Factors associated with local recurrence and cause-specific survival in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast treated with breast-conserving therapy or mastectomy

PURPOSE: We reviewed our institution's experience treating patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast to determine risk factors for ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) and cause-specific survival (CSS) after breast-conserving therapy (BCT) or mastectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1981 and 1999, 410 cases of DCIS (405 patients) were treated at our institution; 367 were managed with breast-conserving surgery (54 with lumpectomy alone and 313 with adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) [median dose, 45 Gy]). Of these 313 patients, 298 received also a supplemental boost of RT to the lumpectomy cavity (median dose, 16 Gy). Forty-three patients underwent mastectomy; 2 (5%) received adjuvant RT to the chest wall. A true recurrence/marginal miss (TR/MM) IBTR was defined as failure within or adjacent to the tumor bed in patients undergoing BCT. Median follow-up for all patients was 7 years (mean: 6.1 years). RESULTS: Thirty patients (8.2%) experienced an IBTR after BCT (25 [8%] after RT, 5 [9.3%] after no RT), and 2 patients (4.7%) developed a chest wall recurrence after mastectomy. Of the 32 local failures, 20 (63%) were invasive (18/30 [60%] after BCT and 2/2 [100%] after mastectomy), and 37% were DCIS alone. Twenty-four (80%) of the IBTRs were classified as TR/MM. The 10-year freedom from local failure, CSS, and overall survival after BCT or mastectomy were 89% vs. 90% (p = 0.4), 98% vs. 100% (p = 0.7), and 89% vs. 100% (p = 0.3), respectively. Factors associated with IBTR on Cox multivariate analysis were younger age (p = 0.02, hazard ratio [HR] 1.06 per year), electron boost energy < or = 9 MeV (p = 0.03, HR 1.41), final margins < or = 2 mm (p = 0.007; HR, 3.65), and no breast radiation (p = 0.002, HR 5.56). On Cox univariate analysis for BCT patients, IBTR, TR/MM failures, and predominant nuclear Grade 3 were associated with an increased risk of distant metastases and a reduced CSS. CONCLUSIONS: After treatment for DCIS, 10-year rates of local control, CSS, and overall survival were similar after mastectomy and BCT. Young age (<45 years), close/positive margins (< or = 2 mm), no breast radiation, and lower electron boost energies (< or = 9 MeV) were associated with IBTR. Local failure and predominant nuclear Grade 3 were found to have a small (4%-12%) but statistically significantly negative impact on the rates of distant metastasis and CSS. These results suggest that optimizing local therapy (surgery and radiation) is crucial to improve local control and CSS in patients treated with DCIS.     

Combined chemotherapy and preoperative irradiation for locally advanced noninflammatory breast cancer: updated results in a series of 120 patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate our updated data concerning survival and locoregional control in a prospective study of locally advanced noninflammatory breast cancer (LABC) after primary chemotherapy (CT) followed by external preoperative irradiation (RT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1982 and 1998, 120 patients (75 Stage IIIA, 41 Stage IIIB, and 4 Stage IIIC according to AJCC staging system 2002) were treated by four courses of induction CT with anthracycline-containing combinations followed by preoperative RT (45 Gy to the breast and nodal areas) and a fifth course of CT. Three different locoregional approaches were proposed depending on tumor characteristics and tumor response. After completion of local therapy, all patients received a sixth course of CT and a maintenance adjuvant CT regimen without anthracycline. The median follow-up from the beginning of treatment was 140 months. RESULTS: Mastectomy and axillary dissection were performed in 49 patients (with residual tumor larger than 3 cm in diameter or located behind the nipple or with bifocal tumor), and conservative treatment in 71 patients (39 achieved clinical complete response or partial response >90% and received additional radiation boost to initial tumor bed; 32 had residual mass < or =3 cm in diameter and were treated by wide excision and axillary dissection followed by a boost to the excision site). Ten-year actuarial local failure rate was 13% after RT alone, 23% after wide excision and RT, and 4% after mastectomy (p = 0.1). After multivariate analysis, possibility of breast-conserving therapy was related to initial tumor size (<6 cm vs. > or =6 cm in diameter, p = 0.002). Ten-year overall metastatic disease-free survival rate was 61%. After multivariate analysis, metastatic disease-free survival rates were significantly influenced by clinical stage (Stage IIIA-B vs. IIIC, p = 0.0003), N-stage (N0 vs. N1-2a, and 3c, p = 0.017), initial tumor size (<6 cm vs. > or =6 cm in diameter, p = 0.008), and tumor response after induction CT and preoperative RT (clinically complete response + partial response vs. nonresponder, p = 0.0015). In the nonconservative breast treatment group, of the 32 patients with no change in clinical tumor size after induction CT, the 10-year metastatic disease-free survival rate was 59% with only one local relapse. Arm lymphedema was noted in 17% (14 of 81) after axillary dissection and in 2.5% (1 of 39) without axillary dissection. Cosmetic results were satisfactory in 70% of patients treated by RT alone and in 51.5% of patients after wide excision and RT. CONCLUSION: Despite the poor prognosis of patients with LABC resistant to primary anthracycline-based regimen, aggressive locoregional management using preoperative RT and mastectomy with axillary dissection offers a possibility of long-term survival with low local failure rate for patients without extensive nodal disease. On the other hand, the rate of local failure seems to be high in patients with clinical partial tumor response after induction CT and breast-conserving treatment combining preoperative RT and large wide excision.     

