内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路显微手术治疗前循环动脉瘤

目的探讨内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路显微手术治疗前循环动脉瘤的临床效果及可能存在的风险与对策。方法对28例前循环动脉瘤病人经眶上锁孔入路在显微镜引导下置入内镜观察动脉瘤颈与周围结构的局部解剖关系,辅助分离瘤颈与周边的粘连,夹闭瘤颈,此后再次用内镜观察了解夹闭情况。结果28例动脉瘤均成功准确夹闭,27例恢复良好,1例中残。结论内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路手术可明显增加动脉瘤及周围结构的可视范围,减少对脑组织的牵拉或无效脑暴露,创伤小,减少和避免了重要结构的损伤,并发症少,提高了动脉瘤的手术夹闭率,     

硬性内镜辅助下的颅内动脉瘤显微手术

目的 探讨硬性内镜在颅内动脉瘤手术中的应用,分析其优缺点.方法 回顾性分析63例患者66个动脉瘤的显微手术,其中63个破裂动脉瘤,3个未破裂动脉瘤.多数患者在内镜辅助下完成动脉瘤夹闭术,包括动脉瘤夹闭前后对载瘤动脉、瘤颈及瘤周穿通支的观察,以确定最佳夹闭位置和程度.结果 内镜能更好地观察瘤周局部解剖结构,保证首次最佳夹闭,5例第一次夹闭后,经内镜发现夹闭不佳而重新调整动脉瘤夹,其中1例颈内后交通动脉瘤夹闭不全;1例颈内动脉眼动脉瘤夹闭不全;1例颈内后交通动脉瘤夹闭动脉瘤同时夹闭后交通动脉;2例前交通动脉瘤夹闭穿通支.在使用内镜过程中造成1例轻度颞叶脑挫伤,在所有过程中未造成动脉瘤破裂出血.结论 在颅内动脉瘤夹闭过程中辅助使用内镜,能更好地观察动脉瘤及其周围的局部解剖结构,提高动脉瘤夹闭手术的质量.     

神经内镜辅助锁孔手术治疗前循环动脉瘤

目的 探讨神经内镜辅助锁孔手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的可行性及其意义。方法 对9例前循环动脉瘤病人,应用内窥镜辅助锁孔手术进行颅内动脉瘤夹闭术。经翼点锁孔开颅后,应用手术显微镜初步显露动脉瘤后,置入硬性神经内镜了解动脉瘤颈及周围结构的局部解剖,动脉瘤夹闭后再次用内镜了解夹闭情况。结果 术后9例全部治愈出院,结论 应用神经内镜辅助锁孔开颅进行颅内动脉瘤显微手术,可明显增加动脉瘤及其周围结构的可视范围,使颅内动脉瘤的手术效果明显提高,手术时间缩短,术后病人恢复快,且不影响美容。     

前交通动脉瘤的临床分型和显微手术治疗策略

目的通过研究前交通动脉瘤的临床分型与手术难度和预后的关系，探讨前交通动脉瘤的显微手术治疗策略。方法将68例前交通动脉瘤分为视交叉型和纵裂型。对于视交叉型，在抬起额叶前先预先阻断载瘤动脉，然后分离动脉瘤将其夹闭；对于纵裂型，将载瘤动脉临时阻断后，采用瘤体翻转技术将瘤颈显露清楚后将其夹闭。结果瘤颈成功夹闭68例。在术中共有54例（79％）发生了动脉瘤破裂出血。视交叉型组的恢复良好率为95％（22／23），纵裂型的恢复良好率为89％（40／48）。结论视交叉型前交通动脉瘤容易早期破裂，但是分离和夹闭比较容易；纵裂型前交通动脉瘤不易早期破裂，但分离和夹闭比较困难。     

