Intraosseous osteolytic lesions. Diagnostic, differential diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)

Any pathological damage occurring in a bone will produce either an osteolytic or osteosclerotic lesion which can be seen in the macroscopic specimen as well as in the roentgenogram. Various bone lesions may lead to local destructions of the bone. An osteoma or osteoplastic osteosarcoma produces an osteosclerotic lesion showing a dense mass in the roentgenogram; a chondroblastoma or an osteoclastoma, on the other had, induces an osteolytic focal lesion. This paper presents examples of different osteolytic lesions of the humerus. An osteolytic lesion seen in the roentgenogram may be either produced by an underlying non-ossifying fibroma of the bone, by fibrous dysplasia, osteomyelitis or Ewing's sarcoma. Differential diagnostic considerations based on the radiological picture include eosinophilic bone granuloma, juvenile or aneurysmal bone cyst, multiple myeloma or bone metastases. Serious differential diagnostic problems may be involved in case of osteolytic lesions occurring in the humerus. Cases of this type involving complications have been reported and include the presence of an teleangiectatic osteosarcoma as well as that of a hemangiosarcoma of the bone.     

Fibrous histiocytoma (fibroxanthoma) of a cervical vertebra

A patient with a benign appearing intraosseous fibrous lesion of the cervical vertebra is presented. The lesion had the histologic features of non-ossifying fibroma (metaphyseal fibrous defect). Because of its atypical location and unusual radiologic appearance, the lesion was diagnosed as a fibrous histiocytoma, a tumor whose histology is similar to non-ossifying fibroma. The literature was reviewed for similar cases located outside the metaphysis of the long bones. Support is given for designating such lesions as fibrous histiocytomas rather than non-ossifying fibromas.     

骨纤维源性肿瘤的影像学定性诊断

目的:探讨骨的非骨化性纤维瘤、硬纤维瘤和纤维肉瘤的影像鉴别诊断。方法:分析43例骨的非骨化性纤维瘤、硬纤维瘤、纤维肉瘤患者的影像表现。结果:X线和CT检查显示,14例非骨化性纤维瘤,可见骨囊状膨胀破坏,8例可见纤细骨嵴;12例硬纤维瘤,4例囊状膨胀破坏,8例溶骨破坏,2例可见纤细骨嵴,6例可见粗大骨嵴;16例纤维肉瘤,5例囊状破坏,边缘不规则,11例溶骨破坏。MRI检查显示,9例非骨化性纤维瘤,9例硬纤维瘤,11例纤维肉瘤,T1WI均呈等信号和低信号,T2WI均呈较高信号和低混杂信号;T1WI和T2WI低信号的非骨化性纤维瘤和纤维肉瘤呈局灶状,硬纤维瘤呈大片状。3例纤维肉瘤T2WI可见高信号。结论:影像学能反映骨的非骨化性纤维瘤、硬纤维瘤和纤维肉瘤的特征,对其鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

Chondromyxoid fibroma of the scapula associated with aneurysmal bone cyst

A rare case of chondromyxoid fibroma of the scapula in a 21-year-old man is presented. This case is of interest because of its unusual site and association of aneurysmal bone cyst. Although chondromyxoid fibroma is uncommon bone tumor of the scapula, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of expansile osteolytic lesion of the scapula.     

非骨化性纤维瘤的临床及影像学分析

目的 探讨非骨化性纤维瘤(NOF)的临床及影像学特征，以提高诊断水平。资料与方法 分析经病理证实的NOF14例，所有病例均作X线平片检查，3例同时作CT检查。结果 临床症状轻，好发于长管状骨的干骺区或骨干；股骨5例，胫骨8例，胫腓骨同时发生1例。皮质型12例，表现为皮质内或紧贴皮质下的单房或多房透亮区，病变向骨内发展突人髓腔，周围有致密的硬化带环绕，以髓腔侧明显；髓质型2例，病灶在骨内呈中央性发展，显示为单房或多房透亮区，边缘有硬化。骨皮质变薄，轻微向周围膨隆。9例准确诊断，诊断准确率64．29％，3例未定性，误诊2例。结论 NOF术前大部分能够正确诊断；典型病例X线平片即可明确诊断；不典型者需进一步CT检查，更好地显示病变内部结构及向髓腔发展的情况。     

