 2014–15, and 2015–16 seasons were analyzed. Tests of association between provider recommendation and demographic characteristics were conducted using Wald chi-square tests and pairwise comparison t-tests. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine variables independently associated with receiving provider recommendation and the association between provider recommendation and influenza vaccination status.ResultsApproximately 70% of children had a parent report receiving a provider recommendation for influenza vaccination for their child. The strongest association between receipt of provider recommendation and demographic characteristics was with child’s age, with younger children (6–23 months, 2–4 years, and 5–12 years) being more likely to have a provider recommendation than older children (13–17 years). In addition, children living in a household above poverty with household income >$75,000 were more likely to have a parent report receipt of a provider recommendation than children living below poverty. Children with a provider recommendation were twice as likely to be vaccinated than those without.ConclusionsThis study affirms the importance of provider recommendation for influenza vaccination among children. Ensuring that parents of all children receive a provider recommendation may improve vaccination coverage.     

Association of parent influenza vaccination and early childhood vaccinations using linked electronic health record data

IntroductionParent and child vaccination behavior is related for human papillomavirus (HPV) and flu vaccine. Thus, it is likely that parental vaccination status is also associated with their children’s adherence to guideline-concordant childhood vaccination schedules. We hypothesized that parent influenza (flu) vaccination would be associated with their child’s vaccination status at age two.MethodsWe used electronic health record data to identify children and linked parents seen in a community health center (CHC) within the OCHIN network (292 CHCs in 16 states). We randomly selected a child aged <2 years with ≥1 ambulatory visit between 2009-2018.Employing a retrospective, cohort study design, we used general estimating equations logistic regression to estimate the odds of a child being up-to-date on vaccinations based on their linked parents’ flu vaccination status. We adjusted for relevant parent and child covariates and stratified by mother only, father only, and two-parent samples.ResultsThe study included 40,007 family-units: mother only = 35,444, father only = 2,784, and two parents = 1,779. A higher percentage of children were fully vaccinated if their parent or parents received a flu vaccine. Children in the two-parent sample whose parents both received a flu vaccine had more than twice the odds of being fully vaccinated, and two and a half times the odds of being fully vaccinated except flu vaccine compared to children with two parents who did not receive a flu vaccine (covariate-adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.67, 3.43 and aOR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.54, 4.19, respectively).ConclusionsParent flu vaccination is associated with routine child vaccination. Future research is needed to understand if this relationship persists over time and in different settings.     

Improving influenza vaccination in chronically ill children using a tertiary-care based vaccination clinic: Is there a role for the live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)?

BackgroundChildren with underlying medical conditions should receive influenza vaccine (IV) yearly; yet this remains sub-optimal. We aimed to describe our experience with a tertiary-care hospital-based influenza vaccination clinic for this at-risk population.MethodsFrom October to December 2012, 2013, and 2014, we ran an influenza vaccination clinic at the Montreal Children's Hospital, where children with high-risk conditions come for their follow-up. Both injectable IV (IIV) and live-attenuated IV (LAIV) were offered free of charge to patients and their household contacts. Upon vaccination, parents were asked to fill a pre-piloted questionnaire.ResultsWe vaccinated a total of 2640 high-risk children and 1912 household members during the three influenza vaccination seasons. In 2012 and 2013, 631 and 630 patients with chronic illnesses were vaccinated, compared to 1379 in 2014. Caregivers preferred LAIV primarily because no needle was involved (49.0%) and because it was perceived as less painful (46.9%). LAIV was administered to 69% (2012), 55% (2013) and 47% (2014) of high-risk children. The main reason for not receiving LAIV was because it was contra-indicated. A small fraction of children previously vaccinated with LAIV who did not present any contraindication to LAIV opted for IIV: 12/101 (11.8%) in 2013 and 16/272 (5.9%) in 2014. In 2014, this was mainly due to a previous negative experience with LAIV (11/16).ConclusionHaving an influenza vaccination clinic on site at a tertiary care hospital, where children come for their scheduled visits, facilitates yearly influenza vaccination in children with chronic illnesses. LAIV is preferred by caregivers and patients, when not contraindicated.     

Influenza vaccination among caregivers and household contacts of children with asthma

Data on influenza vaccination status among household contacts of asthmatic children are lacking. Our aim was to assess the influenza vaccination status of parents and caregivers of asthmatic children in the 2018–2019 season as well as to identify reasons for undervaccination. We performed a questionnaire-based survey in parents, caregivers and household contacts of 178 asthmatic children. Only the 50.6% of children were vaccinated, while in 79.8% of cases both parents were unvaccinated. More than 40% of them reported that they were unaware about the necessity of vaccination; approximately 30% stated that they were not properly advised, and the rest were concerned about influenza vaccine side effects and effectiveness. Factor analysis identified three groups: (a) influenza vaccine “believers” who were unaware that vaccination was necessary; (b) “deniers” who were less educated and with older children; (c) older and more educated vaccine “deniers”. To improve influenza vaccine coverage among household contacts of asthmatic children, appropriate counseling and targeted interventions should be planned.     

