枸橼酸托瑞米芬的合成

以4－羟基二苯酮为原料，先经两次缩合制得1，2－二苯基－1－[4-[4-(N,N－二甲氨基）乙氧基]苯基]-1,4-丁二醇，直接经氯化亚砜进行氯代和脱水反应一步制得托瑞米芬，取代了原工艺的乙酰化、脱水、去乙酰化、拆分及氯代等复杂工序，最后成盐即可制得枸橼酸托瑞米芬。总收率24.7%。     

抗疟药氯喹的合成工艺改进

目的 研究氯喹的合成新方法。方法 以4,7-二氯喹啉为原料,与2,2,2-三氟乙醇经芳香亲核取代反应转化成7-氯-4-(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-喹啉,再与侧链2-氨基-5-二乙胺基戊烷经芳香亲核取代反应制得目标化合物。结果与结论在相对温和的条件下实现C-N键偶联制得氯喹,2步反应总收率为80.2%(以4,7-二氯喹啉计),产品纯度99.8%(HPLC归一化法)。改进后的路线具有条件较温和、杂质少、纯度高、操作简便和收率较高等优点。     

依托考昔关键中间体的合成工艺

4-甲磺酰基苯乙酸(3)在叔丁基氯化镁存在下与6-甲基烟酸甲酯(2)反应得依托考昔关键中间体1-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)-2-[4-(甲磺酰基)苯基]乙酮(1),纯度99.5%,收率81%(以3计)。该工艺采用格氏试剂与2交替分批加料的方式,控制杂质1-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)-2-[4-[(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)羰基-甲磺酰基]苯基]乙酮(4)的含量为2.2%。后处理时,用丙酮/水混合溶剂纯化,将4的含量降至0.2%;用氨水代替碳酸钠进行中和,避免废固的产生。改进的工艺适合工业化生产。     

托法替尼中间体的合成工艺改进

以丙二腈为起始原料,与溴代乙醛缩二乙醇(2)发生α-烷基化反应,后经硫脲环合、脱保护、环合、酸化、脱除巯基、Sandmeyer氯代等反应,得到托法替尼中间体,4-氯-7H-吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(1),总收率49%(以2计),纯度99.10%。该工艺有3点创新：(1)将巯基化合物成盐,直接从反应溶剂乙醇中析出,克服了巯基化合物难以纯化的技术难点,以较高收率(85%)制得4,6-二氨基-5-(2,2-二乙氧基乙基)嘧啶-2-硫醇钾盐(4);(2)一锅三步实现盐酸存在下的脱保护、环合、酸化反应,得到4-氨基-7H-吡咯[2,3-d]嘧啶-2-硫醇(5),简化了工序;(3)成功革除了三氯氧磷、2-甲基-3,3-二氯丙烯腈、2-氯乙醛等有毒试剂的使用,工艺更安全,尤其是三氯氧磷的革除大幅减少了三废,绿色环保。优化后的工艺原料经济易得、反应条件温和、操作简便、收率提高,适合工业化生产。     

Doripenem关键中间体的合成工艺研究

目的合成doripenem关键中间体（2S,4S）-1-叔丁氧羰基-2-（N-叔丁氧羰基-N-氨磺酰）氨甲基-4-琉基毗咯烷，为进一步研究开发奠定基础。方法以反式-4-羟基-L-脯氨酸为原料，经氨基保护、制成混酐、甲磺酰化、硼氧化钠还原、构型反转、Mitsunobu反应、脱乙酰基得到目标化合物。结果目标化合物经红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和质谱确证其化学结构，总收率达到43．4％。结论本文探索了简便的doripenem侧链的合成工艺，为该工艺用于中试放大提供了依据。     

一个具有抗癌活性化合物的合成及其反应机理

研究了 １,５二氯４,８二硝基９,１０蒽醌与 Ｎ, Ｎ二甲氨乙基胺反应的两种产物产率比与反应条件的关系及其可能的反应机理,并获得了制备具抑制 Ｐ３８８和 Ｌ１２１０活性化合物 １,８双［（ Ｎ, Ｎ二甲氨乙基）氨基］４氯５氨基９,１０蒽醌的有效方法。     

比阿培南关键中间体的合成工艺改进

目的改进比阿培南的关键中间体6,7-二氢-6-巯基-5H-吡唑[1,2-α][1,2,4]三唑内鎓氯化物合成工艺.方法以水合肼为起始原料经缩合,再经烯丙基化、脱保护、溴化、环合、硫代乙酰化、醇解、氧化、去甲酰化、环合、还原得到目标化合物,对原工艺中10步反应进行了改进.结果目标化合物经核磁共振氢谱、质谱确证其化学结构.结论总收率为12.1%.本方法反应条件温和,操作简单.     

