高效液相色谱法同时测定安坤胶囊中栀子苷、芍药苷、特女贞苷、蟛蜞菊内酯和丹皮酚的含量

目的建立HPLC法同时测定安坤胶囊中栀子苷、芍药苷、特女贞苷、蟛蜞菊内酯和丹皮酚含量。方法采用Agilent TC-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长230 nm(0～30 min)、351 nm(30～40 min)、274 nm(40～50 min);流速1.0mL·min~(-1);柱温30℃,进样量:10μL。结果栀子苷、芍药苷、特女贞苷、蟛蜞菊内酯和丹皮酚分别在81.83～4091.69 ng(r=0.9999)、79.71～3985.61 ng(r=0.9999)、15.58～778.91 ng(r=0.9999)、1.35～67.40 ng(r=0.9992)、16.54～827.20 ng(r=0.9998)与峰面积线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为98.5%、97.2%、97.9%、102.9%、97.6%,RSD值分别为0.80%、1.0%、1.6%、2.6%、1.9%。结论该方法简便、快速、重复性好,可用于安坤胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定清胃黄连丸中5种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定清胃黄连丸中栀子苷、芍药苷、盐酸小檗碱、黄芩苷和丹皮酚含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Diamonsil C18,流动相为乙腈-0.3%磷酸(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长为238 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μl。结果:栀子苷、芍药苷、盐酸小檗碱、黄芩苷、丹皮酚检测质量浓度线性范围分别为15.36~153.6、6.56~65.6、22.74~227.4、26.06~260.6、5.57~55.7μg/ml(r≥0.999 8);精密度、准确度、重复性试验的RSD≤1.0%;加样回收率分别为96.28%~99.38%(RSD=1.1%)、97.13%~99.48%(RSD=1.2%)、98.14%~100.25(RSD=0.7%)、97.38%~100.05%(RSD=1.0%)、96.30%~99.12%(RSD=1.2%),n均为6。结论:该方法操作简便、重复性好,适用于清胃黄连丸中栀子苷、芍药苷、盐酸小檗碱、黄芩苷和丹皮酚的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定桂枝茯苓胶囊中丹皮酚、芍药苷和苦杏仁苷的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定桂枝茯苓胶囊中丹皮酚、芍药苷和苦杏仁苷的含量。方法：采用HPLC法测定桂枝茯苓胶囊中丹皮酚、芍药苷和苦杏仁苷的含量。采用C18柱,流动相为甲醇∶水（55∶45）洗脱,流速为1.0ml·min-1,检测波长为274nm,柱温为30℃,进样体积为10μL。结果：线性范围分别为0.198～3.166μg（r=0.9998）、0.195～3.128μg（r=0.9996）、0.197～30158（r=0.9997）。平均加样回收率分别为99.81%（RSD=2.48%）、99.69%（RSD=1.47%）、99.79%（RSD=2.12%）。结论：本研究建立的方法简便,结果稳定可靠,可用于桂枝茯苓胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定杞菊地黄丸中莫诺苷、马钱苷和丹皮酚的含量

目的:建立一种快速、准确和实用的HPLC方法,用于同时测定杞菊地黄丸中莫诺苷、马钱苷和丹皮酚的含量。方法:采用Phenomenex Gemini C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.3%磷酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速1.0 m L·min-1,柱温40℃,检测波长为240 nm(莫诺苷、马钱苷)和274 nm(丹皮酚)。结果:莫诺苷、马钱苷、丹皮酚质量浓度分别在2.242~44.84μg·m L-1(r=0.999 9)、2.130~42.60μg·m L-1(r=1.000)、5.068~101.4μg·m L-1(r=1.000)范围内,与峰面积线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为96.2%(RSD=0.44%)、96.0%(RSD=0.21%)、103.0%(RSD=0.65%)。结论:本方法可作为杞菊地黄丸中莫诺苷、马钱苷和丹皮酚含量同时测定的方法,适用于杞菊地黄丸的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定女金糖浆中橙皮苷、黄芩苷和丹皮酚

