腹腔镜胆囊切除术预防肝外胆管损伤的探讨

目的 :研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术中预防肝外胆管损伤的有效方法。方法 :分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术10 80 0例的临床资料 ,肝外胆管损伤 8例 ,损伤率 0 0 8% ,以肝外胆管横断伤多见共 6例 ,电灼伤和钳闭坏死各 1例。 8例损伤均发生在开展腹腔镜前 5年的 5 0 0 0例中 ,后 5年 5 80 0例LC无发生肝外胆管损伤患者。结果 :8例肝外胆管损伤均行胆肠Roux -en -y吻合术治愈。结论 :良好显露Calot三角 ,靠胆囊钝性分开Calot三角 ,认准胆囊壶腹与胆囊管交汇部并游离出其延伸段是确认胆囊管的可行方法 ,此时 ,多能辨清肝总管、胆总管、胆囊管、胆囊壶腹即“三管一壶腹”的相互解剖关系 ,可避免损伤肝外胆管     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术预防肝外胆管横断性损伤的体会

目的研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）预防肝外胆管横断性损伤的可行办法。方法：①先解剖胆囊壶腹，应用胆囊壶胆与胆囊管交界部的重要解剖标志来确认胆囊管是防止将肝外胆管误认为胆囊管造成横断性损伤的关键性措施；②紧靠胆囊壁钝性分开Calot三角，侧面观察肝总管、胆总管，靠胆囊壁切断胆囊动脉和纤维组织，解剖出Calot三角，是防止处理Calot三角时造成肝总管或低位汇合的左、右肝管横断性损伤的重要方法。结果：缺乏经验或未遵循此原则本组发生横断肝外胆管4例（0.1％）。结论：LC先解剖胆囊壶腹，分出胆羹壶腹与胆囊省交界部来确认胆囊管是无可争议的技术性原则，紧靠胆囊壁钝性分出Calot三角是预防横断肝外胆管的有效方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝外胆管横断性损伤经验教训

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中预防肝外胆管横断性损伤的经验.方法 回顾性分析1500例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中发生肝外胆管横断性损伤的4例患者的临床资料.结果 4倒肝外胆管横断性损伤患者中3例经行胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合,置Y型管支撑引流3个月拔管治愈出院;1例经行肝右管吻合术,T管支撑引流.术后1个月再因肝右管吻合后狭窄出现黄疸入院,行ERCP术放支架引流,术后6个月拔除支架痊愈出院,术后随访效果较好.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中良好显露Calot三角,紧靠胆囊壁钝性分离Calot三角,辨认三管一壶腹的解剖关系,确认胆囊管或术中果断中转开腹可以有效预防肝外胆管横断性损伤.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发胆漏28例分析

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆漏的预防措施。方法　回顾性分析我院 76 0 0例腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发胆漏 2 8例 (0 .36 % )的原因。结果　手术经验不足、误认和靠近肝外胆管锐性分离是损伤肝外胆管和副肝管的主要原因 ;胆囊管和胆囊床处理欠妥是残端漏和渗漏的重要因素。结论　遵循手术规范化原则 ,紧靠胆囊钝性分开Calot三角 ,辨认清“三管一壶腹”的关系 ,正确处理胆囊管和胆囊床是预防胆漏的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术不闭锁缝合胆囊残端的可行性研究

目的:探讨残留部分胆囊壶腹或困难胆囊行腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术不闭锁缝合胆囊残端的可行性。方法:总结2006年1月至2008年3月16例Calot三角解剖困难患者行腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术中残留部分胆囊壶腹或胆囊管的临床资料,术中胆囊残端不闭锁缝合,分析术后胆漏发生率、持续时间、量及住院时间、胆囊管残留综合征(cholecystic duct remain syn-drome,CDRS)发生率、胆道损伤等。结果:术后发生胆漏5例(31.25%);胆漏持续时间2~5d,平均(3.4±1.1)d;24h最大胆漏量10~150ml,平均(58±57.6)ml;住院时间7~12d,平均(8.7±1.4)d,未发生CDRS及胆道损伤。16例患者均治愈出院。随访1~18个月未发现与手术有关的近远期并发症。结论:Calot三角解剖困难时残留部分胆囊壶腹或胆囊管的腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术,术中不闭锁缝合胆囊残端可以避免发生CDRS及误伤肝外胆管等,出现胆漏经过短期持续腹腔引流后可自愈。腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术不闭锁缝合胆囊残端是安全、可行、有效的手术方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除中对肝外胆管变异的认识及处置