青霉烯关键中间体4AA的合成工艺改进

对青霉烯关键中间体(3R,4R)-3-[(IR)-叔丁基二甲基硅氧乙基]-4-乙酰氧基-2-氮杂环丁酮(4AA)的合成工艺进行研究.对其中两步反应进行了改进,在合成N-p-甲氧基苯基-N-(乙酰)甲基胺时,不使用较大毒性试剂苯,后处理过程中不必使用柱色谱纯化;对特丁基二甲基氯硅烷保护羟基的一步反应进行了工艺改进,节约了溶剂,使后处理简单易行.并大大缩短了反应时间.     

伊曲康唑三唑酮侧链的合成工艺改进

探索化合物4-[4-[4-(羟基苯基)-1-哌嗪基]苯基]-2,4-二氢-2-(1-甲基丙基)-3H-1,2,4-三唑-酮(A)的简便易行的合成方法。在不影响反应收率的前提下,找到了新的试剂代替文献中所用的价格昂贵或者毒性较大的试剂,既节约试剂成本又简化操作程序,制得化合物A。     

维格列汀中间体的合成工艺改进

目的 制备维格列汀的重要中间体(S)-1-(2-氯乙酰基)吡咯烷-2-甲腈,并对其合成工艺进行优化.方法 以L-脯氨酸为原料,先经无溶剂条件下氯乙酰化反应,再经氨基甲酸乙酯和氯化亚砜反应合成得到(S)-1-(2-氯乙酰基)吡咯烷-2-甲腈,并应用星点设计-效应面法优化合成工艺.结果 (S)-1-(2-氯乙酰基)吡咯烷-...     

阿哌沙班中3个杂质的合成研究

目的设计并合成阿哌沙班中的3个杂质。方法以2-氯-2-[2-(4-甲氧基苯基)亚肼基]乙酸乙酯和5,6-二氢-3-(4-吗啉基)-1-[4-(2-氧代-1-哌啶基)苯基]-2(1H)-吡啶酮为起始原料,经过环合和水解反应得到目标化合物1,化合物1分别经过水解和取代反应得到目标化合物2和3。结果合成了目标化合物,并利用MS、~1H-NMR和~(13)C-NMR确证了结构:目标化合物1~3的质量分数分别为99.3%、99.1%、99.2%。结论 3个杂质的合成和纯化为阿哌沙班的杂质研究奠定了物质基础。     

药物中间体头孢烷酸盐酸盐的制备

目的：合成四代头孢盐酸头孢吡肟中间体7-氨基-3-[1-(1-甲基吡咯烷)甲基]-头孢烷酸盐酸盐(A)。方法：以7-ACA为起始原料,经硅烷化保护、碘代、取代、脱保护、成盐,反应制备得到(A)。运用IR、1^H—NMR进行结构鉴定。结果：合成化合物A的总收率为43．3％(以7-ACA计)。结论：本合成工艺条件温和,反应总收率较高,适合工业化生产。     

改进顺-[2-(2,4-二氯苯基)-2-(1H-咪唑基-1-甲基)-1,3-二氧戊环-4-]对甲苯磺酸酯的合成工艺

目的 改进酮康唑的重要中间体顺-[2-(2,4-二氯苯基)-2-(1H-咪唑基-1-甲基)-1,3-二氧戊环-4-]对甲苯磺酸酯的合成工艺.方法 以间二氯苯为原料,经过傅-克酰基化、甘油环合、溴代、苯甲酰化、异构体分离、咪唑烷基化、水解、对甲苯磺酰化等八步反应合成目标产物.结果 合成的目标化合物的熔点和核磁共振氢谱与相关文献一致,总收率为19.1%.结论 改进后的合成工艺条件温和,操作简便,适用于放大制备.     

