肝细胞腺瘤的超声表现1例

患者女,28岁.因右上腹隐痛不适2天,于2007年7月14日就诊.超声检查(图1):于肝左内叶探及一个大小约6.6 cm×5.5 cm×5.0 cm的实性低回声肿块,边界清楚,形态不规则,周围无声晕,内部回声尚均匀,彩色多普勒超声检查:病灶周边及内部可见点状血流信号.超声诊断:肝左内叶实质低回声肿块,性质待诊.于两天后行经超声引导下肝左内叶实质低回声肿块穿刺活检(Bard 16G针).术后病理诊断为:肝细胞腺瘤.     

左颌下异位甲状腺癌彩色多普勒超声表现1例

患者女,25岁.因"发现左颌下肿物2个月"入院,查体:心肺未见异常,肝脾未触及,颈部不对称,颈软无抵抗,左颌下可见一肿物局限隆起,可触及肿物范围约为4 cm×2 cm×2 cm,囊性感,表面光滑,无结节,无触痛,边界清,可推动,不随吞咽及伸舌活动,甲状腺不大.颈部超声所见:甲状腺形态大小正常,内光点均匀,内未见明显异常回声;左颌下区于颌下腺下方可见一大小约为4.0 cm×1.5 cm混合性包块,边界清晰,其内回声不均,大部分为无回声区,小部分为较粗网格状光带(图1);左颈部大血管旁可见多个小低回声区,呈椭圆形,内回声均匀,其中见一大小约为1.3 cm×0.6 cm.     

遗传性结节性硬化病超声表现一例

患者女,21岁,傣族.以"产后间断性发热1个月伴阴道出血十余天"为主诉入院.入院后进行常规超声检查,第1次超声报告为"双肾增大伴双肾实质多发高回声团,建议进一步检查".据此将患者转入泌尿外科,行CT检查.CT示(图1):(1)双肾病变:①恶性占位性病变,肾癌或脂肪肉瘤;②以平滑肌及血管为主的错构瘤;(2)左肾轻度积水;(3)双侧髂骨、骶骨(骶髂关节弯)及T12、L1-5椎体骨质密度增高灶,成骨性转移待排除.3 d后对其行第2次超声检查,超声示:双肾体积明显增大、形态异常,右肾大小13.7 cm×6.5 cm×4.7 cm,左肾大小14.9 cm×7.2 cm×5.1 cm.双肾实质内可见较多大小不等的高回声与低回声肿块,肿块间尚可见少许正常肾脏组织回声,肿块以高回声为主,形态尚规则,肿块边界清、内部回声尚均匀,但较大高回声肿块内可见不规则无回声区;高回声肿块内未见明显血流信号,较大低回声肿块内可见较丰富血流信号(图2);右肾内最大高回声肿块大小约4.8 cm×2.9 cm,最大低回声肿块大小约3.6 cm×2.7 cm,均位于右肾上极;左肾内最大高回声肿块大小约3.2 cm×2.7 cm,位于左肾上极;最大低回声肿块大小约6.5 cm×4.1 cm,位于左肾下极.另于左、右肾各见一无回声区,均位于双肾的中上部,大小分别约1.4 cm×1.2 cm和1.7 cm×1.5 cm.     

肝细胞腺瘤超声表现一例

患者女，28岁。因有上腹隐痛不适2d入院检查。体检未发现异常。超声检查：于肝左内叶探及一大小约6．6cm×5．5cm×5．0cm实质低回声肿块，边界清楚，形态不规则，周围无声晕，内部回声尚均匀，彩色多普勒超声显示病灶周边及内部可见点状血流信号。超声提示肝左内叶实质低回声肿块，性质待定，建议穿刺活检。采用Bard 16G针在超声引导下行肝左内叶实质低回声肿块穿刺活检。术后病理诊断为：肝细胞腺瘤。     

超声诊断肝结核伴脾结核一例

1 临床资料 患者,女,43岁,因乏力、腹痛、持续发热20 d就诊.化验检查:结核菌素试验(+),胸部透视未见明显异常,血常规正常.超声所见:肝右叶近膈面可见3.5 cm×4.7cm低回声区,边界欠清,其内回声不均匀,周边无声晕.脾脏大小形态正常,厚约4.5 cm,长径约11.5 cm,脾实质内可见散在的低回声结节,最大者约1.9 cm×2.3 cm,边界清,内部为均匀低回声.     

