单心室畸形2例报告

单心室是一种青紫型先天性心脏病、在临床上极少见.现将我院经手术及心血管造影证实的2例报告如下:1 病例介绍例1:女,4岁,因生后发绀,发现心脏杂音4年入院.出生后即见口唇发绀,吃奶时易呛咳,哭闹时发绀加重;平素易感冒,活动后气促.体查:发育正常,神志清,口唇及四肢末稍发绀、双肺呼吸音清晰,心尖搏动在右锁骨中线内第五肋间.心率102次/分,律齐,胸骨右缘3～5肋间可闻及Ⅳ/Ⅵ级收缩期吹风样杂音,粗糙,同左胸骨旁传导,可见杵状指、趾.Hb161g/L,心电图示右位心.左前分支阻滞.胸片示肺血减少,右位心,肝脏影在左侧.胃泡在脊柱左侧向中线移位.超声心动图示右位心,单心室伴大血管错位,房缺.内脏转位(肝脏在左侧).心血管造影示右位心伴内脏不全转位,右室型单心室伴肺动脉瓣下狭窄.转心胸外科行改良Fontan氏手术,手术所     

超声诊断右心发育不良综合征1例

患儿男,55天,以"生后颜面、口唇、指趾青紫,近两日加重伴呼吸困难"就诊.体格检查:一般状况差,面色灰暗,全身皮肤黏膜发绀.三凹征(+).心率:110次/分.胸骨左缘第2肋间闻及3～4级收缩期杂音.胸部X线示心影略大.超声心动图:内脏位置正常,内脏心房连接正常;房间隔中部回声失落约6～8 mm,房水平探及右向左为主双向分流信号(图1);可见左右房室环及十字交叉结构,右侧房室间未见正常瓣膜样结构,代之以厚约2 mm强回声结构(图2),中央可见约1 cm2较薄的膜性结构,随心动周期膨向右心室或右心房,未探及右侧房室间血流沟通.左侧房室瓣为二叶结构,开关良好.右心室腔较小,几何形变,心尖部近乎闭塞,室间隔上部呈弧形膨向左心室侧(图2).室间隔连续完整,未探及分流.肺动脉瓣口未显示正常瓣膜结构(图3),瓣环内径明显减小,约4 mm,未见跨肺动脉瓣口血流.肺动脉主干较细,内径约3～4 mm,其内可见来自动脉导管的全心动周期血流(图3),血流束宽约2～3 mm,峰速约3.5～4.5 m/s.主动脉弓左降,结构及血流未见异常.超声提示:①右心发育不良综合征(右室发育不良、三尖瓣闭锁、肺动脉瓣闭锁);②房间隔缺损(继发孔型),房水平右向左为主双向分流;③动脉导管未闭,大动脉水平左向右分流.     

超声诊断房间隔缺损伴部分型肺静脉畸形引流一例

患者男,42岁,体检发现心脏杂音来院就诊.入院查体:胸骨左缘2、3肋间可闻及2/6级收缩期杂音.心电图示不完全性右束支传导阻滞.胸部X线示右下肺动脉稍粗.超声心动图示:右心扩大,剑下切面示房间隔近上腔静脉端回声失落约18 mm(图1),右上肺静脉骑跨于房间隔缺损之上,并可见其开口于上腔静脉(图2).室间隔连续完整.左心长轴切面示房室交界区见冠状静脉窦扩张.CDFI示房间隔回声失落处可见左向右分流,右上肺静脉血流异位引流入上腔静脉,上腔静脉内可见丰富血流信号.收缩期三尖瓣可见少量反流,估测肺动脉收缩压约46 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa).超声诊断:(1)房间隔缺损(上腔静脉型);(2)部分型肺静脉畸形引流(右上肺静脉引流入上腔静脉);(3)永存左上腔静脉;(4)三尖瓣轻度关闭不全,肺动脉高压.以上诊断经心脏及大血管造影证实.     

右室双出口合并下腔静脉离断及室间隔缺损1例

<正>患者男,28岁。自幼发现口唇发绀伴胸闷,查体:胸骨左缘Ⅲ~Ⅳ肋间闻及5~6级收缩期粗糙性杂音。心脏彩超检查:心脏位于左侧胸腔,心尖朝左,心房正位,心室右襻,房室连接一致,全心腔增大;主动脉及肺动脉均完全发自于右心室(图1),且主动脉位于右前,肺动脉位于左后,肺动脉瓣回声增强增粗,开放受限,CDFI肺动脉瓣口呈收缩期五彩镶嵌花色血流信号(图2),CW示血流速度约4.0     

儿童肺动静脉瘘超声表现1例

患儿男,7岁.口唇发绀、喜蹲踞伴活动后心慌、气促、呼吸困难2年,加重6d就诊.体格检查:各指、趾均呈杵状,口唇紫绀,心、肺听诊无明显异常.心电图检查提示正常.实验室检查:血红蛋白160 g/L.X线检查:肺血减少,左心室增大.经胸超声检查:左房内径27 mm,左室内径47 mm,右心大小正常.上腔静脉内径约17 mm,由左右头臂干汇合而成,上、下腔静脉汇入右房.     

