毛细管电泳在临床分析中的应用

总结了毛细管电泳在临床分析中应用的一些进展,重点介绍国内外近年来应用毛细管电泳对 血液、尿液和脑脊液等成分分析的现状。     

毛细管电泳前沿分析在药物-蛋白质结合研究中的应用

介绍了药物-蛋白质结合研究中毛细管电泳前沿分析(CE-FA)方法的原理,评述了毛细管 电泳前沿分析在药物-蛋白结合研究中应用进展。     

毛细管电泳在中药研究中的应用

毛细管电泳技术最早可追溯到1808年俄国物理学家Von Ruess首次发现的电泳现象,其理论则可追溯到1897年Kohlrausch首次提出离子迁移方程。1981年,Jorgenson和Lukacs使用75gmID的熔融石英毛细管进行毛细管区带电泳,以电迁移进样,结合荧光检测,在30kV电压下产生了4×10^5理论板的空前分离效率,成为毛细管电泳发展史上的一个里程碑。到了上世纪80年代末期,出现了第一批商品化的毛细管电泳仪。目前,与毛细管电泳有关的各项研究正以极快的速度迅猛发展。毛细管电泳以其超强的分离能力,样品和溶剂消耗低等优点在天然产物分离分析中扮演着越来越重要的角色。本文主要介绍毛细管电泳（CE,capillary electrophoresis）在中药研究领域中的应用概况,以供参考。     

毛细管免疫固定电泳血清分型技术在临床肾病诊断及其治疗中的应用价值

目的 研究毛细管免疫固定电泳血清分型技术在临床肾病诊断及其治疗中的应用价值.方法 选取2011年1月至2013年6月来我院肾脏病专科就诊的疑似为单克隆免疫球蛋白升高引起的肾病患者500例,对他们进行毛细管免疫固定电泳血清分型检查.结果 所有检查患者中出现了86例阳性患者,其中15例患者较典型,将他们与传统普通的琼脂糖凝胶固定电泳进行比较,得出本方法在临床上具有一定的应用价值.结论 毛细管免疫固定电泳血清分型技术能够对由单克隆免疫球蛋白升高引起的肾病进行早期诊断,并且与传统方法相比具有更大的可靠性.     

毛细管电泳在氨基酸分析中应用的进展

本文总结了毛细管电泳在氨基酸分析中应用的新进展,重点介绍国内外近年来应用毛细管电泳分析氨基酸中分离、检测的现状,以及在食物及生物医学方面的应用。     

基于三引物荧光PCR-毛细管电泳法的FMR1基因突变检测技术建立及其在自闭症辅助诊断中的应用

目的对自闭症患者FMR1基因5′非编码区CGG重复序列及重复数进行检测,探索检测脆性X综合征的新方法。方法应用三引物荧光PCR-毛细管电泳法(Qseq100TM全自动核酸分析系统检测)对111例自闭症患者进行筛查,检测其FMR1基因5′非编码区CGG序列,计算CGG重复数,并与ABI 3500Dx基因分析仪毛细管电泳测序法进行结果比较验证。结果 111例临床检测为自闭症的样本中,有2例为FMR1前突变携带者,一例为中间型。与3500Dx毛细管电泳测序结果一致。结论三引物荧光PCR-毛细管电泳法能够用来检测FMR1基因5′非编码区CGG重复序列,在脆性X综合征发病机制及大规模携带者筛查方面都具有一定的应用价值。     

高效毛细管电泳-激光诱导荧光分析DNA片段

高效毛细管电泳（ＨＰＣＥ）是９０年代最重要的分离分析技术之一。当今分析化学和分析生物化学公认的前沿领域，高效毛细管电泳已在生命科学、生物技术、医学和环境保护等领域中显示了极其重要的应用前景。近年来，ＰＣＲ技术得到了广泛应用，但利用平板电泳费时且只能定...     