DSA与CTA在显微夹闭前交通动脉瘤术前评估的对比研究

目的对比CTA与DSA在前交通动脉瘤显微夹闭术前评估的安全性。方法回顾性分析82例显微镜下夹闭前交通动脉瘤的病例资料,其中术前行64排CTA检查（CTA组）33例,术前行DSA检查（DSA组）49例。对比两组影像学检查结果和显微镜直视下动脉瘤的形态、大小、瘤颈宽度及其与载瘤动脉关系等信息,评价二者一致性,比较两组手术并发症发生率。结果 CTA组中30例成功经显微镜下夹闭动脉瘤,2例因动脉瘤颈的解剖暴露不理想改为介入栓塞治疗,1例脑肿胀明显,先行脑室外引流术,后行动脉瘤夹闭术。DSA组显微镜下成功夹闭44例,1例因瘤周穿支血管复杂致瘤颈暴露不满意,转为为介入栓塞治疗,4例先行脑室外引流术,待脑水肿消退后行动脉瘤夹闭术。CTA组在显示动脉瘤大小、瘤颈等信息方面和手术直视结果的一致性较好,而在动脉瘤形态及其与载瘤动脉之间关系的信息显示方面和手术直视结果的一致性一般,两组在手术并发症率无显著性差异。结论在影像评估满意时,CTA作为前交通动脉瘤显微夹闭术前的评估手段也是安全可靠的。     

后交通动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 总结显微手术治疗后交通动脉瘤的经验.方法 回顾性分析108例后交通动脉瘤病人的临床资料,采用翼点入路显微手术治疗,行瘤颈夹闭术107例,动脉瘤包裹术1例.瘤颈夹闭后术中常规切开瘤体并行吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影.结果 动脉瘤颈完全夹闭107例,动脉瘤包裹1例.术中动脉瘤破裂18例.术前脑积水11例,术后改善6例,无明显改善5例.术后GOS评分:4～5分93例,2～3分11例,1分(死亡)4例.84例获随访6～12个月,无动脉瘤残留及复发.结论 显微手术是治疗后交通动脉瘤的理想方法,术中常规切开瘤体并行吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影可有效判断夹闭效果.     

显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤

目的探讨经翼点入路显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的方法。方法在气管插管全麻及控制性低血压下手术,采用Yasargil翼点入路,应用显微外科技术对52例颅内动脉瘤患者行动脉瘤颈夹闭或包裹术(其中8例应用内镜辅助)。结果本组48例行瘤颈夹闭术,4例行包裹术,术中动脉瘤破裂10例。术后45例治愈出院,4例有不同程度的偏瘫,3例死亡。结论熟练的显微外科技术是颅内动脉瘤手术成功的重要保障;预见性采用控制性低血压及暂时阻断载瘤动脉是术中动脉瘤破裂出血的重要应急措施;应用内镜辅助可更确切的夹闭动脉瘤颈,降低术后并发症的发生率。     

翼点入路前交通动脉瘤显微手术治疗33例分析

【摘要】目的探讨翼点入路前交通动脉瘤显微手术治疗的时机、方法以及疗效。方法回顾性分析2007-01-2011-06经翼点入路显微手术夹闭33例前交通动脉瘤患者的资料。结果25例行瘤颈夹闭术,8例行动脉瘤夹闭加包裹术。手术效果按GOS评分：良好24例（72．7％）,中度残疾5例（15．2％）,重度残疾2例（6．1％）,死亡2例（6．1％）。结论前交通动脉瘤Hunt—Hess分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级的病人要尽早手术,Ⅲ级的病人发病3d内及2周后手术,Ⅳ～V级患者病情稳定后再考虑手术。术前对动脉瘤进行分型及提供预案,经翼点入路显微外科手术夹闭前交通动脉瘤,术中血管暴露清楚,瘤颈夹闭可靠,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

颈内动脉-后交通动脉瘤显微手术夹闭与血管内栓塞对比分析

目的 探讨显微手术夹闭和血管内栓塞对颈内动脉-后交通动脉瘤预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析204例颈内动脉-后交通动脉瘤病例,其中扩大翼点入路显微手术夹闭（显微外科治疗组）97例,经血管内栓塞（血管内介入治疗组）107例.结果 术后改良Rankin评分,血管内介入治疗组：0~2分101例,3～5分4例,死亡2例;显微手术组：0～2分83例,3～5分11例,死亡3例.随访：血管内栓塞组瘤颈残留13例,动脉瘤复发5例;显微外科治疗组瘤颈残留7例,动脉瘤复发1例.结论 血管内栓塞在术后病残率、病死率方面优于显微手术夹闭,但术后瘤颈残留、动脉瘤复发要高于显微手术夹闭.     