实时三维超声诊断十字交叉心合并Taussig-Bing畸形1例

患者男,2岁.出生后发现心脏杂音.查体：血压97/59 mm Hg（1 mm Hg＝0.133 kPa）,口唇、甲床青紫,杵状指、趾,胸骨左缘第3、4肋间闻及Ⅲ/6级收缩期吹风样杂音.双下肢无水肿.心电图示：窦性心律,电轴右偏,右室肥厚,不完全性房室传导阻滞.X线胸片示：肺血多,主动脉结不小,肺动脉段凸,全心增大.     

超声诊断成人主肺动脉间隔缺损合并右肺动脉异常起源1例

患者男,22岁.以"发现心脏杂音22年"入院,患者出生时即发现心脏杂音,考虑"先天性心脏病"未予治疗至今.患者平素无频繁发热、咳嗽,无晕厥及蹲踞现象,无活动后胸闷及口唇发绀.体格检查:无口唇发绀,心前区无隆起,无杵状指.心脏超声:主动脉左侧壁与主肺动脉右侧壁之间连续中断约26mm,彩色多普勒示缺损处可见暗淡双向分流;右肺动脉正常位置未见显示,经多切面反复扫查发现主动脉右后壁一内径约30mm的异常分支(图1,2),考虑为异常起源的右肺动脉,超声提示:①主-肺动脉间隔缺损;②右肺动脉起源异常?     

体外循环下行肺动脉切开取栓术在超声动态监视下成功抢救1例急性巨大块肺栓塞

1 资料与方法 患者男性,39岁,因胸闷间断发作,呼吸困难4d收入院.患者25 d前患者曾因左侧股骨颈骨折于外院行柯氏钉固定手术治疗.查体:T36.9℃;P 115次/min;R 18次/min;BP 120/86 mmHg(1 mmHg =0.133 kPa),半卧位,呼吸急促,口唇发绀,指甲黏膜青紫,心率115次/min;两肺呼吸音粗.影像学检查:(1)急查床旁经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查显示,右心增大,由下腔静脉向右房内延伸不规则长条形血栓,随心脏舒缩摆动,主肺动脉远端内及左、右肺动脉近段可见血栓,三尖瓣中度反流,根据三尖瓣反流法估测肺动脉收缩压为55 mmHg,中度肺动脉高压,主肺动脉及其分支增宽.(2)双下肢静脉彩超示,左下肢胫后静脉及肌间静脉血栓.(3)急查CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)示,双侧肺动脉主干及部分分支充盈缺损,符合肺动脉栓塞(图1、图2).     

炫速双源CT诊断小儿单心室合并共同动脉干1例

患儿女,8个月13天,周身发紫近8个月,咳嗽5天.查体:口唇发绀,甲床青紫,胸骨左缘偶闻Ⅰ～Ⅱ级收缩期杂音.CT(Siemens Flash CT,100 kV,Flash 模式增强扫描,加用Caredose软件自动调整毫安)示单心室腔,仅见一组瓣膜与右心房相连接;在相当于右心室位置见类似右心室流出道,并见一组瓣膜结构与独立大动脉干相连接,后者发出两侧肺动脉、左颈总动脉及左锁骨下动脉,右无名动脉发自左颈总动脉(图1).     

超声诊断左位下腔静脉引流入左上腔静脉1例

患者男,19岁,因"腰腿疼痛伴盗汗、乏力2月余"入院,临床诊断为L2、3腰椎结核.超声:心脏位置正常,心房正位,心室右袢,房室连接正常,右心房轻度增大,房间隔中部连续性中断(约6.4 mm);主动脉走行、位置正常,腹主动脉右侧未见下腔静脉;左右髂总静脉在左右髂总动脉分叉处左下方汇合后于腹主动脉左后方上行(图1A),穿过膈肌回流至左上腔静脉;下腔静脉肝后段缺如,肝左、肝右及肝中静脉直接汇入右心房(图1B);左颈内静脉、左锁骨下静脉汇入左上腔静脉,右无名静脉部分血流汇入右侧上腔静脉,另一部分于主动脉弓水平汇入左上腔静脉(图1C);左上腔静脉经冠状静脉窦回流至右心房;冠状静脉窦增宽,窦壁完整.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.