乳腺叶状肿瘤17例诊疗分析

目的:探讨乳腺叶状肿瘤的治疗原则和影响预后因素。方法:对经手术和病理诊断确诊的17例乳腺叶状肿瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:17例患者中良性叶状肿瘤9例,交界性叶状肿瘤5例,恶性3例。行局部肿块切除7例,单纯乳房切除术6例,改良根治术3例,姑息性肿块切除术1例。其中随访13例,平均随访时间21(5~84)个月,1例行乳腺癌改良根治术后2.5年死于远处转移,2例行局部肿块切除术后复发。结论:乳腺叶状肿瘤的预后与手术方式有关,良性和交界性应首选扩大区段切除术,切除肿瘤边缘不少于2cm;复发的交界性和恶性应尽早行单纯乳房切除术。     

Phyllodes tumors of the breast diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas

BACKGROUND: This article compares experiences in the diagnosis and treatment of phyllodes tumors from 2 regional institutions with the relevant literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1991 to 2005, 2,848 breast cancer patients were treated in our institutions, 36 (1.44%) for phyllodes tumors. The average tumor size was 5.1 cm (range 1.4-19.6). Triple assessment was the standard diagnostic algorithm. Wide excision with tumor-free margins was carried out in 29 (80.5%) cases and mastectomy in 7 (19.4%) cases. Axillary lymphadenectomy was performed in patients with positive lymph nodes. RESULTS: Histology showed the phyllodes tumors to be benign in 27 (75.0%), malignant in 6 (16.6%), and borderline in 3 (8.3%) cases. Follow-up was from 5 months to 16 years. In this period, recurrences of 3 (8.3%) malignant and 2 (5.6%) benign phyllodes tumors were diagnosed and treated. 10 (27.7%) patients treated with wide local excision showed deformities in the form of scarring. The steroid receptor status was of no prognostic value in our patients, and chemotherapy was used in only 1 (2.7%) patient. 5-year survival was 86.2%. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that tumor size, margin infiltration, mitotic activity and degree of cellular atypia are important prognostic factors. Problems in diagnosing this condition arise from its similarity to fibroadenoma. Although wide local excision is usually the treatment of choice, tumor recurrence is common. Axillary lymphadenectomy in malignant phyllodes tumors is, in our opinion, still controversial.     