Longitudinal,population-based cohort study of prenatal influenza vaccination and influenza infection in childhood

BackgroundInfluenza vaccination is recommended to protect mothers and their infants from influenza infection. Few studies have evaluated the health impacts of in utero exposure to influenza vaccine among children more than six months of age.MethodsWe used probabilistically linked administrative health records to establish a mother–child cohort to evaluate the risk of influenza and acute respiratory infections associated with maternal influenza vaccination. Outcomes were laboratory-confirmed influenza (LCI) and hospitalization for influenza or acute respiratory infection (ARI). Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) accounted for child’s Aboriginal status and were weighted by the inverse-probability of treatment.Results14,396 (11.5%) children were born to vaccinated mothers. Maternally vaccinated infants aged < 6 months had lower risk of LCI (aHR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.85), influenza-associated hospitalization (aHR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.94) and ARI-associated hospitalization (aHR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.94) compared to maternally unvaccinated infants. With the exception of an increased risk of LCI among children aged 6 months to < 2 years old following first trimester vaccination (aHR: 2.28; 95% CI: 1.41, 3.69), there were no other differences in the risk of LCI, influenza-associated hospitalization or ARI-associated hospitalization among children aged > 6 months.ConclusionStudy results show that maternal influenza vaccination is effective in preventing influenza in the first six months and had no impact on respiratory infections after two years of age.     

Healthy young and middle age adults: What will it take to vaccinate them for influenza?

Starting in 2010, healthy adults age 19–49 will be recommended for annual influenza vaccination. Because they were not previously targeted, little is known about their vaccine-related attitudes and behaviors. Using nationally representative survey data from 2009 to 2010, we found that adults newly recommended for influenza vaccination (as compared to previously recommended groups) are less likely to believe flu vaccines are safe (44% vs. 63%), to have ever been vaccinated (36% vs. 64%), to be vaccinated following a healthcare provider recommendation (44% vs. 52%), and to visit a doctor's office during vaccination season (41% vs. 69%). To boost rates of influenza vaccination in this population, new and untraditional strategies aimed at encouraging first-time vaccination are needed.     

The Impact of Influenza Vaccination on Hospitalizations and Mortality Among Frail Older People

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the benefits of influenza vaccination against hospitalization and mortality on frail elderly people.DesignThe design was a population-based retrospective cohort study.SettingTaiwan's National Health Insurance claims data.ParticipantsParticipants were 5063 frail seniors, followed up for four years.MeasurementsMeasurements included age, gender, socioeconomic status, living areas, use of annual health examinations, comorbid conditions, use of influenza vaccine, frailty as defined by the Adjusted Clinical Group, hospitalization, and mortality in the observation period. The efficacy was presented as comparing ever versus never vaccinated people during the entire study period without regard to seasons.ResultsCompared with those without influenza vaccination, vaccinated elderly individuals were younger, more likely to be men, have higher socioeconomic status, live in rural areas, have a higher rate of receiving a health examination, and have similar medical conditions. In the Cox proportional hazards analysis, influenza vaccination reduced by 7% the risk of hospitalization (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86–0.99) and by 44% the risk of mortality (95% CI 0.51–0.62).ConclusionInfluenza vaccination was effective against hospitalization and mortality among the frail elderly. These results uphold the current universal influenza vaccination policy, and encourage policymakers to adopt strategies to improve vaccination use.     

Active immunisation during an outbreak of hepatitis A in a German day-care centre

During an outbreak in a German day-care centre (DCC) caring for 100 children HAV vaccination was recommended for children, employees and household members of cases. A retrospective cohort study was done to evaluate vaccine uptake and identify possible risk factors for disease. Between 19 December 2004 and 30 January 2005 eight DCC children and seven household members fulfilled the case definition, i.e. had clinical hepatitis (14) or were diagnosed with asymptomatic HAV infection (1). Following the recommendation to vaccinate, given on 23 December 2004, 66.7% (46/69) of DCC children, 15.8% (29/184) of household members and 5/5 of employees were vaccinated, and three vaccinated children and two not vaccinated children fell ill. One of 11 children who received human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG) and four of 58 children who did not receive HNIG fell ill. In households in which the DCC child received HAV vaccine and/or HNIG, seven (5.6%) of 125 household members fulfilled the case definition. In households of non-immunised children none of the 59 household members fell ill. We conclude that, although most vaccinations were administered promptly, they may not have been timely enough to impact the course of the outbreak.     