愈合期非骨化性纤维瘤的影像学表现

目的探讨愈合期非骨化性纤维瘤影像学诊断及其临床意义。方法对10例经随访观察和手术病理(2例)确认的愈合期或愈合型非骨化性纤维瘤的影像学表现进行分析。所有病例经X线摄影,4例经CT检查,1例行MRI。结果10例均发生在下肢长骨,胫骨8例,股骨2例。5例表现为均匀的硬化灶,5例在硬化灶中心存有透光区。5例分别经随访观察1~4年无变化。结论非骨化性纤维瘤可于青春期演变为硬化性的静止性病变而达到自愈。愈合期或愈合型非骨化性纤维瘤不需要手术治疗。     

青少年非骨化性纤维瘤误诊分析

目的探讨非骨化性纤维瘤的本质,提高非骨化性纤维瘤的临床诊治准确率。方法对15例曾被误诊为其他疾病的非骨化性纤维瘤的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果(1)青少年是疾病高发人群,以男性、四肢长骨多见;(2)影像学检查有特征性改变,特别是X线结合CT检查可明显提高非骨化性纤维瘤的检出率;(3)病理检查是最终确诊的方法。结论提高对可疑病例重视,合理应用影像学检查手段,早期病理检查可对非骨化性纤维瘤做出正确诊断。     

Cherubism associated with neurofibromatosis type 1, and multiple osteolytic lesions of both femurs: A previously undescribed association of findings

We present a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1, with the clinical, radiological and histological features of cherubism mandibular lesions, and multiple osteolytic, geographic lesions in both femurs, consistent with multiple non-ossifying fibromas. We have been unable to find a similar case in the world literature. We discuss our findings in relationship with a number of syndromes that present clinical, radiological or pathological similarities.     

Bony sequestrum: a radiologic review

According to a pathological definition, a bony sequestrum is defined as a piece of devitalized bone that has been separated from the surrounding bone during the process of necrosis. However, the radiological definition of a sequestrum is different and refers to an image of calcification visible within a lucent lesion, completely separated from the surrounding bone, without referring to the vascular status and histological nature of the calcified tissue. The term “button sequestrum” has been used in calvarial lesions. The prototype conditions that may present with a bony sequestrum are osteomyelitis and skeletal tuberculosis. Other conditions such as radiation necrosis, eosinophilic granuloma, metastatic carcinoma, primary lymphoma of bone, aggressive fibrous tumors may also manifest as osteolytic lesions containing a sequestrum. In addition, some primary bone tumors produce a matrix that may mineralize and sometimes simulate a bone sequestrum. These include osteoid tumors (osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma), cartilaginous tumors (chondroma and chondroblastoma), lipomatous tumors (lipoma), and benign fibrous tumors (fibromyxoma, myxoma, and desmoplastic fibroma). Therefore, various conditions may present at imaging as a small area of osteolysis containing central calcifications. However, a careful analysis of the sequestrum as well as the associated clinical and radiological findings often enables to point toward a limited number of conditions.     

Pathological fracture in paediatric bone tumours and tumour-like lesions: A predictor of benign lesions?