吡喹酮中间体N-苯乙基氯乙酰胺的合成工艺改进

目的改进吡喹酮中间体N-苯乙基氯乙酰胺的合成工艺,减少二次和多次缩合副产物。方法改进加料方式,将滴加氯乙酰氯改进为滴加β-苯乙胺。结果及结论副产物大幅降低,目标产物含量98.67%,收率94.01%。     

瑞格列奈的合成

邻氟苯甲醛经格氏反应得1-(2-氟苯基)-3-甲基丁醇,经NaOCl氧化制得1-(2-氟苯基)-3-甲基丁酮,再经哌啶胺解、成肟和NaBH_4还原制得3-甲基-1-[2-(1-哌啶基)苯基]丁胺,经N-乙酰-L-谷氨酸拆分、与3-乙氧基-4-乙氧羰基苯乙酸缩合、水解制得抗糖尿病药瑞格列奈,总收率为9.5%。     

Inhibition by phenothiazine derivatives of the adenylate cyclase of amphibian oocytes

The adenylate cyclase activity of membranes of Xenopus laevis oocytes and follicle cells was affected by the presence of 2-chloro-10-(3-aminopropyl)phenothiazine (CAPP) and two other antipsychotic drugs, fluphenazine and penfluridol. CAPP, at concentrations of 10 and 100 microM, had opposite effects on the activation of the oocyte adenylate cyclase by effectors that act through the G/F regulatory subunit. Under these conditions, the drug stimulated the activation by fluoride and drastically inhibited the activation by guanyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p] and by cholera toxin and GTP. The activity of the catalytic subunit measured in the presence of either Mn2+ or forskolin was not affected by 100 microM CAPP. however, concentrations of this drug above 100 microM inhibited the adenylate cyclase activated by fluoride or by forskolin and also inhibited the activity of a calmodulin-independent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase present in the same oocyte membrane preparation. Oocyte adenylate cyclase has been shown previously to be inhibited by the hormone progesterone. The inhibitory effect of CAPP is additive to that measured with the hormone, indicating that these compounds act through different mechanisms. CAPP did not modify the concentration of Gpp(NH)p required to yield half-maximal activation and, although the drug inhibited more strongly at lower concentrations of Gpp(NH)p, saturating amounts of the guanine nucleotide did not reverse completely the inhibition caused by CAPP. The effects of these antipsychotic drugs on oocyte adenylate cyclase did not require the presence of free Ca2+ and were not altered by the addition of exogenous calmodulin and calcium.     

米非司酮母液中杂质的分离和结构鉴定

目的: 研究药物米非司酮中的杂质。方法: 运用硅胶柱层析和半制备高效液相进行分离和纯化,其结构通过NMR和HREIMS等技术进行鉴定。结果: 从母液中分离得到3个化合物,其结构分别鉴定为17β-羟基-17α-(1-丙炔基)-雌甾-5, 9-二烯-3-酮环缩乙二醇(Ⅰ),11-[4-(二甲基氨基)苯基]-17β-羟基-17α-(1-丙炔基)-雌甾-5, 9-二烯-3-酮环缩乙二醇(Ⅱ),11-[4-(二甲基氨基)苯基]-17β-羟基-17α-(1-丙炔基)-雌甾-4, 10, 11-三烯-3-酮(Ⅲ)。结论: 3个杂质均为首次从药物米非司酮中确定,其中Ⅱ为新化合物。     

The immediate and long term effects of clofibrate on the metabolism of the perfused rat liver.

A study was made of the immediate effects of CPIB (chlorophenoxy-isobutyrate) and of the effects of clofibrate (ethyl-CPIB) pretreatment on the metabolism of the perfused liver. Both treatments caused an increased hepatic uptake of lactate and free fatty acids. Pretreatment with clofibrate resulted in a decrease in perfusate glucose, an increase in ketogenesis and a decreased output of very low density lipoprotein triacylglycerol. A more oxidized redox state of both the cytosol and the mitochondria was indicated by decreased ratios of perfusate [lactate]/[pyruvate] and [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] respectively. Increased hepatic O₂ consumption was associated with the increased liver weight of rats treated with the drug for 1 week. The fate of free fatty acids was followed by infusing [1—¹⁴Cloleate. The increased oxidation of oleate to both CO₂ and ketone bodies in livers from animals pretreated with clofibrate was accompanied by a corresponding decreased incorporation of ¹⁴C into very low density lipoprotein triacylglycerol. Lipogenesis was depressed upon addition of CPIB to the perfusate, but was increased after pretreatment with clofibrate. No changes in cholesterol synthesis were detected. A hypothesis to account for the hypolipidaemic and other effects of clofibrate pretreatment is advanced. This is based on a primary enhancement of fatty acid oxidation accompanied by a reciprocal decrease in hepatic triacylglycerol secretion. It is suggested that increased peroxisomal oxidation of fatty acids may be a cause of the decreased redox potential. A consequent activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase would explain both the changes in carbohydrate metabolism and the increase in lipogenesis.