The extent of surgery and prognosis of patients with phyllodes tumor of the breast

In an attempt to clarify the controversial issues related to prognosis and therapeutic aspects of phyllodes tumors (PT), we retrospectively reviewed all cases of PT treated in our hospital during the last fifteen years. Re-examining the pathology material we found 84 cases, while thirteen more cases which had been initially classified as fibroadenomas with areas of phyllodes tumor were rejected from the analysis because they were classified as fibroadenomas. Based on the criteria proposed by Azzopardi and Salvadori and adopted by WHO, we found 55 benign PT (65.14%), 14 borderline PT (16.6%), and 15 malignant PT (17.8%). The median age of the patients with benign PT was 34 years, compared to 46.5 years for those with borderline tumors and 52 years for those with malignant. The median size of benign tumors was 3 cm, 9.5 cm for borderline, and 7.25 cm for malignant. Out of 55 patients with benign PTs, 37 underwent wide local excision and the remaining 18, with small tumors, underwent enucleation. In this group of patients, there was no recurrence after a median interval of 6.65 years. Eleven patients with borderline PT underwent wide local excision and three mastectomy; one immediately after an incomplete PT excision and the remaining two 8 months and 2 years later due to a locally recurrent PT (the last one proven histologically in the permanent biopsy of the recurrence to be malignant). Twelve patients with malignant PT underwent mastectomy, either during the same operation or following the results of the permanent section biopsy. Three more patients with malignant PT underwent wide local excision. The size of the tumor in these patients was relatively small and the pathology report indicated clear margins with normal breast tissue surrounding the tumor. One patient with 8 cm diameter malignant PT, who underwent mastectomy, passed away sixteen months later from widely spread metastases. Applying the criteria of Azzopardi and Salvadori, each case of PT can be managed successfully avoiding unnecessary mastectomies.     

乳腺叶状肿瘤的诊断及治疗

目的探讨乳腺叶状肿瘤的诊断和治疗.方法对经手术和病理诊断的48例乳腺叶状肿瘤的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析.结果48例中平均年龄为43.2岁.根据肿瘤生长方式,瘤细胞异型,核分裂和肿瘤坏死进行乳腺叶状肿瘤分级,良性26例,交界性12例,恶性10例.全部病例采用手术治疗,肿瘤单纯切除术23例,良性、交界性、恶性复发分别为3/18、2/3、2/2;肿瘤扩大切除术15例,良性、交界性、恶性复发分别为0/8、1/5、1/2;乳房切除术10例,交界性、恶性复发转移分别为0/4、2/6.结论乳腺叶状肿瘤可分良性、交界性和恶性三种类别,确诊和分级主要依靠病理组织检查.提示首次肿瘤彻底切除是治疗的关键,应根据组织分级及肿瘤大小决定手术方式.     

Phyllodes tumor of the breast

PURPOSE: To better identify prognostic factors for local control and survival, as well as the role of different therapeutic options, for phyllodes tumors, a rare fibroepithelial neoplasm of the breast. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Data from 443 women treated between 1971 and 2003 were collected from the Rare Cancer Network. The median age was 40 years (range, 12-87 years). Tumors were benign in 284 cases (64%), borderline in 80 cases (18%), and malignant in 79 cases (18%). Surgery consisted of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) in 377 cases (85%) and total mastectomy (TM) in 66 cases (15%). Thirty-nine patients (9%) received adjuvant radiotherapy (RT). RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 106 months, local recurrence (LR) and distant metastases rates were 19% and 3.4%, respectively. In the malignant and borderline group (n = 159), RT significantly decreased LR (p = 0.02), and TM had better results than BCS (p = 0.0019). Multivariate analysis revealed benign histology, negative margins, and no residual disease (no RD) after initial treatment and RT delivery as independent favorable prognostic factors for local control; benign histology and low number of mitosis for disease-free survival; and pathologic tumor size < or = 3 cm and no tumor necrosis for overall survival. In the malignant and borderline subgroup multivariate analysis TM was the only favorable independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that phyllodes tumor patients with no RD after treatment have better local control. Benign tumors have a good prognosis after surgery alone. In borderline and malignant tumors, TM had better results than BCS. Thus, in these forms adjuvant RT should be considered according to histologic criteria.     

