浅谈护理专业解剖学教学

从对护理系实习学生和临床的护理人员进行的调查中发现,护生在某些护理操作中确定、选择部位不准确或不能迅速、准确地完成护理操作。这在很大程度上与解剖学知识匮乏有关。而且从实习的学生反馈的信息中我们也发现,很多内容相对护理专业“偏多、偏深、不实用”。如何培养学生的学习兴趣和实际动手能力,突出护理专业特色,培养卫生保健需求的实用型高级护理人才是我们作为医学教育工作者面临的重要课题[1]。1护理专业解剖学教学内容改革和教学模式创新护理专业的培养目标是有从事护理工作所必需的理论和操作技术、综合素质良好的应用型高等护理人才。随着护理专业的发展,护理专业面临着新的挑战,对临床护理人才的素质要求越来越高,不仅要有扎实的基础知识和临床知识,能够在医院熟练运用护理程序进行系统化的整体护理,在社区能够进行预防、护理保健和康复的综合性服务。解剖学作为基础课应首先树立为临床护理课服务的整体教学观念。护理专业的解剖学教学一直以来是照搬临床医学专业,教材难度大,内容多。这种教学模式难以达到培养现代护理人才的要求,也不利于护理人员的发展和参与高层次的竞争。所以在教学中,我们注重将解剖学知识与临床护理操作技术有机结合起来,压缩一些对护士并不重要...     

护理专业解剖学教学模式改革的探讨

在护理专业教学中 ,基础课作为桥梁课是必不可少的 ,护理工作的成败往往与其掌握的基础医学知识 ,尤其是解剖学知识的熟练程度有直接关系。从护理系实习学生和临床的护理人员的调查发现 ,很多护理人员在操作中盲目从事 ,只知其然不知所以然 ,甚至出现失误 ,给患者造成不应有的痛苦乃至贻误治疗的时间。这一方面和护理人员业务不精有关 ,另一方面也和解剖学知识匮乏有直接关系。这就反映解剖学教学中未能使学生对解剖学知识全面掌握和融会贯通 ,这和解剖学教学模式陈旧不能适应实用性护理专业人才有很大的关系 ,所以护理专业解剖学教学模式的…     

浅谈护理应用解剖学在护理教育中的作用

随着社会对护理人才要求的提高,传统的系统解剖学教学模式,在深度和广度上都难以达到培养现代护理人才的要求,不同程度地影响了护生综合素质的培养。因此,全面提高解剖学教师的业务素质,探讨在教学中将护理应用解剖学教学与护理临床应用技能的有机结合,已成为众多从事护理专业解剖学教育工作者研究的课题。1护理应用解剖学在现代护理发展中的作用新学制下的护理教育,教学内容已有了较大的改变,以逐步适应生物—心理—社会医学模式的转变及人们对整体护理的需求。临床实际工作中,要求护理人员不仅要掌握一般的护理操作技术,还应掌握适应这一…     

护理应用解剖课程设置的思考

我国的护理专业,一直沿用系统解剖学这单一的教学模式进行人体解剖教学,这在不同程度上未能充分反映护理专业的特点,因此也影响了解剖学的教学效果。为培养实践能力较强的“实用型”人才,开设以应用为目的的护理解剖学课程,是护理专业解剖学改革的必然趋势。１传统的护理教学现状传统的护理教育基本上是建立在以疾病为中心,以技术操作为分工设置课程和教学内容,培养出来的护士知识结构与能力结构上与现代临床护理要求有较大距离。要培养具有整体护理所必需的专业护理知识,具有较强的实践技能和良好的职业素质,不能只顾学科的整体性…     

护理专业人体解剖实验教学的改革与探索

随着护理医学教学模式的转变,对护理人才的知识结构、临床分析问题及解决问题的能力等综合素质提出了更高的要求.护理专业解剖学教学必须紧紧围绕护理专业的培养自标,革新教材内容,完善教学手段和方法.本文从革新解剖实验指导、突出临床应用特色、注重培养学生临床思维和操作能力等6个方面探讨如何提高护理解剖实验教学质量,以满足培养跨世纪高素质护理人才的需要.     