毛细管电泳在兽药和农药残留分析中的应用

本文对近年毛细管电泳在兽药(抗生素和生长促进剂)和农药残留分析中应用的研究进展作了综合评述。     

全自动毛细管蛋白电泳系统在地中海贫血筛查中的应用

目的 对全自动毛细管蛋白电泳系统筛查地中海贫血效果进行观察及评价.方法 使用法国Sebia MINICAP全自动毛细管电泳仪进行血红蛋白电泳筛查地中海贫血,并对地中海贫血表型阳性标本行基因分析确诊.结果 α地中海贫血筛查与基因诊断符合率为82.8%,其中血红蛋白H病筛查与基因诊断符合率为88.0%;β地中海贫血筛查与基因诊断符合率为96.4%.结论 全自动毛细管蛋白电泳系统适用于血红蛋白电泳筛查地中海贫血,尤其是筛查β地中海贫血和血红蛋白H病有良好的效果.     

毛细管电泳及其在食品卫生检验中的应用

自从1981年Jorgchson等人在毛细管电泳的实验和理论方面作出十分成功的研究工作以后，毛细管电泳在实验技术、理论和应用方面得到巨大的发展，成为分析化学和分析生物化学界公认的前沿。由于其具有分高效率高、快速、所需样品量少等特点，在生物化学和分析化学等领域已得到广泛应用，在食品卫生检验领域也有广阔的应用前景。1基本原理高效毛细管电泳（hish一performancecaP—illaryelectrophoresis，HPCE）是离子或荷电粒子以电场为驱动力，在毛细管中按其迁移速度或分配系数不同而进行高效快速分离的一种电泳新技术。其最基本的仪器结构…     

Physical therapists' perspectives on the role and effectiveness of continuing education

Research addressing the perspectives of physical therapists recently mandated to engage in continuing education (CE) is limited. The purpose of this investigation, therefore, was to identify physical therapy clinicians' and managers' views on its role and effectiveness. Participants were 23 physical therapists practicing at six different hospitals in Illinois. Qualitative methodology included participant interviews, document analysis, and field journals. Three major themes were identified: (1) attitudes toward CE and mandatory CE, (2) variables contributing to effective CE experiences, and (3) cautious optimism regarding the role of mandatory CE in the promotion of professional competence. This investigation details the need for evidence-based, clinically relevant, interactive CE presentations; ongoing discussion regarding the plausibility of increased national involvement in CE; and focused attention on overcoming obstacles associated with ineffective CE.     

Use of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health-Care Resource Allocation Decision-Making: How Are Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds Expected to Emerge?

BACKGROUND: An increasing number of health-care systems, both public and private, such as managed-care organizations, are adopting results from cost-effectiveness (CE) analysis as one of the measures to inform decisions on allocation of health-care resources. It is expected that thresholds for CE ratios may be established for the acceptance of reimbursement or formulary listing. OBJECTIVE: This paper provides an overview of the development of and debate on CE thresholds, reviews threshold figures (i.e., cost per unit of health gain) currently proposed for or applied to resource-allocation decisions, and explores how thresholds may emerge. DISCUSSION: At the time of this review, there is no evidence from the literature that any health-care system has yet implemented explicit CE ratio thresholds. The fact that some government agencies have utilized results from CE analysis in pricing/reimbursement decisions allows for retrospective analysis of the consistency of these decisions. As CE analysis becomes more widely utilized in assisting health-care decision-making, this may cause decision-makers to become increasingly consistent. CONCLUSIONS: When CE analysis is conducted, well-established methodology should be used and transparency should be ensured. CE thresholds are expected to emerge in many countries, driven by the need for transparent and consistent decision-making. Future thresholds will likely be higher in most high-income countries than currently cited rules of thumb.     