小肠坏死超声表现1例

患者女,37岁.主因腹部疼痛12 h入院,2年前曾因"卵巢囊肿"行手术治疗. 经腹部超声检查:右髂窝及盆腔左侧近左髂窝处见小片状无回声区,深度分别为0.7 cm、0.4 cm,内透声差.子宫左后方见一无回声包块,范围约10.2 cm×5.3 cm×5.4 cm,边界清,透声差,其后方见一不规则、不均匀无回声包块,内可见密集细小点状高回声沉积于后壁;右侧腹部也可见近似回声,范围约7.2 cmx 6.0 cm;左侧腹部见一不均匀团状低回声,范围约8.0cm×3.7 cm,内见小片状无回声及点片状高回声;上述包块均未见明显蠕动.     

肝脏巨大恶性神经鞘瘤超声表现一例

患者男,60岁,上腹部隐痛不适半年入院.体检:上腹部压痛,肝区叩痛,剑突下触及肝脏5 cm.超声检查:肝左叶体积明显增大,形态不规则,范围约25.3 cm×20cm,肝内回声明显不均,可见不规则实性回声,间以多房囊状结构,并可见分隔稍厚且厚薄不一致.部分囊内可见致密较强点状回声,探头加压可见光点浮动.彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)在肿物内可探及较丰富动静脉血流信号(Vmax 21 cm/s,RI 0.6),肝右叶大小及形态结构未见异常.超声诊断:肝左叶巨大囊实性占位病变(恶性倾向).CT检查:肝左叶可见25 cm×15 cm×15 cm囊实性低密度灶,形态不规则,内密度欠均匀,CT值约15～20 Hu,边界清,增强扫描示病灶实性部分及囊壁强化且不均匀.手术所见:肝左叶巨大,占据左中上腹,其内可见2个肿块,大肿块大小21 cm×16 cm×10 cm,呈暗红色,肿块内可见多个囊腔,最大囊腔直径7 cm,小肿块大小14.5 cm×9 cm×7 cm,悬垂于大肿块下方,灰白色,表面呈结节状,经钝性分离切除左半肝.病理诊断:肝脏恶性间叶组织肿瘤(恶性神经鞘瘤).     

锁骨上囊状淋巴管瘤1例

患者男,34岁,发现右锁骨上窝淋巴结肿大1月余.超声检查(见图):右锁骨上窝探查右颈总静脉外上方见4.9 cm×1.7 cm的混合性包块,以液性为主,形态不规则,边界清,内透声欠佳,内可见豆腐渣样改变,并可见斑片状强回声.其内下方见2.2 cm×0.8 cm大小的低回声区与之紧密相连,该低回声区形态不规则,边界清,内透声欠均匀.在颈总静脉与该低回声区之间见1.5 cm×0.6 cm大小的低回声区,形态欠规则,边界清,内回声均匀.超声诊断:①右锁骨上窝混合性包块,淋巴管瘤可能性大;②右锁骨上窝淋巴结肿大.术后病理:囊肿型淋巴管瘤.     

脾窦岸细胞血管肉瘤超声表现1例

患者女,27岁.因反复上腹闷痛,体检发现:肝,脾多发实性叶位入院.查体仅见:脾左肋下可触及1.5cm.超声检查:脾大小13.0 cm×4.7cm.左肋下2.0 cm;肝,脾分别可见多个实性低回声团,较大者直径4.3 cm,边界清.形态规整,内部回声欠均匀,中心可见少量不规则液化坏死区, (图1、2);CDFI:结节周边低回声区可见较丰富血流信号.     

胰腺实性假性乳头状瘤广泛转移超声表现1例

患者女,17岁,因发现肝占位2d来我院就珍.查体:剑突下可触及肝肿大,表面凹凸不平.脾大,轻压痛,边界大小触及不清.超声检查:肝界明显增大,上界达第4～5肋间,肋下2.2cm,剑下4.0cm,肝内可见弥漫分布的不规则高回声占位(图1),相互融合,部分占位内可见少许不规则液性无回声区,较大的位于肝右叶,约12.0cm×4.9 cm×10.6 cm,形态不规则,边界欠清,彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)可见少许血流信号.门脉主干内径1.1 cm,门脉主干内可见高回声充填,范围约4.6cm×1.1 cm,彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)显示边缘可见血流信号.胰腺体积增大,胰头厚3.9 cm,胰体厚2.0 cm,胰尾厚3.6cm,回声明显高低不均,于胰头旁可见一低回声实性占位,大小约5.3 cm×3.9 cm×7.0cm,边界欠清,回声不均,与胰腺无明显界限,CDFI示可见血流信号.脾脏明显增大,厚约8.6 cm,长约21.3 cm,内界正中线右侧1.0 cm,下界平脐,脾内回声不均,可见弥漫的高回声占位,近脾门明显,相互融合,形态极不规则(无法测量).脾静脉血流通畅.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.