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中对肝外胆管变异的认识和处置。方法 :分析2008年6月至2015年2月腹腔镜胆囊切除术中发现的42例肝外胆管变异。术中从胆囊壶腹部解剖胆囊管,明确三管关系,完成胆囊切除。结果:42例病人均顺利完成经腹腔镜胆囊切除术,无胆管损伤,效果良好,无胆管损伤并发症。结论:牢记肝外胆管变异的可能性,仔细正确处置,可有效帮助辨别肝外胆管的变异,避免医源性胆管损伤的发生。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤相关因素分析

肝外胆管损伤是腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）最常见的并发症。解剖熟悉、操作细致,正确处理好Calot三角,是防范的关键;术中时刻遵循＂紧贴胆囊壶腹、胆囊壁进行操作＂的原则,时刻警惕肝外胆管有多种变异。     

贴壶腹钝性分离法在冰冻Calot三角腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的:探讨贴壶腹钝性分离法在冰冻Calot三角腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic choelcystectomy,LC)中的应用价值。方法:回顾分析2006年4月至2012年4月应用贴壶腹钝性分离法为136例冰冻Calot三角患者行LC的临床资料。结果:126例成功完成LC,手术时间40～95 min,平均52.1 min;术后腹腔引流管引流出淡红色或淡黄色渗液,引流量30～120 ml/d,平均62 ml/d;引流管拔除时间1～4 d,平均2 d;术后下床活动、进食时间与普通LC相同,均为术后第1天;术后住院4～7 d,平均5 d;全组未发生肝外胆管损伤及手术死亡,3例(2.20%)术后轻微胆漏经保守处理治愈。2例(1.47%)意外胆囊癌、3例(2.20%)术后胆囊管残留结石患者再次行开腹手术;5例(3.68%)因结石嵌顿剥破胆囊管而中转开腹。结论:LC术中遇Calot三角解剖不清(冰冻Calot三角)时应用贴壶腹钝性分离法可预防胆管损伤、减少中转开腹,扩大了LC的手术适应证,值得有经验的术者推广应用。     

三管一壶腹在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的安全性分析

目的探讨三管一壶腹在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2011年9月至2012年6月期间九寨沟县人民医院外一科行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（术中均遵循三管一壶腹的解剖关系）的362例患者的临床资料。结果 362例患者中,慢性结石性胆囊炎317例,胆囊息肉45例。术中有3例（0.83%）患者中转开腹,2例（0.55%）患者发现副肝管,均未发生胆管损伤,无手术死亡。术后所有患者均随访半年,随访期间均无其他并发症发生,术后恢复均良好。结论胆囊切除术中遵循三管一壶腹的解剖关系,可有效地预防胆管损伤等并发症的发生,其安全、可靠,值得推广应用。     