乳腺叶状肿瘤局部复发的临床风险因素分析

目的分析乳腺叶状肿瘤局部复发的临床风险因素。方法使用SPSSCox比例风险模型分析2002年12月至2008年12月中国医科大学附属第一医院66例乳腺叶状肿瘤患者各种临床风险因素与局部复发的关系。单因素分析采用X2检验。结果本组患者的发病年龄为17—83岁（中位年龄41岁）,良性40例,交界性24例,恶性2例。局部复发15例,其中12例复发发生于区段切除术。在不同手术方式、不同组织学等级的叶状肿瘤患者之间,复发率的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。手术方式为保护因素（RR=0．151）,扩大切除术和乳房切除术者的复发风险较区段切除术者下降至66／1000和53／1000;组织学等级为危险因素（RR=5．803）,恶性和交界性叶状肿瘤患者的局部复发风险分别为良性肿瘤者的12．26倍和4．37倍。结论恶性程度高和手术方式选择不当影响预后。叶状肿瘤以手术治疗为首选,应选择切除范围扩大的手术方式,尤其是对恶性程度高的患者。     

Outcome and predictive factors of local recurrence and distant metastases following primary surgical treatment of high-grade malignant phyllodes tumours of the breast

AIM: High-grade malignant phyllodes tumour (MPT) is a rare but aggressive breast malignancy and forms approximately 25% of all phyllodes tumours. The aim of the study was to determine parameters that influence outcome in high-grade MPT. METHODS: This study consisted of 48 women diagnosed with high-grade MPT. All patients were treated primarily with surgery by local excision (LE, margins <1 cm), wide local excision (WLE, margins > or =1 cm) or mastectomy. Cox's regression was used for multivariate analysis of the data. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 47 (range 21-85) years and the average tumour size was 7.8 (range 1.5-20) cm. Ten patients were treated with LE, 14 with WLE and 24 with mastectomy. The median follow-up was 9 years (range 5 months-28 years). Local recurrence (LR) occurred in 19 patients (40%) at mean time of 28 (range 5-84) months after primary treatment. Distant metastasis (DM) occurred in 13 (27%) patients at average time of 25.6 (range 6-120) months. LR, subsequent metastatic spread and survival following treatment of MPT were related to tumour size and excision margins, but not to other clinical or histopathological characteristics. CONCLUSION: Tumour size and surgical margins were found to be the principal determinants of LR and DM. Complete surgical excision, by mastectomy if necessary, is important in the primary surgical treatment of high-grade MPT.     

乳腺叶状肿瘤和巨纤维腺瘤的临床病理特征——附89例临床分析

 目的　探讨乳腺叶状囊肉瘤和巨纤维腺瘤的诊断和治疗。方法　回顾分析我院 1979～ 2 0 0 2年间外科收治的 89例乳腺叶状囊肉瘤和巨纤维腺瘤的临床特点 ,病理诊断和治疗方式。结果　 2 7例乳腺叶状囊肉瘤 ,行乳腺改良根治术 4例 ,乳腺单纯切除术 16例 ,肿瘤局部切除术 4例 ,肿瘤复发行扩大切除 3例 ,复发率 33.3% (9/ 2 7) ;6 2例乳腺巨纤维腺瘤行肿瘤局部切除术 4 0例 ,乳房单纯切除术 18例 ,改良根治术 4例 ,复发率 11.3% (7/ 6 2 )。结论　按照WHO乳腺肿瘤分类的标准 ,使用乳腺叶状肿瘤的统一名称 ,并与乳腺巨纤维瘤相鉴别 ,根据肿瘤分类采用不同的手术方法。     

Phyllodes tumor of the breast with a grossly malignant appearance: A case report

A huge phyllodes tumor of the breast that appeared grossly malignant in a 43-year-old woman is described. The patient suffered from a large breast tumor that suddenly increased in size over 5 months to occupy the entire breast. The tumor was hard, ulcerated and 20 cm in greatest diameter. Diagnostic imaging (US, CT and MRI) demonstrated a circumscribed mass with a large cystic cavity. She underwent total mastectomy under a diagnosis of malignant breast tumor. Grossly, the cut surface of the tumor showed a large cystic cavity surrounding a fleshy, hemorrhagic and necrotic mass with a lobulared or trabeculared appearance. Unexpectedly, benign phyllodes tumor (PT) without any stromal overgrowth was diagnosed histologically. She has been doing well since total mastectomy. In our case and in many other reported cases, PT does not show any distinctive correlation between pathologic findings and tumor behavior. Thus wide local excision is the preferred initial treatment for PT.     

