人源性防御素HD-5的原核表达及抗真菌作用的初步研究

【摘要】目的 构建pQE-30Xa/HD-5原核表达载体,纯化重组蛋白并进行抗真菌活性的初步鉴定。方法 以pcDNA3.1(+)/HD-5为模板,聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增编码HD-5成熟肽的基因。构建pQE-30Xa/HD-5重组表达载体,并对重组质粒进行酶切、基因序列分析。将鉴定正确的质粒转化入大肠杆菌M15后进行异丙基-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达,对表达产物进行十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）鉴定。通过镍柱亲和层析纯化蛋白并进行蛋白复性,蛋白免疫印迹（Western blot）鉴定纯化产物。以KB纸片法初步验证纯化获得的重组蛋白对白色假丝酵母菌的抑菌活性。结果 成功克隆了HD-5基因并构建了重组质粒pQE-30Xa/HD-5。重组质粒在大肠杆菌M15中诱导表达出HD-5融合蛋白;Western blot分析结果显示纯化后的融合蛋白与目的蛋白相符;KB纸片法证实纯化后的融合蛋白对白色假丝酵母菌具有一定的抑菌活性。结论 成功构建HD-5原核表达载体,经诱导表达后纯化获得具有良好抑菌活性的HD-5融合蛋白。     

TAT-BDNF载体构建及融合蛋白表达

目的构建重组表达载体TAT-BDNF,在E.coli BL21中高效表达并纯化融合蛋白,为研究TAT携带BDNF穿透血脑屏障治疗中枢神经系统疾病奠定了基础。方法经RT-PCR获得编码人BDNF的全基因序列,连接到原核表达载体pTAT上,得到重组表达载体pTAT-BDNF,转化大肠杆菌,IPTG诱导TAT-BDNF融合蛋白的表达。表达产物用SDS-PAGE鉴定,组氨酸亲和层析柱纯化融合蛋白。结果成功构建了TAT-BDNF融合蛋白的原核表达载体,在诱导下获得了高效表达并纯化了融合蛋白。结论为进一步研究TAT蛋白转导作用奠定了基础。     

人纤溶酶原K5基因的结构改造及其在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化与鉴定

目的 改造人纤溶酶原Kringle 5(K5)基因,构建RGDRGD-liteK5融合表达质粒,并表达纯化所得RGDRGD-liteK5蛋白.方法 以入纤溶酶原K5 cDNA为模板,通过PCR得到RGDRGD-liteK5基因片段,并克隆到质粒pGEXl-λT中,构建重组原核融合表达载体pGEX-RGDRGD-liteK5;在IPTG诱导下,观察融合蛋白在大肠杆菌Rosetta中的表达情况;利用亲合层析柱纯化表达产物,用Western blot分析鉴定表达产物.结果 PCR扩增得到274 bp的片段,并成功插入pGEX1-λT质粒;含重组质粒的大肠杆菌在IPTG诱导下表达了特异性的融合蛋白,其分子量为36 kD;获得的融合蛋白经凝血酶酶切后,得到了分子量约为10 kD的RGDRGD-liteK5蛋白;Western blot证实了表达产物的正确性.结论 成功地改造了人纤溶酶原K5基因,构建了重组融合表达质粒pGEX-RGDRGD-liteK5,并纯化了其表达产物.     

重组可溶性补体1型受体在酵母SMD1168中表达纯化及鉴定

目的在酵母细胞SMD1168中表达人可溶性补体1型受体(sCR1),并对其重组蛋白进行纯化以探讨较为接近人体天然蛋白的表达方式,从而为临床诊断及治疗提供方便。方法从人外周血中提取总RNA,应用RT-PCR获得人sCR1全长cDNA,将其克隆入真核表达载体pPIC9K,构建含人sCR1的重组质粒(pPIC9K-sCR1);经测序鉴定正确后,将重组质粒转化入毕赤酵母菌细胞SMD1168中,经甲醇诱导,表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析及Western blot鉴定,并通过Ni2+-NTA agarose亲和层析纯化。结果经甲醇诱导的含pPIC9K-sCR1的酵母细胞表达出重组人sCR1的融合蛋白,48-72hsCR1融合蛋白表达量最高。此蛋白在凝胶上表现为大于31kD的蛋白区带,在Western blot实验中可被sCR1的CD35单克隆抗体识别。经Ni2+-NTA agarose亲和层析纯化后得到较纯的sCR1融合蛋白。结论人sCR1融合蛋白在酵母细胞表达系统中的高水平表达,并且有与人体天然蛋白相同的抗原活性。     