肝管变异在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中引起胆管损伤的预防

探讨预防肝管变异患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术时出现医源性胆管损伤的方法。回顾性分析1993年4月—2013年12月开展腹腔镜胆囊切除术病例20 000例中出现的肝管变异及胆管损伤的情况;同时回顾性分析1993~2013年诊治的胆管损伤患者295例的具体诊治情况。在20 000例腹腔镜胆囊切除术病例中,发现肝管变异302例,变异率为1.51%。其中,副肝管280例,变异率1.40%;右肝管经胆囊三角汇入胆囊管8例;右肝管直接汇入胆囊壶腹9例;无右肝管主干,右前右后肝管直接汇入肝总管5例。发生轻度胆管损伤53例,无严重胆管损伤病例。在295例胆管损伤病例回顾性研究中,53例为上述开展20 000例腹腔镜胆囊切除术时发生的轻度胆管损伤患者;另外242例为其他医院LC胆管损伤后转入病例。根据Strasberg分类法对胆管损伤情况分型并治疗,本组15例行保守治疗,142例接受手术治疗,75例行纤维十二指肠镜治疗,35例行腹腔镜治疗,27例行腹腔镜联合纤维十二指肠镜治疗,1例发生急性梗阻性胆管炎死亡。副肝管变异在肝管变异中出现的概率最高,是引起胆管损伤的重要解剖因素。在术中解剖游离胆囊壶腹后间隙(胆囊后三角)时,证实没有异常管道后才离断胆囊管和胆囊动脉,这样便能有效的预防副肝管引起的胆管损伤。对于已经引起胆管损伤的患者应根据不同的情况采取对应的处理方式。     

经皮经肝胆道镜治疗医源性胆管损伤后再狭窄

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤后肝外胆管再狭窄的原因和治疗方法。方法对我院1998年1月～2005年1月12例（开腹胆囊切除术5例，腹腔镜胆囊切除术7例）医源性胆管损伤后肝外胆管再狭窄，建立经皮经肝通道，采用胆道镜取石、球囊扩张、支架管置入支撑扩张狭窄段胆管。结果8例用F20 Gruntzig型球囊导管扩张狭窄段胆管，2次即可放入6～8mm塑料支架引流管；4例球囊扩张3次后置入。塑料支架引流管置管6～12个月。12例随访2～3年，平均2．6年，无腹痛、发热、黄疸再次发作，B超、MRCP检查胆管无狭窄及再发结石。结论胆道镜取石、球囊扩张支架管置入治疗医源性胆管损伤后肝外胆管再狭窄创伤小，安全可行，效果良好。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝外胆道解剖异常的防范

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中肝外胆道异常的诊断及处理。方法1999年10月～2008年6月1216例LC中，发现15例（1．2％）胆道解剖异常。3例胆囊管异常粗、短，开口在左右肝管汇合部；1例胆囊颈部结石嵌顿，胆总管较细，向上牵拉胆囊使胆总管走行移位；1例胆囊管与肝总管并行后低位开口，1例胆囊管在胆总管右侧回旋扭曲，开口于右肝管侧壁，2例胆囊壶腹部粘连严重，覆盖于胆总管及肝总管前方；3例在胆床附近见迷走胆管走行；3例在分离胆囊管时发现右后肝管开口于肝总管；1例Mirizzi综合征解剖不清。仔细分离，丝线结扎或上钛夹处理，解剖不清者中转开腹。结果13例顺利完成LC；2例（13．3％）中转开腹，其中1例副右肝管损伤，1例Mirizzi综合征。无腹腔内出血、腹腔感染、肠道损伤及死亡等严重并发症。15例随访3个月～4年，其中〉1年11例，无胆道狭窄及残余结石。结论LC术中精细解剖胆囊三角，确切辨认各管道关系，是预防胆道异常情况下肝外胆道损伤的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前行MRCP对肝外胆道变异诊断的临床意义

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)术前行MRCP检查对肝外胆道变异诊断的临床意义。方法:回顾分析为1 200例LC患者术前行MRCP检查的临床资料。结果:LC术前通过MRCP检查发现肝外胆道变异96例,其中胆囊管冗长且扭曲51例、胆囊管低位汇合23例、胆囊管汇合于右肝管8例、迷走胆管5例、副胆管4例、胆总管囊肿2例、双胆囊2例、肝内胆囊1例。手术证实89例与术前MRCP检查结果一致,存在胆道变异。结论:通过MRCP检查可全面了解胆树图像,LC术前便可发现各种胆道变异及胆道的复杂性,具有一定的导航作用,克服了以往术中经验性、探索性解剖Calot三角的缺点,明显减少了医源性胆道损伤的发生。     

Bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Summary A retrospective review and analysis of patients referred to the Division of Gastroenterology and the Section of Gastrointestinal Surgery with common bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy was undertaken in order to identify injury patterns, management, and outcome. Sixteen patients were identified over a 20-month period. Twelve patients had major common bile duct injuries and four had minor injuries (cystic duct leaks). Seventy-one percent of injuries occurred with surgeons who had done more than 13 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Eighty-three percent of patients who had major ductal injury did not have a cholangiogram prior to the injury. Sixteen percent of patients with major common bile duct injuries had findings of acute cholecystitis and 58% of these major injuries were easy gallbladders. One-third of major injuries were recognized at operation. Two-thirds of immediate repairs failed. All cystic duct leaks were managed nonoperatively.It appears that bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are more common in the community than is reported. Bile duct complications occur with surgeons who are experienced and inexperienced with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Common bile duct injuries, unrecognized at laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the majority of cases, usually occur with easy gallbladders. Operative cholangiography is not utilized in the majority of common bile duct injuries. When immediate repair of common bile duct injuries is undertaken, the majority are unsuccessful. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is invaluable in the diagnosis and management of bile duct complications. Cystic duct leaks may be managed successfully with endoscopic stents.Presented at the annual SAGES meeting, April 10–12, 1992, Washington, D.C.     

Preoperative evaluation of the extrahepatic bile duct structure for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background The incidence of aberrant bile duct injury associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has not yet been adequately examined. This study aimed to clarify the types of normal cystic ducts and the incidence of aberrant extrahepatic bile ducts, and to search for a method of avoiding injuries during LC. Methods Aberrant hepatic ducts were retrospectively categorized into five types according to the pattern of the cystic ducts and the accessory hepatic ducts by preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography or multidetector three-dimensional computed tomography using drip infusion cholangiography. The aberrant bile ducts were classified as type A (merging at the right side of the common bile duct), type B (merging at the anterior side), or type C (merging at the posterior left side). Results The intrahepatic bile ducts and cystic duct were clearly shown for 1,044 of the 1,278 patients who underwent LC. Secondary branches of aberrant cystic ducts were observed in 37 cases (3.5%), and accessory hepatic ducts were observed in 30 cases (2.9%). A comparison of the difficulties encountered with LC for each type based on the merging patterns of cystic ducts showed that type C needed a much longer operation time for LC than the other types. Conclusions A preoperative evaluation of the bile duct tract and the accessory hepatic duct before LC is important. Patients with a cystic duct merging normally into the posterior left side of the common hepatic duct (type C) experienced difficulty when undergoing LC. The authors have safely performed LC with the use of an endoscopic nasobiliary drainage tube in type D cases (cystic duct merging with the right hepatic duct), in type IV cases (cystic duct merging with an accessory hepatic duct).     

Treatment of biliary injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: retrospective study of 27 patients

Biliary injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are rare but serious. Their mortality rate can reach 9%. AIM OF THE STUDY: Describe the management of biliary injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in our center. PATIENTS: Between January 1995 and June 2005, 27 patients (13 women, 14 men) were treated. The mean age was 53 years old (range, 18-92 years). The biliary injuries were common bile duct sections (n=16, 60%), common bile duct stenoses (n=5, 18.5%), biliary fistulas from the cystic duct (n=4, 15%), and biliary fistulas from an aberrant biliary duct (n=2, 7.5%). RESULTS: Acute cholecystis was present in 40% of cases (n=11). An intraoperative cholangiography was done in 12 patients (44%). The mortality rate was 0%. Of the common bile duct sections, 43% were diagnosed during the cholecystectomy (n=7) or after the cholecystectomy within a mean of 11.2 days (n=9). Common bile duct injuries were treated in 16 cases with hepatojejunostomy and in five cases with an external biliary drain. Fistulas from the cystic duct were diagnosed within a mean 14.8 days. A fistula from an aberrant biliary duct was diagnosed during the cholecystectomy (n=1) or in the second postoperative day (n=1). Fistulas were treated with a clip on the cystic duct (n=2), an external biliary drain (n=1), a biliary endoprosthesis (n=1), and the biliary aberrant duct suture (n=2). CONCLUSION: Common bile duct injuries are a serious complication because their treatment is a hepaticojejunostomy in 75% of cases.     