Psychological factors associated with uptake of the childhood influenza vaccine and perception of post-vaccination side-effects: A cross-sectional survey in England

ObjectivesTo identify predictors of: uptake of the childhood influenza vaccine in the 2015–2016 influenza season, parental perceptions of side-effects from the influenza vaccine and intention to vaccinate one's child for influenza in the 2016–2017 influenza season.DesignCross-sectional online survey.SettingData were collected in England shortly after the end of the 2015–2016 immunization campaign.Participants1001 parents or guardians of children aged between two and seven.Main outcome measuresSelf-reported uptake of the childhood influenza vaccine in the 2015–2016 influenza season, perception of side-effects from the influenza vaccine and intention to vaccinate one's child in the 2016–2017 influenza season.ResultsSelf-reported uptake of the childhood influenza vaccine was 52.8%. Factors strongly positively associated with uptake included the child having previously been vaccinated against influenza, perceiving the vaccine to be effective and perceiving the child to be susceptible to flu. Factors strongly negatively associated with uptake included perceiving the vaccine to be unsafe, to cause short-term side-effects or long-term health problems and believing that yearly vaccination may overload the immune system. Predictors of intended vaccine uptake in 2016–2017 were similar. Participants who perceived side-effects after the 2015–2016 vaccination reported being less likely to vaccinate their child next year.Side-effects were more likely to be reported in first-born children, by participants who knew another child who had side-effects, those who thought that the vaccine would interact with medication that the child was currently taking, and those who believed the vaccine causes short-term side-effects.ConclusionsPerceptions about the childhood influenza vaccine show strong associations with uptake, intended uptake and perception of side-effects. Attempts to improve uptake rates from their current low levels must address these perceptions.     

Factors impacting parental uptake of COVID-19 vaccination for U.S. Children ages 5–17

COVID-19 vaccination of U.S. children lags behind adult vaccination, but remains critical in mitigating the pandemic. Using a subset of a nationally representative survey, this study examined factors contributing to parental uptake of COVID-19 vaccine for children ages 12–17 and 5–11, stratified by parental COVID-19 vaccination status. Among vaccinated parents, uptake was higher for 12–17-year-olds (78.6%) than 5–11-year-olds (50.7%); only two unvaccinated parents vaccinated their children. Child influenza vaccination was predictive of uptake for both age groups, while side effect concerns remained significant only for younger children. Although parents were more likely to involve adolescents in vaccine decision-making than younger children, this was not predictive of vaccine uptake. These results highlight the importance of addressing the unique and shared concerns parents have regarding COVID-19 vaccination for children of varying ages. Future work should further explore adolescent/child perspectives of involvement in COVID-19 vaccination decision-making to support developmentally appropriate involvement.     

Compliance with influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations in Israel, 1999-2002

BACKGROUND: In a previous study, we found a relatively low compliance with influenza vaccination among the elderly (65 years and over) in both 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 winters. Prior to the 2000/2001 winter season, a campaign was conducted by the Israeli Ministry of Health and the local health maintanance organizations for improving compliance with influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations. The main purpose of the present study was to monitor the impact of that campaign on compliance with influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations. OBJECTIVES: (a) To compare the compliance rate of target groups with influenza vaccination in Israel during 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 winter seasons with previous years, (b) to estimate the compliance rate of the elderly with pneumococcal vaccination in Israel in the last 5 years, (c) to determine reasons for non-compliance. METHODS: Questions about compliance with influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations were included in quarterly national telephone surveys monitoring acute morbidity in Israel. Each survey was based on a sample of about 900 households and was carried out during three successive evenings. Questions were directed at interviewees of 18 years and over who were asked to report the vaccnation status of all the household members. RESULTS: A gradual increase in compliance with influenza vaccination was demonstrated for the elderly (aged 65 years and over) in the 2000/2001 (54.4%) and 2001/2002 (60.8%) winter seasons compared to the previous two seasons (51.6% in 1998/1999 and 49.1% in 1999/2000). A slight nonsignificant increase was also observed in the 50-64 age group (18.3% in 2002 survey). The proportion of the elderly who were reported to be vaccinated against pneumonia in the five years preceding the interview was higher in the 2002 survey (27.9%) compared to that of 2001 (20.1%). Lack of physician recommendation and low degreee of risk perception seem to be the major reasons hindering the achievement of higher rates of vaccination coverage. CONCLUSION: The vaccination campaign carried out in Israel prior to the 2000/2001 winter season was moderately successful in increasing the coverage of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations in target groups. Performing this type of campaign every year before the influenza season should contribute to improving the compliance with vaccination of target groups.     