前交通动脉瘤显微手术技巧探讨

目的总结显微手术治疗破裂前交通动脉瘤的适应证、手术技巧要点及并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析应用显微手术治疗的36例破裂前交通动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果本组36例中,33例行瘤颈夹闭满意,2例动脉瘤和前交通动脉一起被夹闭,1例行动脉瘤包裹术。出院时治疗结果好31例,差3例,死亡2例。所有患者术后随访3-36个月均无再出血发生。结论翼点入路手术治疗前交通动脉瘤暴露充分、术式成熟、并发症少;夹闭动脉瘤前充分分离、清晰暴露“H”形的前交通动脉复合体是手术成功的关键;合理的选择动脉瘤夹及血管穿通支的保护尤其重要。     

Endoscope-assisted microneurosurgery for anterior circulation aneurysms using the angle-type rigid endoscope over a 3-year period

INTRODUCTION: The use of the endoscope (fiberscope) to assist the microsurgical clipping of cerebral aneurysm was first reported by Fischer and Mustafa in 1994. The rigid endoscope has been increasingly used during aneurysm surgery in which structures around the aneurysm can be detected with high quality imaging. Our 3 years of its use now allows us to assess the endoscope's efficacy and limits in standard surgery with a pterional approach in aneurysms of the anterior circulation. The endoscope can carry out a supportive role in planning surgical manoeuvres and in verifying whether clipping has been performed correctly or not. In our view, among the aneurysms of the anterior circulation, the endoscope is particularly useful in those of the internal carotid and the anterior communicating arteries. In many cases of these aneurysms the posterior communicating artery, choroidal artery or one of the distal cerebral arteries is hidden behind the aneurysm dome. Dome retraction is often required in order to see these vascular structures with the microscope. Thus an endoscope with a 30 degrees view angle becomes very useful. The concealed areas are identified without retraction, which prevents the possibility of the aneurysm being ruptured and also reduces the use of temporary clipping. From its early use as a supportive measure that is sometimes useful in surgery for "easy" aneurysms, the endoscope has now become almost indispensable for the "difficult" aneurysms, including the large and giant ones before and after clipping. Thus, the endoscope should be kept ready for use in the operating theatre for any eventuality. OBJECTIVE: We assess the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the endoscope in the microsurgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: During our 3 years of experience, 52 patients with 48 ruptured and 10 unruptured aneurysms of the anterior circulation (including 6 cases of two-fold aneurysms) underwent clipping with endoscope support through a pterional approach. All ruptured aneurysms produced a Hunt and Hess Grade I or II subarachnoid haemorrhage. The endoscope was inserted before and after clipping in order to observe the conditions surrounding the aneurysm and to receive immediate confirmation that clipping had been performed correctly. RESULTS: In all cases general anatomy visualization was provided by the endoscope, and the correct clip positioning and vessel conditions were easily checked. In 4 cases the endoscope showed that the clip had been positioned incorrectly. Additional clipping was performed in these cases: in 2 cases the clip was re-applied correctly and in another case a clip was added. Only the fourth patient with a large communicating artery died (1.9%) of cerebral infarction. This was due to post-clipping stenosis of one distal cerebral artery in which it was not possible to re-position the clip correctly because of the presence of arteriosclerotic calcific plaque near the aneurysm neck. In 3 cases there was an intraoperative ruptured aneurysm dome that was not caused by the endoscope insertion. No further complications were caused by the endoscope. CONCLUSION: In certain cases endoscopic-assisted microsurgery is an exceptional aid to the surgeon and must become part of the operating theatre equipment and kept on hand ready for use. The endoscope is, in our opinion, particularly useful in certain aneurysm localisations (internal carotid artery-anterior communicating artery [ICA-ACOMA]).     