医源性胆道损伤的诊治：附52例报告

目的:总结医源性胆道损伤的经验教训。 方法:对52例医源性胆道损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果:胆道手术所致48例(92.3%)，胃大部切除术及肝脏手术所致各2例（共7.7%）。损伤部位在肝总管与胆总管交界处34例(65.4%)，肝总管6例(11.5%)，胆总管6例(11.5%)，左右肝管汇合部4例(7.7%)，左、右肝管各1例(共3.8%)。胆管完全性损伤30例(57.7%)，部分性损伤22例(42.3%)。所有病例均行手术处理。术中立即发现8例，采用直接修补或对端吻合、T管支撑引流术5例，直接置合适T管引流1例，肝总管与空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例，效果均满意；另1例行胆总管十二指肠吻合术，3年后因吻合口狭窄再次行肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治愈。术后发现的44例，行肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术31例，肝总管与十二指肠吻合8例，胆总管置管引流2例，胆总管缺损用空肠瓣修补术1例，肝内胆管与空肠Longmire吻合术1例，拆除胆总管前后壁之间缝线1例。全组死亡4例，生存48例中41例获随访，疗效优良率为82.9%，疗效差的7例分别于术后2个月至5年再次作胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治愈。结论:要警惕医源性胆道损伤的发生，及早诊断、及早修复胆道的连续性是提高疗效的关键。手术方式根据损伤部位、类型、损伤后发现的时间具体决定，以胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的疗效最佳。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管胆道造影的临床意义

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中行经胆囊管胆道造影对隐匿性胆总管结石及医源性胆管损伤诊断的临床意义.方法 回顾性分析341例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者的临床资料,其中137例术中行经胆囊管胆道造影,207例未行造影.结果 137例行术中胆道造影者,术中发现胆总管结石11例（8.03％）,胆管损伤1例（0.72％）;术后随访3～6个月发现胆总管残余结石4例（2.92％）,未发现胆管损伤.204例未行术中胆道造影者,术中发现胆总管结石5例（2.45％）,术中未发现胆管损伤;术后随访3～6个月发现胆总管残余结石18例（8.82％）,胆管损伤2例（0.98％）.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管胆道造影操作安全、快速、无创,可提高胆总管结石诊断的敏感度,及时发现胆管损伤,降低胆总管残余结石发生率,避免不必要的胆道探查.     

熟悉胆囊管解剖特点预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的临床价值

目的:探讨胆囊管的解剖特点在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中预防胆道损伤的应用价值。方法:回顾分析2005年1月至2011年12月施行2 140例LC的临床资料。结果:2 140例均成功完成LC,无一例肝外胆管损伤。2 072例有典型胆囊管解剖学特点,短胆囊管43例,胆囊管汇入胆总管过低10例,胆囊管开口于胆总管后壁9例,胆囊管与胆总管共同一侧壁并行6例。术后8例发生并发症,其中发生胆漏再次手术4例,穿刺孔出血1例,切口感染1例,胆总管残留结石2例,术后经ERCP取出结石。结论:熟悉胆囊管解剖特点是预防LC肝外胆管损伤的重要措施之一。LC术中在重视胆囊三角区仔细解剖的基础上,离断胆囊管前,不论胆囊管有无变异,均应根据胆囊管的解剖特点,明确无误后离断,以防止发生肝外主要胆管损伤。