Vaccine history, gender and influenza vaccination in a household context

Background

Few studies have investigated the effect of the history of vaccination on the current influenza vaccine uptake. The objective of this paper is to study the effects of vaccine history, for each sex separately, on the likelihood of vaccine uptake among single-head households and two-person households, controlling not only for the respondents’ own prior vaccination history but also the history of vaccination among possible co-residents.

Materials and methods

We used logistic regression and data from a nationally representative telephone survey of the non-institutionalized Norwegian population aged ≥65 years to estimate our models (N = 354). The survey was carried out in November 2008.

Results

The lowest vaccine uptake was found among those who live alone with no prior history of vaccination and among those who live in two-person households where both members had no prior history of vaccination (10-22%). Those who live in two-person households where both members had previously been vaccinated had the highest vaccine uptake (86%). While a man who has previously been vaccinated has a higher likelihood of continued vaccination if his wife also has a prior history of vaccination, a woman with a prior history of vaccination is not dependent on her husband's prior practice with respect to the probability of continued vaccination. Of those who have no history of vaccination, more women than men are vaccinated for the first time when they have a spouse who has a history of vaccination.

Conclusion

Our study shows that the history of vaccination of a co-resident/spouse has an effect above and beyond the respondent's own vaccination history. The results indicate that there are gender differences in the willingness to encourage family members to be vaccinated or to embark upon a familial vaccination regime in order to protect the individual's own personal health and that of other family members from influenza. To the best of our knowledge such gender differences have never been shown before in research on influenza vaccine uptake. However, the finding is in accordance with a number of studies on the role of gender and the positive effect on health and mortality of social support and social control in marriage.     

Developments in influenza vaccination coverage in England, Scotland and Wales covering five consecutive seasons from 2001 to 2006

This study aims at assessing trends in influenza vaccination coverage from 2001 to 2006 in Great Britain, at understanding drivers and barriers to vaccination and at identifying vaccination intentions for influenza season 2006/2007. In seasons 2001/2002 to 2005/2006, telephone-based household surveys representative of the population from age 16 were conducted, with about 2000 interviews per season (10,095 in total). Overall influenza vaccination coverage rate in Great Britain reached 25.9% in season 2005/2006. A sub-analysis showed that the highest coverage was reported in Wales reaching 33.3%. In the elderly recommended vaccination (from age 65), the coverage reached 79% in 2005/2006. Advice from the family doctor and the perception that influenza is a serious illness were the most frequent reasons for getting vaccinated. The most frequent reasons for not getting vaccinated, in persons never vaccinated before, were that they had not considered immunisation or had not received a recommendation from their family doctor. Those vaccinated in the past but not in the current season said they had not thought about vaccination/forgot. A gap continues to exist between those with intention to get vaccinated and those actually vaccinated, indicating a potential to increase vaccination coverage rate in the future. Our study shows that stable vaccination coverage rates were observed from 2002 to 2006 in Great Britain. The coverage had increased in Wales and in Scotland. The coverage among the elderly above 65 years was the highest in Europe. Although Great Britain complies with national and international goals of vaccination coverage rates effort is needed to ensure high vaccination coverage rates at the same level in the future.     

Social inequalities in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and uptake for children and adolescents in Montreal,Canada

BackgroundThe success of current and prospective COVID-19 vaccine campaigns for children and adolescents will in part depend on the willingness of parents to accept vaccination. This study examined social determinants of parental COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and uptake for children and adolescents.MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from an ongoing COVID-19 cohort study in Montreal, Canada and included all parents of 2 to 18-year-olds who completed an online questionnaire between May 18 and June 26, 2021 (n = 809). We calculated child age-adjusted prevalence estimates of vaccine acceptance by parental education, race/ethnicity, birthplace, household income, and neighbourhood, and used multinomial logistic regression to estimate adjusted prevalence differences (aPD) and ratios (aPR). Social determinants of vaccine uptake were examined for the vaccine-eligible sample of 12 to 18 year-olds (n = 306).ResultsIntention to vaccinate children against COVID-19 was high, with only 12.4% of parents unlikely to have their child vaccinated. Parents with younger children were less likely to accept vaccination, as were those from lower-income households, racialized groups, and those born outside Canada. Children from households with annual incomes <$100,000 had 18.4 percent lower prevalence of being vaccinated/very likely vaccinated compared to household incomes ≥$150,000 (95% CI: 10.1 to 26.7). Racialized parents reported greater unwillingness to vaccinate vs. White parents (aPD = 10.3; 95% CI: 1.5, 19.1). Vaccine-eligible adolescents from the most deprived neighbourhood were half as likely to be vaccinated compared to those from the least deprived neighbourhood (aPR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.77).Interpretation.This study identified marked social inequalities in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and uptake for children and adolescents. Efforts are needed to reach disadvantaged and marginalized populations with tailored strategies that promote informed decision making and facilitate access to vaccination.     