护理专业解剖学教学体会

在护理专业的解剖学教学中应体现护理专业的特点，精选教学内容，改变教学模式，改善教学方法，从而提高教学水平，使解剖学与护理学相结合、基础课与临床课相结合，使解剖学教学适应护理学的发展方向，满足护理专业的要求，为培养具有坚实的理论基础知识、良好的专业素质和熟练的护理专业技术的护理人才打下良好的基础。     

如何帮助护生顺利完成实习第一步

护生临床实习是护校教学中护生理论联系实际的重要阶段，临床带教老师是护生接触专业实践的启蒙，带教老师担负起传授知识，培养学生能力和培养学生职业素质的双重任务，坚持以培养实用型人才为目标，将整体护理工作方法应用于临床带教中，使护生在临床实习结束后走上护理岗位，适应临床护理工作需要，如何帮助护生实习走好第一步是很重要的，俗话说：万事开头难，好的开始就是成功的一半，具体方法如下。     

护理专业毕业实习的目标与管理

护理教育是以培养实用性人才为主的专业,培养素质高、作风硬、技术全面的合格护理人才是学院教学的目标[1,2].要实现这一目标除一系列的理论教学外,实践教学有极其重要的作用.它是培养学生良好的职业素质、巩固基础理论知识、熟练各项技能操作的重要教学环节.新成立的青岛大学医学院护理学院非常重视毕业实习这一实践教学环节,注意培养学生的实际动手操作能力.在临床实习的组织与管理上,实行了规范化的目标管理体系.青岛大学医学院附属医院教学条件完善,管理严格.毕业生经过30～40周的实习,到社会后普遍受到用人单位的好评.现将我们的一些具体做法报告如下.     

围绕护理专业特色 加强人体解剖学标本教学

目的围绕护理专业特色,强化应用解剖学知识教学,提高学生动手能力,培养实用型护理人才。方法探索人体解剖学实践教学模式。在我院2007级、2008级、2009级国际护理班学生中,有针对性地结合人体解剖学标本进行护理技能教学。结果提高了学生护理操作技能和动手能力。结论加强人体解剖学实践教学,能使学生熟练掌握各器官的位置、形态结构、毗邻关系等。     

情景模拟教学法在外科护理教学中的应用效果观察

<正>临床护理实习阶段是护理专业学生进行医学教育的最后阶段。护理临床实习是护理教育的一个重要组成部分,成为合格的护理人才在很大程度上取决于临床实习阶段的学习。随着时代的发展,学生的认知和思维方式发生改变,这也给护理教学模式提出了更高的要求,护理教学更应通过规范化、系统化的专业培训,促进护生将所学的知识与技能朝着某一专业方向逐渐深入的教育和实践的过程。临床护理教学是医学教育阶段的重要组成部分,是护生转变为护士的必备前提和基础。临床护理教学不仅强调临床实践能力的掌握程度,还要强调护生综合素质的培养。     

益智健脑颗粒联合针灸对阿尔茨海默病大鼠学习记忆的影响

目的观察益智健脑颗粒联合针灸对阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimers disease,AD）大鼠学习记忆的影响。方法将大鼠随机分为假手术组（A组）、模型组（B组）、针灸组（C组）、益智＋针灸组（D组）各10只,B、C、D 3组分别以海马CA1区注射β淀粉样蛋白25-35（Aβ25-35）造模,A组注射等量的双蒸水,各组分别治疗20 d后行Morris水迷宫试验,观察大鼠学习记忆能力变化。结果B组较A组的平均潜伏期明显延长,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;与B组比较,C组、D组的平均潜伏期明显缩短,过台次数增多,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;与C组比较,D组的潜伏期缩短,过台次数增多,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论益智健脑颗粒联合针灸能够提高Aβ25-35介导的AD模型大鼠的学习记忆能力。     

Liuwei Dihuang,a traditional Chinese herbal formula,suppresses chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in obese rats

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and adipokine-ameliorating effects of Liuwei Dihuang （LWDH）, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, in obese rats. METHODS： After 2 weeks of acclimation with free access to regular rodent chow and water, obese-prone-caesarean-derived （OP-CD） rats were fed a modified AIN-93G diet containing 60% energy from fat. Treatment was performed twice daily by gavage feeding with 500, 1 500, or 3 500 mg/kg body weight LWDH suspended in water （n=12 rats per group）. Twelve obese-resistant-CD （OR-CD） rats were fed the atherogenic diet and gavaged with water, and served as the normal control. Blood biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and adiponectin were measured post-sacrifice and used to determine the treatment effect of LWDH and assess the suitability of OR/OP-CD rats for studying these parameters. RESULTS： After 9 weeks of treatment, LWDH lowered serum C-reactive protein （CRP） and tumour necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） levels. Serum interleukin-6 （IL-6） levels showed a tendency towards reduction, but were not significantly different from the OP-CD control. Liver superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity was increased in response to all three doses of LWDH, while the levels of reduced （GSH） and oxidized glutathione （GSSG） and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances （TBARS） were unchanged. Serum adiponectin levels were increased in response to oral administration of LWDH at the dose of either 500 or 1 500 mg/kg body weight. In addition, comparisons between OR-CD and OP-CD rats revealed differential, and for some biomarkers, conflicting characteristics of high-fat diet-fed OP-CD rats in reference to obese human subjects in terms of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and circulating adiponectin levels. CONCLUSION： The results show, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress and adiponectin-ameliorating effects of LWDH in obese rats. The suitability of the OP-JOP-CD rat model as     