大脑中动脉动脉瘤夹闭术中电生理监测的意义

目的 探讨在术中神经电生理监测下大脑中动脉动脉瘤夹闭术中大脑中动脉临时阻断的安全时限。方法 2016年10月至2017年5月手术夹闭大脑中动脉动脉瘤51例,术中行神经电生理监测评价大脑中动脉临时阻断安全时限。术后均行CT（1~3 d）和CTA（1周内）复查,以阻断血管供血区域出现低密度改变为影像缺血事件;以术后出现阻断血管供血区域神经功能降低（术后有单个或多个肢体肌力与术前相比下降≥1级）为临床缺血事件。结果 51例共56个动脉瘤均完全夹闭。5例（9.8%）术中出现监测指标的变化,其中2例手术结束前恢复至基线水平,另3例经术中干预,直至手术结束,波形未能完全恢复至基线水平,术后出现相关性缺血事件。发生缺血事件的3例术中载瘤动脉临时阻断时间均在8 min以上,而未发生缺血事件的48例均在8 min以下;多因素Logistic回归分析显示术中载瘤动脉临时阻断时间≥8 min是术后发生缺血性事件的独立危险因素（OR=4.190;95% CI:3.937~12.982;P=0.036）。结论 本文结果提示大脑中动脉动脉瘤夹闭术中临时阻断大脑中动脉的最长安全时限可能是8 min。     

Current update on the randomized controlled trials of intracranial aneurysms

Endovascular coiling has become the primary treatment modality for the treatment of intracranial ruptured aneurysms in many centers. A multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT), ISAT study, has demonstrated that endovascular coiling of ruptured intracranial aneurysms has benefits over surgical clipping in those patients suitable for either treatment. Because RCT comparing conservative management with surgical clipping and with endovascular coiling have not been performed to date for unruptured intracranial aneurysms, the best management for unruptured aneurysm remains unclear. A RCT is ongoing to answer the question whether active treatment can improve the outcome of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms as compared with observation.     

3D-DSA在颅内动脉瘤诊疗中的临床应用

目的 根据临床体会探讨3D-DSA在颅内动脉瘤诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法 采用3D-DSA脑血管造影检查疑似颅内动脉瘤的患者56例，根据造影结果决定下一步治疗方案。结果 共发现32人37个颅内动脉瘤，分别采取了血管内治疗、手术夹闭等不同的治疗方案。结论 3D-DSA极大提高了脑血管造影检查的准确性和可靠性，也为动脉瘤的栓塞治疗、手术夹闭提供了可靠保障。具有准确、安全和操作方便的特点，有很高的临床实用价值。     

Computed Tomographic Angiography as the Primary Diagnostic Study in Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility of computed tomographic angiography (CTA) as the primary diagnostic investigation in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and to correlate the results with intraoperative findings in those with ruptured aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 243 patients with spontaneous SAH was performed. The patients selected were those with acute SAH confirmed by noncontrast head computed tomography or by cerebrospinal fluid findings from a lumbar puncture. Patients subsequently underwent preoperative three-dimensional CTA as the sole or primary diagnostic study. The results of the CTA were correlated with the intraoperative findings in those patients undergoing emergent surgical clipping of acutely ruptured intracranial aneurysms. RESULTS: CTA correctly detected the ruptured aneurysm in 170 of the 171 cases, which required surgical clipping. Our data demonstrates that CTA has a 99.4% detection rate in acutely ruptured aneurysms as compared to intraoperative findings [confidence interval 97.8-99.9%]. CONCLUSION: CTA can provide prompt and accurate diagnostic and anatomic information in the setting of SAH with an excellent detection rate in acute ruptured aneurysms. These findings suggest an increased role for CTA in the evaluation of cerebral aneurysms.     

颅内动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的总结显微外科手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的方法和效果。方法回顾性分析我院302例经显微手术治疗的颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果302例手术患者中，有252例行瘤颈夹闭术，19例行夹闭后瘤体切除术，24例行包裹加固术，7例行孤立手术。术后根据GOS评分，治疗效果良好者258例（85．4％），效果不佳者25例（8．3％），死亡19例（6．3％）。结论颅内动脉瘤一旦诊断明确，应尽早手术以防其破裂出血。充分开放脑池和正确夹闭动脉瘤颈是手术成功的关键，积极预防脑血管痉挛可显著降低患者的致残率和死亡率。     