An analysis of 78 breast sarcoma patients without distant metastases at presentation

PURPOSE: A retrospective review of a single cancer center experience was undertaken to identify clinical or treatment prognostic factors for these unusual tumors, to allow for a recommendation regarding management. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The charts of 76 women and 2 men with breast sarcoma and without distant metastases at presentation registered from 1958 to 1990 were reviewed. Pathology was centrally reviewed in 54 cases. Histology, tumor size, grade, nodal status, age, menopausal status, history of benign breast disease, extent of surgery, resection margins, and radiation dose were each examined as potential prognostic factors by univariate analysis. To allow an analysis of radiation dose, total dose was normalized to a daily fraction size of 2 Gy. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 50.5 years (13-82 years). The pathologic diagnosis was found to be malignant cystosarcoma phyllodes in 32 patients, with the remainder being stromal sarcoma (14), angiosarcoma (8), fibrosarcoma (7), carcinosarcoma (5), liposarcoma (4), other (8). Eighteen patients had grade I or II tumors, 43 had grade III or IV, and 18 were not evaluable. The 5- and 10-year actuarial rates for all 78 patients were 57% and 48% for cause-specific survival (CSS), and 47% and 42% for the relapse-free rates (RFR), respectively. The local relapse-free rate (LRFR) was 75% at both 5 and 10 years. The 5-year CSS for grade I or II tumors was 84% versus 55% for grade III or IV tumors (p = 0.01). Conservative surgery versus mastectomy did not lead to statistically significant different outcomes for CSS, RFR, or LRFR. The comparison of positive versus negative margins showed a 5-year LRFR of 33% versus 80% (p = 0.009). Pairwise comparisons of the 5-year CSS of 91% for > 48 Gy versus either 50% for < or = 48 Gy or 50% for no radiation showed p-values of 0.03 and 0.06, respectively. CONCLUSION: The authors propose that if negative surgical margins can be achieved, breast sarcoma should be managed by conservative surgery with postoperative irradiation to a microscopic tumoricidal dose (50 Gy) to the whole beast, and at least 60 Gy to the tumor bed. The decision to treat should be preceded by a preoperative multidisciplinary assessment. It is also recommended that an axillary lymph node dissection is not indicated, with the possible exception of patients with carcinosarcoma.     

Histologic features predict local recurrence after breast conserving therapy of phyllodes tumors

Background: Pathologists can distinguish benign phyllodes tumors, which very rarely metastasize, from malignant phyllodes tumors, which metastasize in approximately one fourth of patients. However, whether these same histologic criteria can be used to predict the likelihood that a phyllodes tumor will locally recur after breast conserving therapy remains controversial.Study Design: Since few patients with malignant phyllodes tumors have been treated with breast conserving surgery in any individual series, the literature was reviewed using a Medline search.Results: After local excision, 21 (111/540), 46 (18/39), and 65 (26/40) of patients with benign, borderline, and malignant phyllodes tumors, respectively, recurred in the breast. Following wide local excision, 8 (17/212), 29 (20/68), and 36 (16/45) of patients with benign, borderline, and malignant phyllodes tumors recurred in the breast.Conclusions: Malignant phyllodes tumors are much more likely than benign phyllodes tumors to recur in the breast after breast conserving surgery. This high rate of local recurrence of borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors suggests that wide local excision is less than optimal therapy, and challenges us to look for methods to improve local tumor control.     

Cystosarcoma phyllodes of the breast: a case report in a 12-year-old girl

Breast tumors in adolescents are very rare and mostly benign. Fibroadenomas are the most frequent, but within the extensive differential diagnosis, the phyllodes tumor must be mentioned, which accounts for about 1% of breast tumors and the diagnosis of which is very rare in patients younger than 20 years. There are no specific symptoms or radiological images to distinguish phyllodes tumor from fibroadenoma; therefore, histological examination is mandatory for diagnosis. Histology also allows the classification of phyllodes tumor into benign, borderline, or malignant types for appropriate surgical treatment: freemargin excision in benign tumors and mastectomy in the other two types. Fortunately, the majority of these tumors are benign, and treatment maximizes breast conservation with free infiltration margins surgery, given that this fact is the most important factor to prevent local recurrence. In this article, we describe a rare case of borderline cystosarcoma phyllodes in a 12-year-old girl.     