目的建立女金糖浆中橙皮苷、黄芩苷和丹皮酚的HPLC分析方法。方法采用资生堂Spolar-C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为[甲醇-乙腈-0.1%磷酸(12:13:75)]-乙腈,进行梯度洗脱;柱温40℃;体积流量1.0mL/min;检测波长283nm;进样量10μL。结果橙皮苷、黄芩苷和丹皮酚分别在0.07395～2.21849、0.50820～10.16400、0.15871～2.38060μg线性关系良好,回收率分别为97.0%、98.9%、99.0%,RSD值分别为0.33%、0.41%、0.14%(n=6)。结论该方法方便、快速、灵敏度高,可以为女金糖浆的质量控制提供依据。     

超高效液相色谱法同时测定丹蛭降糖胶囊中丹皮酚和芍药苷含量

目的:建立一种超高效液相色谱法同时测定丹蛭降糖胶囊中丹皮酚、芍药苷的含量。方法:色谱柱为Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)柱,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.25 mL.min-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长为230 nm。结果:丹皮酚和芍药苷的线性范围分别为0.653～1.959μg(r=0.999 7)和0.108～0.324μg(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率分别为99.46%,RSD=0.46%(n=6)和99.19%,RSD=0.49%(n=6)。结论:新建方法简便、快速、准确、易行,可用于控制制剂质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定抗纤丸中芍药苷、阿魏酸和黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立同时测定抗纤丸中芍药苷、阿魏酸、黄芩苷3种有效成分的含量方法.方法:Diamonsil C18色谱柱,流动相甲醇-1%磷酸,梯度洗脱;二极管阵列检测器(DAD);检测波长分别为芍药苷230nm,阿魏酸316 nm,黄芩苷280nm,柱温35℃.结果:在3个波长下同时测定3种化合物的含量:芍药苷、阿魏酸、黄芩苷的线性范围分别为0.20～0,60 μg,0.025～0.075μg,1.25～3.75 μg;平均加样回收率分别为100.87%,100.31%,101.05%;RSD分剐为1.03 0A,0.71%,1.88%.结论:该方法灵敏准确、重复性好,可用于本制剂的质量控制.     

HPLC双波长法同时测定消石利胆胶囊中芍药苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷和大黄酚的含量

目的:建立HPLC双波长法同时测定消石利胆胶囊中芍药苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷和大黄酚的含量。方法:采用Inertsil ODS-3 C₁₈色谱柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,以乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为230 nm（芍药苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷）和280 nm（大黄酚）,柱温:40℃。结果:芍药苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷和大黄酚分别在进样量为0.003⁰.592μg（r=0.999 9）,0.063¹.264μg（r=1.000 0）,0.205⁴.094μg（r=1.000 0）,0.008⁰.164μg（r=1.000 0）时与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为99.49%（RSD=0.85%）,99.74%（RSD=0.71%）,99.75%（RSD=0.47%）,99.08%（RSD=1.28%）。结论:本法简便、准确,可用于消石利胆胶囊中芍药苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷和大黄酚的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定溃结康微丸中芍药苷和黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立溃结康微丸中芍药苷和黄芩苷的 HPLC 含量测定方法。方法:采用 Kromasil C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5.0μm),0.2%磷酸溶液(A)和乙腈(B)为流动相梯度洗脱,流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长:230 nm,柱温为25℃。结果:芍药苷在1.749～17.49μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9996)、黄芩苷在13.33～133.3μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率(n=6)分别为98.2%和97.4%,RSD 分别为1.5%和1.9%。结论:本法简便、快速、准确,可用于溃结康微丸中芍药苷和黄芩苷的同时测定。     

双波长反相高效液相色谱法测定柴辛鼻敏康颗粒中芍药苷和阿魏酸含量

目的建立同时测定柴辛鼻敏康颗粒中芍药苷和阿魏酸含量的方法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Shiseido ODS柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(20∶80),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为芍药苷230 nm、阿魏酸320 nm,柱温30℃。结果芍药苷和阿魏酸进样量分别在0.512～15.36μg(r=0.999 8)和0.065～1.95μg(r=0.999 9)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率分别为99.87%和100.32%,RSD分别为0.97%和1.17%(n=6)。结论该方法简单、准确度高、专属性强,可有效控制柴辛鼻敏康颗粒的质量。     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.