程丑夫教授论治情志病验案举隅

程丑夫是国家级名老中医,湖南中医药大学第一附属医院主任医师、教授、博士生导师,享受政府特殊津贴专家,出身于中医世家,从医40余年,经验丰富,对于内科系统及疑难杂症的治疗颇有心得,笔者有幸跟师学习,聆听教诲,受益匪浅,现将程师论治情志病的经典验案略陈一二。1思虑伤脾案患者肖某,女,27岁。初诊：2014年5月20日。半年前因婚变后出现忧心忡忡,多思多虑,近1月来反复腹部胀满,刻诊：腹胀,食后为甚,呃逆,无反酸,通气后可减轻,无腹痛,不欲食,夜寐不安,二便调。舌红苔厚白腻,脉弦,BP：110／70mmHg。     

补肾活血方对PCOS大鼠模型卵巢中PAI-1mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨补肾活血方对大鼠PCOS模型卵巢局部纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子-1（PAI—1mRNA）表达的影响。方法选用未成年24d龄SD雌性大鼠60只,随机分为模型组、克罗米酚组、补肾活血方高剂量组、补肾活血方低剂量组、正常对照组5组。用Bogovich法建立大鼠多囊卵巢病理模型。以克罗米酚为对照。用原位杂交法观察补肾活血方对多囊卵巢大鼠局部PAI—1mRNA的影响。结果模型组卵巢局部PAI—1mRNA存在卵泡膜间质细胞显著增高,用补肾活血方高、低剂量与克罗米酚药后,卵巢局部PAI-1mRNA的表达明显降低．差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。补肾活血方高剂量组与克罗米酚组比较,差异具有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）;低荆量组与克罗米酚组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,补肾活血方高、低剂量组比较,低剂量组卵泡膜间质细胞上PAI-1的基因表达增高更明显,但二者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论PAI-1mRNA可能与多囊卵巢综合征的发病机制有关。以补肾活血立法的补肾活血方能降低多囊卵巢大鼠局部PAI—1mRNA的显著增高表达．降低PAI—1mRNA卵巢局部的作用。提示补肾活血方可能通过PAI—1mRNA途径促进卵巢排卵的机制。     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌应用的瓶颈——获得性耐药

以表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI）分子靶向治疗研究为肇始,转化性研究使基础实验和临床实践间的鸿沟迅速填平,改变着人们认识治疗肺癌的视角。无可否认,EGFR-TKI上市后极大地延伸了肿瘤学家治疗肺癌的手段,但不管从临床经验、临床研究数据、分子生物学层面还是文献计量学的角度,     

UniPron is A Fully Effective Non-hormonal Reversible Contraceptive in Baboon Model （Papio Anubis）

Objective To determine the safety and efficacy of UniPron as a reversible contraceptive.
Methods Vaginal swabs were obtained before and after UniPron administration, cultured onto appropriate culture media and bacteria identification was done based on type of media used, Gram stain reactions, colony morphology and biochemical tests. Vaginal biopsy tissues were processed using paraffin wax method, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under light microscopy to determine the effect of the product on vaginal tissues. The effect of UniPron on sperm was examined by mixing the product with electroejaculated spermatozoa in vitro at different concentrations. For efficacy studies, male baboons of proven fertility were mated with UniPron treated or untreated females of proven fertility during the fertile stages.
Results All the five females （100%） that were treated with UniPron did not conceive and they regained total fertility when the treatment was stopped while all the controls conceived. At a concentration of 40%, UniPron completely immobilized spermatozoa in an in-vitro system. UniPron mechanism of action was by lowering the vaginal pH and on application in baboon, the pH was lowered for at least 3 h after which it went back to normal.
Conclusions As we plan for a study to test UniPron as a microbicide to prevent STIs including HIV, our current study has established that this novel product is effective in contraception and harmless to vaginal tissues and vaginal microbial flora in a baboon model （Papio anubis）.     