Objective:To determine the incidence and causes of pathological fractures in paediatric bone tumours and tumour-like lesions, and to determine if they are predictive of benign lesions.Methods and materials:Retrospective review of children with suspected bone tumours referred to a specialist musculoskeletal oncology service between September 2019 and August 2020. Data recorded included patient age and gender, lesion location, the presence of a pathological fracture on the initial plain radiograph, and the final diagnosis made either by image-guided biopsy/curettage or based on typical imaging features.Results:231 patients were included with 233 lesions (138 males and 93 females with mean age 10.5 years, range 3 months–18 years). Final diagnosis was based on histology in 85 (36.5%) cases and imaging in 148 (63.5%) cases, 52 (22.3%) lesions classed as non-neoplastic, 139 (59.7%) as benign and 42 (18%) as malignant. Pathological fractures were seen in 41 cases (17.6%) at presentation, involving the humerus in 19 (46.3%), the femur in 14 (34.1%), the tibia in 3 (7.3%), the fibula and radius in two each (4.9%) and the second toe proximal phalanx in 1 (2.4%) (p < 0.001). The commonest underlying lesions included simple bone cyst (n = 17; 41.5%) and non-ossifying fibroma (n = 10; 24.4%). Only 4 cases (9.75%) were malignant, one case each of osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, leukaemia and BCOR undifferentiated round cell sarcoma. Pathological fracture occurred in 27.7% of non-malignant lesions and 9.5% of malignant lesions, this difference being statistically significant (p < 0.001).Conclusion:Pathological fractures were seen in 17.6% of paediatric bone tumours, tumour-like lesions, being significantly associated with humeral location and non-malignant diagnosis.Advances in knowledge:Demonstrates the frequency, location and underlying diagnosis of pathological fractures in paediatric bone tumour and tumour-like lesions.     

Jaffe-Campanucci综合征影像诊断与鉴别诊断

目的探讨Jaffe-Campanucci综合征的影像学表现及鉴别诊断。方法回顾分析5例经病理证实的Jaffe-Campanucci综合征患者的影像学资料。5例均行数字成像系统(DR)检查,4例行CT,1例行磁共振(MR)检查。根据病灶分布及数目分为单骨多灶型、多骨单灶型及混合型。结果 5例均有皮肤咖啡色样斑,1例身材矮小伴发智力发育迟缓。多骨单灶型3例,混合型2例。多见于股骨下干骺端(3骨、4灶)及胫骨上干骺端(4骨、6灶)。病灶位于皮质内偏心性、膨胀性生长,内缘见连续的致密骨性间隔,外缘可见骨壳不完整、骨壳完整或无骨壳3种类型表现。结论 Jaffe-Campanucci综合征以多发非骨化性纤维瘤和皮肤咖啡色素斑为主要特征,其骨病灶影像特点与非骨化性纤维瘤完全一致。     

A multilocular radiolucency with spindle cell proliferation in a case of ossifying fibroma: a potential pitfall

Ossifying fibroma (OF) is a benign tumour characterized by cementum or bone formation accompanied by a fibrocellular stroma. The diagnosis of OF may be apparent when the histological features are supported by clinical and radiological information. In this report, an OF with predominantly spindle cell proliferation and purely radiolucent, multilocular lesion in a middle-aged woman is presented.     

Hemangioma of bone arising in the ulna: imaging findings with emphasis on MR

An 18-year-old woman presented with left elbow joint pain. Radiographs and computed tomographic scan showed a well-defined osteolytic lesion of the left ulna associated with a honeycomb appearance on the radiographs. Magnetic resonance images showed intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and mixed intermediate and high signal intensities on T2-weighted images. Only the periphery of the lesion enhanced with intravenously injected gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. The lesion was curetted to avoid pathologic fracture, and a histologic diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma of bone was made. Hemangioma involving the ulna is rare, but should be included in the differential diagnosis of a radiographic osteolytic lesion with a honeycomb appearance. Received: 17 September 1999 Revision requested: 31 October 1999 Revision received: 10 December 1999 Accepted: 13 December 1999     

Cystic fibrous dysplasia mimicking giant cell tumor: MRI appearance

We report the case of a 43-year-old man who presented with an osteolytic and expansive lesion in the left distal femur mimicking a giant cell tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that most of the lesion was cystic, and histological examination revealed fibrous dysplasia with marked cystic degeneration. Radiographic findings of cystic fibrous dysplasia in the end of a long bone may be similar to those of a giant cell tumor, and a biopsy is essential for the final diagnosis. Received: 4 June 1999 Revision requested: 10 August 1999 Revision received: 13 September 1999 Accepted: 15 September 1999     

Case report 695

A case of a cementifying fibroma in the proximal end of the tibia in a 31-year-old woman is presented. The lesion was expanding but well-defined with amorphous central calcification. The unique, calcified, cementum-like particles in a fibrous stroma have been reported in only four previous cases in long bones. The histological and radiographic differences between a cementifying fibroma, bone cysts with cementum, and a true cementoma are discussed. The radiological differential diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia, giant cell tumor, and low grade central osteosarcoma was considered.     