Community surveys and risk factor analysis of human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China

OBJECTIVE: To determine the true community prevalence of human cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) echinococcosis (hydatid disease) in a highly endemic region in Ningxia Hui, China, by detecting asymptomatic cases. METHODS: Using hospital records and "AE-risk" landscape patterns we selected study communities predicted to be at risk of human echinococcosis in Guyuan, Longde and Xiji counties. We conducted community surveys of 4773 individuals from 26 villages in 2002 and 2003 using questionnaire analysis, ultrasound examination and serology. FINDINGS: Ultrasound and serology showed a range of prevalences for AE (0-8.1%; mean 2%) and CE (0-7.4%; mean 1.6%), with the highest prevalence in Xiji (2% for CE, 2.5% for AE). There were significant differences in the prevalence of CE, AE and total echinococcosis between the three counties and villages (with multiple degrees of freedom). While hospital records showed 96% of echinococcosis cases attributable to CE, our survey showed a higher prevalence of human AE (56%) compared to CE (44%). Questionnaire analysis revealed that key risk factors for infection were age and dog ownership for both CE and AE, and Hui ethnicity and being female for AE. Drinking well-water decreased the risk for both AE and CE. CONCLUSION: Echinococcosis continues to be a severe public health problem in this part of China because of unhygienic practices/habits and poor knowledge among the communities regarding this disease.     

Cost-effectiveness analysis and innovation

While cost-effectiveness (CE) analysis has provided a guide to allocating often scarce resources spent on medical technologies, less emphasis has been placed on the effect of such criteria on the behavior of innovators who make health care technologies available in the first place. A better understanding of the link between innovation and cost-effectiveness analysis is particularly important given the large role of technological change in the growth in health care spending and the growing interest of explicit use of CE thresholds in leading technology adoption in several Westernized countries. We analyze CE analysis in a standard market context, and stress that a technology's cost-effectiveness is closely related to the consumer surplus it generates. Improved CE therefore often clashes with interventions to stimulate producer surplus, such as patents. We derive the inconsistency between technology adoption based on CE analysis and economic efficiency. Indeed, static efficiency, dynamic efficiency, and improved patient health may all be induced by the cost-effectiveness of the technology being at its worst level. As producer appropriation of the social surplus of an innovation is central to the dynamic efficiency that should guide CE adoption criteria, we exemplify how appropriation can be inferred from existing CE estimates. For an illustrative sample of technologies considered, we find that the median technology has an appropriation of about 15%. To the extent that such incentives are deemed either too low or too high compared to dynamically efficient levels, CE thresholds may be appropriately raised or lowered to improve dynamic efficiency.     

Immunodiagnostic differentiation of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis using ELISA test with 18-kDa antigen extracted from Echinococcus protoscoleces

Immunoblotting analysis was carried out using crude extracts of Echinococccus multilocularis and E. granulosus. A total of 214 serum samples were examined for the detection of antibody responses against 18-kDa polypeptides (Eg18 and Em18). Of 44 sera from patients with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) 91% were positive against both Eg18 and Em18, compared with 10% and 13%, respectively, of 70 cystic echinococcosis (CE) samples and 13% and 17% of 29 cysticercosis samples. A relatively purified 18-kDa antigen was extracted from E. granulosus protoscoleces and an 18-kDa-ELISA test which is simple, fast and highly sensitive and specific has been established. A comparative ELISA analysis, using the purified 18-kDa antigen and pooled AE and CE serum, indicated that there are significant differences in antibody levels between AE and CE sera. The maximum ratio for the evaluation of AE to CE was 2.26. The 18-kDa-ELISA was positive for 91% (40/44) and 11% (8/70) of AE and CE sera, respectively, and there was no cross-reactivity with cysticercosis sera or healthy controls. The overall diagnostic values of 18-kDa-ELISA for AE sera were sensitivity 91%, specificity 94%, positive predictive value 83% and negative predictive value 97%. We conclude that (i) the 18-kDa antigenic component may not be species specific but (ii) levels of antibody to the 18-kDa antigen are significantly different between AE and CE sera. Therefore, the 18-kDa antigen can be a reliable serological marker for differentiation of AE from CE.     