中医疗法治疗运动性疲劳的研究进展

随着竞技体育的发展，运动员经常承受着大负荷、超强度的体力训练，因此极易产生运动性疲劳。疲劳的出现使肌内压增高，局部缺血，造成氧化代谢、H^＋排出率与pH值降低，血乳酸增高，从而影响肌纤维神经传导速度和肌内收缩力量，减弱了肌肉保护能力。致使较多的冲击力传到骨骼上，故易导致疲劳骨折的发生,严重影响了运动员的训练和比赛成绩，对运动员身心产生不必要的伤害。运动性疲劳消除手段的研究一直是竞技体育工作和运动医学关注和研究的焦点。     

Effects of tacrolimus and cyclosporine treatment on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors after renal transplantation: a meta-analysis

Background The therapeutic success of renal transplantation has been largely attributable to the development of effective and balanced immunosuppressive treatment regimens.This study provides a meta-analysis of a series of randomized controlled trials that compared the effects of tacrolimus and cyclosporine on metabolic syndrome （MetS） and cardiovascular risk factors after renal transplantation.Methods We searched various electronic databases and bibliographies,including MEDLINE,the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,and EMBASE,for relevant studies published prior to October 2012.Results Our meta-analysis included five randomized controlled trials that examined a total of 923 patients.The tacrolimus group and the cyclosporine group exhibited no significant differences in MetS incidence after renal transplantation; risk ratio （RR）：1.06,95％ confidence interval （C/）：0.73-1.55,P=0.76.Cyclosporine treatment was associated with a higher incidence of hyperlipidemia （RR：0.50,95％ CI：0.39-0.64,P ＜0.01）.Although there were no statistically significant differences,cyclosporine treatment was associated with a higher incidence of hypertension （RR：0.91,95％ CI：0.83-1.00,P=0.06） after renal transplantation compared to tacrolimus treatment,and tacrolimus treatment was associated with a higher incidence of diabetes after renal transplantation （RR：1.79,95％ CI：0.98-3.27,P=0.06） compared to cyclosporine treatment.Conclusions Compared to tacrolimus treatment,cyclosporine treatment was associated with a higher incidence of hyperlipidemia.Future large-scale studies are expected to be conducted to further confirm our findings.     

Mechanical tests on the reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament fixed with allogenetic cortical bone cross-pin on the femoral side

Background Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction （ACLR） has developed dramatically in the last century.Now,ACLR has become a reliable and productive procedure.Patients feel satisfied in 〉90% cases.The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of allogenetic cortical bone cross-pin （ACBCP） used as a clinical fixation method in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on the femoral side based on biomechanical tests in vitro.Methods The specimens were provided by the bone banks of the First Affiliated Hospital of People＇s Liberation Army of General Hospital from September 2011 to June 2012.Fresh deep frozen human allogenetic cortical bone was machined into cross-pins which is 4.0 mm in diameter and 75.0 mm in length.Biomechanical parameters compared with Rigidfix were collected while cross-pins were tested in double-shear test.The load-to-failure test and cycling test were carried out in a goat model to reconstruct anterior cruciate ligament with Achilles tendon autograft on the femoral side fixed by human 4.0 mm ACBCP and 3.3 mm Rigidfix served as control.Maximum failure load,yield load,and stiffness of fixation in single load-to-failure test were compared between the two groups.Cycle-specific stiffness and displacement at cycles 1,30,200,400,and 1 000 were also compared in between.Results In double-shear test both maximum failed load and yield load of 4.0 mm humanACBCP were （1 236.998±201.940） N.Maximum failed load and yield load of Rigidfix were （807.929±110.511） N and （592.483±58.821） N.The differences of maximum failed load and yield load were significant between ACBCP and Rigidfix,P 〈0.05.The shear strength of ACBCP and Rigidfix were （49.243±8.039） MPa and （34.637±3.439） MPa,respectively,P 〈0.05.In the load-to-failure test ex vivo,yield load and maximum failed load of ACBCP fixation complexity （（867.104±132.856）N,（1 032.243±196.281） N） were higher than those of Rigidfix （（640.935±42.836） N,（800.568±64.890） N,P 〈0.05）.However,s     

WHO西太区与“世界中医药学会联合会”中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：精、神、气、血、津、液部分

精、神、气、血、津、液是中医理论中6个非常重要的概念，有关术语在《WHO西太区传统医学国际标准名词术语》中一共收录了59条，“世界中医药学会联合会”（以下简称世中联）《中医基本名词术语中英对照国际标准》中收录了58条。血、津、液的内涵较为具体，有一定的物质基础，理解并不困难。翻译上虽有差异，但亦不难统一。精、神、