Impact of postmastectomy radiotherapy in T3N0 invasive carcinoma of the breast: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database analysis

BACKGROUND: Randomized trials provide evidence for improved outcomes with postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in high-risk patients. It has been suggested that patients with T3N0 breast cancer represent a favorable subgroup for which PMRT renders little benefit. In the current study, the authors used a United States population database to evaluate PMRT in this subgroup. METHODS: The cause-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) of women with T3N0M0 breast cancer in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database after mastectomy and axillary staging from 1988 to 2002 were analyzed. Univariate analysis was performed to relate CSS with PMRT (yes vs no), tumor size (< or =7 cm vs >7 cm), grade (1 vs 2 or 3), patient age (< or =50 years vs >50 years), the number of lymph nodes dissected (< or =13 vs >13), and the era treated (1988-1997 vs 1998-2002). Multivariate analyses for CSS and OS were also performed. RESULTS: In total, 1865 women met the analysis criteria for OS; CSS data were available for 98.8% of those women. Of the women who were diagnosed during the era from 1988 to 1997, 22% received PMRT, and that rate increased to 41% during the era from 1998 to 2002. The actuarial 10-year CSS for those who received PMRT versus those who did not receive PMRT was 81.6% versus 79.8%, respectively (P = .38). PMRT was not associated with a CSS benefit in any subgroup, a finding that persisted in multivariate analyses. Women who received PMRT had an increased 10-year OS rate (70.7% vs 58.4%; P < .001) that was confined to women aged >50 years in a subgroup analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective, population-based analysis demonstrated no increase in CSS with PMRT for women with T3N0 breast cancer, lending further support to the hypothesis that T3N0 disease postmastectomy represents a favorable subset of locally advanced breast cancer. The increased OS associated with PMRT in the absence of improved CSS likely reflects patient selection in this nonrandomized dataset. Prospective evaluation of PMRT in this population subset is warranted.     

乳腺分叶状肿瘤八例报告

回顾分析8例乳腺分叶状肿瘤患者的临床病理资料,良性2例,交界性2例,恶性4例,患者年龄29～50岁,平均年龄41岁。肿块最大径平均6．6cm（3～38cm）。4例有肿块短时间内迅速增大的病史,4例曾接受2～3次肿瘤局部切除术,1例行局部扩大切除术,2例行乳腺单纯切除术,3例行乳腺改良根治术,1例胸壁复发的巨大肿瘤行皮肤与肋骨的全层切除、背阔肌-侧胸-腹直肌跨区皮瓣转移修复,1例在20个月内做过5次手术。随访3～72个月,8例患者均生存,其中2例分别于首次手术后8和21个月出现肺转移。回顾分析提示,乳腺分叶状肿瘤术前诊断困难,易局部复发,保证切缘阴性的局部扩大切除术是治疗乳腺分叶状肿瘤的合适的手段。     