PCV15 Study of Procedure Costs and Outcomes Associated with the Pharmacological Treatment of Arterial Disease and Intermittant Claudication in the Department of Claudication in the Department of Defense

OBJECTIVE: To obtain the confidence interval (CI) of the results of a cost-effectiveness model for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
BACKGROUND: Incremental CE ratios play an important role in pharmacoeconomic analysis. However, CI estimates for the CE ratio are rare because the underlying distribution is unknown in most cases. Rather than using traditional one-way or multiway sensitivity analysis to explore estimate variability, a nonparametric bootstrap method is used to generate the CE ratio CI. This is more robust because it does not make parametric assumptions.
METHODS: 1,000 bootstrap samples were drawn simultaneously with replacement from both an empirical distribution and a Monte Carlo experiment. For patient risk factors we used the complete subsample of men aged 45–64 fitting NCEP primary prevention guidelines in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. For model parameters (e.g., costs, discount rate) values were randomly drawn from a specified multivariate distribution. With 1,000 repeated estimates, the 26th and 975th ranked CE ratios were used to define the 95% confidence interval. Programming was done in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) language. The study perspective was that of a third party payer. Efficacy and compliance data were obtained from the WOSCOPS clinical trial. The incremental 5-year cardiovascular health care costs were derived from a health insurer database.
RESULTS: A 95% CI for the CE ratio resulting from the nonparametric bootstrap method showed that primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin remained cost-effective.
CONCLUSION: Confidence interval estimation for the CE ratio is important and will allow individuals to identify if a new intervention is a good value for cost, while capturing the inherent imprecision in the underlying CE model parameter values.     

Definition, interpretation and calculation of cost-effectiveness acceptability curves

This paper discusses the definition, interpretation and computation of cost-effectiveness (CE) acceptability curves. A formal definition of the CE acceptability curve based on the net benefit approach is provided. The curve can be computed using parametric or non-parametric techniques and for both computational approaches we establish a formal relation between the CE acceptability curve and statistical inference based on confidence intervals and P values in CE analysis.     

On the (near) equivalence of cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses

Many people believe that cost-effectiveness (CE) and cost-benefit (CB) analyses require different assumptions. However, when CE analysis supports decisions to use medical resources, it makes the same assumptions that CB analysis requires. They are mathematically equivalent. Differences between CE and CB hinge more on reporting style than on fundamental assumptions.     

Comparison of Two Measures of Gestational Age Among Low Income Births. The Potential Impact on Health Studies, New York, 2005

Recently, the National Association for Public Health Statistics and Information Systems considered changing the definition of gestational age from the current definition based on mother’s last normal menstrual period (LMP) to the clinical/obstetric estimate determined by the physician (CE).They determined additional information was needed. This study provides additional insight into the comparability of the LMP and CE measures currently used on vital records among births at risk for poor outcomes. The data consisted of all New York State (NYS) (excluding New York City) singleton births in 2005 among mothers enrolled in the NYS Women Infants and Children (WIC) program during pregnancy. Prenatal WIC records were matched to NYS’ Statewide Perinatal Data System. The analysis investigates differences between LMP and CE recorded gestations. Relative risks between risk factors and preterm birth were compared for LMP and CE. Exact agreement between gestation measures exists in 49.6% of births. Overall, 6.4% of records indicate discordance in full term/preterm classifications; CE is full term and LMP preterm in 4.9%, with the converse true for 1.5%. Associations between risk factor and preterm birth differed in magnitude based on gestational age measurement. Infants born to mothers with high risk indicators were more likely to have a CE of preterm and LMP full term. Changing the measure of gestational age to CE universally likely would result in overestimation of the importance of some risk factors for preterm birth. Potential overestimation of clinical outcomes associated with preterm birth may occur and should be studied.