lntraoperative Color Duplex Sonography of Basal Arteries During Aneurysm Surgery

This prospective study aimed at (1) characterizing the duplex sonographic appearance of cerebral aneurysms, (2) visualizing their location, and (3) ensuring the complete occlusion of the aneurysm as well as the patency of the basal arteries during aneurysm surgery. During 9 months 30 craniotomies for aneurysm clipping in 29 patients were monitored intraoperatively by Bmode and color–coded duplex sonography. Following craniotomy the aneurysm and the preaneurysmatic and postaneurysmatic arteries were sonographically visualized before and after clipping and removal of the spatulas. Twenty–seven (90%) of 30 aneurysms appeared as a hypoechoic structure. Together with the typical dichromatic picture in the color mode and the characteristic bidirectional flow pattern in the duplex mode, 29 (97%) of 30 aneurysms were identified and localized anatomically correctly. Eighty (99%) of 81 relevant vessels were visualized and measured with the Doppler mode. After clipping, flow was detectable in all major arteries except 3 middle cerebral artery (MCA) branches. In 1, occlusion was confirmed by postoperative angiography. In the other 2, early postoperative computed tomography showed an infarction of the corresponding MCA territories. This study demonstrated the potential of color duplex sonography to visualize and characterize cerebral aneurysms and adjacent basal arteries before and after clipping. It offers a noninvasive intraoperative method to control the patency of basal arteries and complete occlusion of the aneurysm.     

血管内栓塞术和开颅夹闭手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的对比分析

目的 探讨血管内栓塞术和开颅夹闭术治疗颅内动脉瘤的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年12月收治的86例颅内破裂动脉瘤的临床资料,其中43例采用血管内栓塞术治疗（栓塞组）,43例采用开颅夹闭术治疗（夹闭组）。结果 术后4周,栓塞组改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分0分22例,1分6例,2分5例,3分4例,4分2例,5分3例;夹闭组mRS评分0分20例,1分7例,2分5例,3分4例,4分3例,5分2例。栓塞组恢复良好率（76.7%,33/43）与夹闭组（74.4%,32/43）无统计学差异（P>0.05）。栓塞组术后并发症发生率（16.2%,7/43）明显低于夹闭组（37.2%,16/43;P<0.05）。结论 血管内栓塞术和开颅夹闭术治疗均是治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的有效方法,疗效基本相同,但血管内栓塞治疗术后并发症发生率低于开颅夹闭术。     

Comparison of effectiveness of percutaneous embolization and microsurgery in the treatment of 60 patients with MCA berry aneurysms

Surgical clipping has been considered for years a "golden standard" in the treatment of middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms. The recent development of materials and endovascular techniques has permitted the use of embolization for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms regardless of their locations and size. In 30 patients with 32 MCA aneurysms (group I) the endovascular approach with GDC-10 coils was used, while in other 30 patients with 31 aneurysms (group II) surgical clipping was performed. On completion of the diagnostic process the patients were randomly assigned either to the endovascular or microsurgical treatment. Group I: 21 (70%) embolization procedures were carried out, while in 9 (30%) cases with 10 aneurysms embolisation was impossible or regarded as too risky due to various causes. The total occlusion of aneurysm SAC was achieved in 17 (77%) aneurysms, subtotal in 5 (23%). The morbidity rate was 8%, mortality-0%. Group II: Microsurgical clipping was performed in 27 (90%) cases, 3 (10%) patients were disqualified from treatment due to their poor clinical status. An excellent technical result was achieved in 24 (86%) patients, in 4 (14%) cases the neck remnant was observed in control angiography. The morbidity rate was 14%, mortality-0%.     

前循环巨大动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的 对1985年以来经手术治疗的18例前循环巨大动脉瘤作一回顾性分析,方法 行动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭术11例,动脉瘤孤立或孤立后切除4例,动脉瘤切除或孤立后载瘤动脉重建2例,动脉瘤包裹1例。结果 动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭术的11例病人中,除1例术前Hunt-Hess分级Ⅳ级的病人术后重残外,均恢复良好。动脉瘤孤立或孤立后切除的4例病人中,1例后交通动脉瘤（PCoA)病人虽术前血管造影证实侧支循环充分,但术后出现暂时性对侧轻偏瘫。另1例大脑中动脉（MCA）动脉瘤病人术后第6天因术野血肿再次进行手术,出院时能独立行走。行动脉瘤切除或孤立后载瘤动脉重建的2例病人恢复良好。动脉瘤包裹术的1例病人术后因再出血死亡。结论 为消除巨大动脉瘤的压迫症状和潜在的出血危险,对前循环巨大动脉瘤主张积极的手术治疗。动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭并保留载瘤动脉通畅是首选治疗,对必需行动脉瘤孤立且交叉循环不良的病例,应尽可能重建载瘤动脉。