Primary treatment of cystosarcoma phyllodes of the breast

BACKGROUND: Cystosarcoma phyllodes is a rare sarcoma of the breast. Although surgical removal is the mainstay of treatment, the extent of surgery required (excision vs. mastectomy) and the need for additional local therapy, such as radiotherapy, are unclear. The current study evaluated the rate of local and distant failure, as well as potential prognostic factors, to better define appropriate treatment strategies. METHODS: One hundred one patients treated primarily for cystosarcoma phyllodes of the breast were evaluated. These tumors were classified histologically into benign (58%), indeterminate (12%), and malignant (30%) based on well defined criteria. Stromal overgrowth (29%) was considered separately. Surgery was comprised of local excision with breast conservation (47%) or mastectomy (53%). Microscopic surgical margins were negative in 99% of cases. Six patients received adjuvant radiotherapy. RESULTS: Overall survival for the 101 patients was 88%, 79%, and 62% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. For patients with nonmalignant (benign or indeterminate) and malignant cystosarcoma phyllodes, the overall survival was 91% and 82%, respectively, at 5 years, and 79% and 42%, respectively, at 10 years. Similar rates were observed based on the presence or absence of stromal overgrowth. Local recurrence occurred in 4 patients, with an actuarial 10-year rate of 8%. Eight patients developed distant metastases, with an actuarial 10-year rate of 13%. Multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression revealed stromal overgrowth to be the only independent predictor of distant failure. CONCLUSIONS: Local failure in this group of largely margin negative patients with cystosarcoma phyllodes of the breast was low, showing that breast-conserving surgery with appropriate margins is the preferred primary therapy. The current study data do not support the use of adjuvant radiotherapy for patients with adequately resected disease. Patients with stromal overgrowth, particularly when the tumor size was > 5 cm, were found to have a high rate of distant failure; such patients merit consideration of a trial that examines the efficacy of systemic therapy.     

Primary breast sarcoma: clinicopathologic series from the Mayo Clinic and review of the literature

Primary sarcomas of the breast are extremely rare, with less than 0.1% of all malignant tumours of the breast. Mayo Clinic Surgical Pathology database was searched for all breast sarcoma from 1910 to 2000. Pathology reports and slides were reviewed and tumour types were determined. Metaplastic carcinomas and phyllodes tumours were excluded. There were 25 women ranging in age 24-81 years (mean 45 years). All but one patient presented with a palpable lump. Mastectomy was performed in 19 patients and lumpectomy in five patients. Histopathological diagnoses were fibrosarcoma (six), angiosarcoma (six), pleomorphic sarcoma (six), leiomyosarcoma (two), myxofibrosarcoma (three), hemangiopericytoma (one) and osteosarcoma (one). Tumour size ranged from 0.3 to 12 cm (mean 5.7). Low-grade lesions were observed in 10 cases and high-grade in 15. Overall, mean follow-up was 10.5 years. Local recurrence was observed in 11 patients and ranged from 2 to 36 months (mean 15 m), while distant metastasis was observed in 10 patients (40%) affecting lungs, bones, liver, spleen, and skin. Of the 25 patients, 12 have died of disease and six of other causes. Five-year overall (OS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) were 66 and 70%, respectively. OS and DFS at 5 years were 91% for tumours < or =5 cm and 50% for tumours >5 cm. Tumour size was significantly associated with OS (risk ratio=1.3 per 1 cm increase; 95% CI, 1.02-1.7; P=0.036). There was no significant difference in OS or CSS between low- and high-grade lesions. In this series, tumour size was a more valuable prognostic factor than tumour grade.     

61例乳腺叶状肿瘤诊疗分析

目的探讨乳腺叶状肿瘤的临床诊断、病理以及治疗和预后的关系。方法回顾分析1973年4月至2005年2月收治的61例经病理证实为乳腺分叶状肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果61例患者平均年龄43岁,按WHO分类标准,其中36例为良性,19例为交界性,6例为恶性;34例行局部扩大切除术,18例行单纯乳房切除术,3例行单纯切除+植皮术,6例行改良根治术(1例发现淋巴结转移)。随访52例,平均随访92个月(16~378个月),共13例局部复发和转移,死亡4例。结论局部扩大切除或单纯乳房切除术是治疗乳腺分叶状肿瘤的首选治疗方法,但术前检查证实同侧腋窝淋巴结肿大的患者,考虑行改良根治术。复发治疗以手术为主,需足够的手术范围,以根治为目的。     

乳腺叶状肿瘤17例诊治分析

[目的]总结乳腺叶状肿瘤的诊治情况。[方法]回顾分析17例经病理证实乳腺叶状肿瘤的临床资料。[结果]17例中良性11例,交界性3例,恶性3例。行乳腺肿瘤局部切除3例,乳腺肿瘤扩大切除7例,乳房切除术4例,乳房改良根治术3例,3例乳腺肿瘤术后出现复发。[结论]乳腺叶状肿瘤术前诊断较困难,主要依靠组织学检查,其局部复发与是否手术彻底切除密切相关。