Optimal Design of Population-Level Financial Incentives of Influenza Vaccination for the Elderly

ObjectivesTo identify how monetary incentives affect influenza vaccination uptake rate using a randomized control experiment and to subsequently design an optimal incentive program in Singapore, a high-income country with a market-based healthcare system.Methods4000 people aged ≥65 were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups (1000 each) and were offered a monetary incentive (in shopping vouchers) if they chose to participate. The baseline group was invited to complete a questionnaire with incentives of 10 Singapore dollars (SGD; where 1 SGD ≈ 0.73 USD), whereas the other three groups were invited to complete the questionnaire and be vaccinated against influenza at their own cost of around 32 SGD, in return for incentives of 10, 20, or 30 SGD.ResultsIncreasing the total incentive for vaccination and reporting from 10 to 20 SGD increased participation in vaccination from 4.5% to 7.5% (P < .001). Increasing the total incentive from 20 to 30 SGD increased the participation rate to 9.2%, but this was not statistically significantly different from a 20-SGD incentive. The group of nonworking elderly were more sensitive to changes in incentives than those who worked. In addition to working status, the effects of increasing incentives on influenza vaccination rates differed by ethnicity, socio-economic status, household size, and a measure of social resilience. There were no significant differential effects by age group, gender, or education, however. The cost of the program per completed vaccination under a 20-SGD incentive is 36.80 SGD, which was the lowest among the three intervention arms. For a hypothetical population-level financial incentive program to promote influenza vaccination among the elderly, accounting for transmission dynamics, an incentive between 10 and 20 SGD minimizes the cost per completed vaccination from both governmental and health system perspectives.ConclusionsAppropriate monetary incentives can boost influenza vaccination rates. Increasing monetary incentives for vaccination from 10 to 20 SGD can improve the influenza vaccination uptake rate, but further increasing the monetary incentive to 30 SGD results in no additional gains. A partial incentive may therefore be considered to improve vaccination coverage in this high-risk group.     

2009～2010年潍坊市6～12岁儿童吸附白喉破伤风联合疫苗漏种补种情况调查

[目的]了解潍坊市吸附白喉破伤风联合疫苗(白破二联疫苗)漏种与补种情况,为降低白喉、破伤风发病提供科学依据。[方法]2009～2010年,对潍坊市1997年1月1日至2002年12月31日出生的儿童进行调查,对未接种者进行补种。[结果]调查目标儿童510 990人,查出漏种白破二联疫苗的240 255人,漏种率为47.02%,补种229 209人,补种率为95.40%。其中常住儿童漏种232 630人,补种221 874人,补种率为95.38%;流动儿童漏种7 625人,补种7 335人,补种率为96.20%。[结论]潍坊市6～12岁儿童白破二联疫苗漏种率较高,本次补种率达到95%以上。     

Childhood influenza vaccination coverage--United States, 2004-05 influenza season

Children aged <2 years are at increased risk for influenza-related hospitalizations, and children aged 24-59 months are more likely than older children to visit a clinic, hospital, or emergency department with influenza-associated illness. In 2002, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) encouraged annual influenza vaccinations for children aged 6-23 months (and for household contacts of and out-of-home caregivers for children aged <2 years). For the 2004-05 influenza season, ACIP strengthened its encouragement to a full recommendation. For the upcoming 2006-07 influenza season, ACIP has further extended its recommendation to include all children aged 6-59 months (and their household contacts and out-of-home caregivers). Others recommended to receive influenza vaccination include children aged 6-18 years who have certain high-risk medical conditions, are on chronic aspirin therapy, or who are household contacts of persons at high risk for influenza complications. This report provides an assessment of influenza vaccination coverage among children aged 6-23 months during the 2004-05 influenza season. The findings demonstrate that vaccination coverage in that age group approximately doubled from the 2003-04 influenza season, with substantial variability among states and urban areas. However, the percentage of fully vaccinated children remained low, underscoring the need for increased measures to improve pediatric vaccination coverage and ongoing monitoring of coverage among young children and their close contacts.