Solitary infantile myofibromatosis involving the clavicle

A rare case of solitary infantile myofibromatosis of bone is reported in the right clavicle of a 15-year-old boy. A radiograph demonstrated an osteolytic lesion with a sharp margin and a sclerotic rim. CT revealed a circumscribed lesion with slight expansion of the cortex. On MRI the lesion appeared isointense to muscle on T1-weighted images, bright on T2-weighted images, and showed marked gadolinium enhancement. The patient was well, without evidence of recurrence or metastasis, 4 years and 5 months following resection. Received: 11 August 1998 Revision requested: 5 October 1998, 18 March 1999 Revision received: 15 March 1999, 23 April 1999 Accepted: 28 April 1999     

Clear cell chondrosarcoma of the pelvis in a skeletally immature patient

We report on a case of clear cell chondrosarcoma (CCCS) of the left iliac bone in a 12-year-old skeletally immature boy. Radiographic examination revealed an aggressive osteolytic lesion with areas of mineralization. Fluid-fluid levels were seen on T2-weighted MR images. Laboratory data showed slight elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase. The biopsy specimen showed histological features of CCCS with some resemblance to osteosarcoma, such as prominent irregular osteoid formation among clear tumor cells. Surgical treatment was accomplished without pre- or post-operative chemotherapy. Because of the patient’s age, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, and histopathology with prominent osteoid production, this case could be confused with osteosarcoma. Although CCCS is an extremely rare bone tumor in children, it is important to be aware that it may arise in a skeletally immature patient. CCCS, unlike osteosarcoma, is not treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Received: 13 November 1998 Revision requested: 28 December 1998 Revision received: 11 January 1999 Accepted: 14 January 1999     

Ewing’s sarcoma of the humerus mimicking fibrous dysplasia on imaging and biological behavior

We present the case of a 12-year-old girl who presented with a pathological fracture through a benign-appearing osteolytic lesion that was presumed to represent fibrous dysplasia. The fracture healed, and over the next 2.5 years there was further refracturing and healing with progressive osteolysis. A biopsy was performed and revealed Ewings sarcoma. The disease was locally controlled by neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The patient is disease free with excellent function 6 years following the discovery of the lesion. We illustrate and discuss the sequence of events.     

Solid aneurysmal bone cyst in the humerus

We report on a 69-year-old woman with a solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst (solid ABC) in the left humerus with a pathological fracture. Radiographically, the lesion exhibited a relatively well-defined osteolytic lesion in the diaphysis of the left humerus. On magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the medullary lesion exhibited a homogeneous signal intensity isointense with surrounding normal muscles on the T1-weighted images and a mixture of low and high signal intensity on the T2-weighted images. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images revealed diffuse enhancement of the entire lesion. The pathological study showed a proliferation of fibroblasts, histiocytes, chronic inflammatory cells and numerous multinucleated giant cells in a collagenous matrix. Abundant osteoid formation in the matrix was observed, but the cells were devoid of nuclear atypia. Aneurysmal cystic cavities were absent. A review of the English literature found 22 cases of solid ABC of the long bones. Received: 15 February 2000 Revision requested: 18 March 2000 Revision received: 17 April 2000 Accepted: 19 April 2000     

Intraosseous ganglion of the metatarsal bone.

We describe a rare case of intraosseous ganglion arising in the metatarsal bone. Radiographs revealed an osteolytic lesion with a fracture in the third metatarsal bone. A biopsied specimen exhibited hyaline fibrous tissue with marked myxoid change. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI, which revealed the network-like enhancement of the rim of the lesion and polycystic lesions adjacent to the joint, was helpful in making a diagnosis of intraosseous ganglion.