谷胱甘肽-S转移酶-中期因子融合蛋白原核表达及多克隆抗体的制备

目的 构建谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)和中期因子(MK)融合蛋白的原核表达质粒,并表达和纯化蛋白,制备多克隆抗体.方法 通过RT-PCR技术从人胃癌组织中扩增入MK编码序列,克隆入表达载体pGEX-1λT中,获得表达质粒pGEX-MK,并在大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)中经IPTG诱导表达,通过亲和层析纯化表达的GST-MK融合蛋白,并以重组蛋白免疫兔子.结果 成功构建了GST-MK融合蛋白的原核表达载体,经诱导表达纯化得到GST-MK融合蛋白.免疫兔子后取多抗血清以间接ELISA检测效价达1∶64 000,Western blotting分析显示多克隆抗血清对MK蛋白特异结合.结论 MK在大肠杆菌中成功表达及其多克隆抗体的获得,为研究MK生物功能奠定了基础.     

sCR1在原核中表达、纯化、复性及活性鉴定

目的采用原核表达载体pET28a在E.coli BL21(DE3)中获得高表达、高活性的重组人sCR1融合蛋白。方法从人外周血中提取总RNA,应用RT-PCR获得人sCR1全长cDNA,将其克隆入原核表达载体pET28a中,构建含人sCR1的重组质粒(pET28a-sCR1),经测序鉴定正确,转化入E.coli BL21(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导,表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析和Western blot鉴定,通过Ni2+-NTA agarose亲和层析纯化后进行复性及生物学活性鉴定。结果获得原核表达载体pET28a-sCR1,经PCR鉴定及测序鉴定,得到重组E.coli BL21(DE3)克隆菌株,经IPTG诱导含有pET28a-sCR1的E.coli BL21(DE3)克隆菌,表达出重组人sCR1融合蛋白。此蛋白在SDS-PAGE上表现为Mr大于29000的蛋白区带,在Western blot分析中可被sCR1的CD35单克隆单抗体(mAb)识别。经Ni2+-NTA agarose亲和层析纯化、复性后得到高纯度的sCR1融合蛋白表达及较高的生物学活性。结论人sCR1融合蛋白在E.coli BL21(DE3)表达系统中的高水平表达,并且有与人体天然蛋白相同的抗原性及其生物学活性。     

重组人PD-L1在大肠杆菌BL-21中的表达、纯化和鉴定

目的 分离纯化人程序死亡蛋白-1(PD-LI)基因,制备重组人PD-L1蛋白,为进一步研究PD-L1在肿瘤免疫逃逸中的作用和机制建立基础.方法 通过RT-PCR分离纯化人PD-L1基因,并将其克隆到原核表达质粒pGEX-4T一1中,经酶切,测序鉴定分析后,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达.产物经GST蛋白纯化系统进行纯化后,用10%SDS-PAGE及Western Blot分析鉴定.结果 经RT-PCR分离纯化的PD-L1 cDNA分子由645 bp构成,编码相对分子量约25 KD的蛋白,并与GST形成融合蛋白.GST-PD-L1融合蛋白相对分子量约46 KD.Western Blot结果显示,该蛋白能被兔抗GST和抗PD-L1抗体识别.结论 成功构建了PD-L1原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌BL21中获得高效表达.     

人sCR1酵母分泌型表达载体构建及其高拷贝转化子的快速筛选

目的采用酵母分泌型载体表达人可溶性补体受体1型(sCR1),研究人sCR1高拷贝重组阳性转化子的快速筛选及鉴定。方法从人外周血中提取总RNA,应用RT-PCR获得人sCR1全长cDNA,然后将其克隆入毕赤酵母细胞分泌型表达载体pPIC9k中,构建含人sCR1的重组质粒(pPIC9k-sCR1),经测序鉴定正确,电转化入毕赤酵母细胞SMD1168中,将经G418抗性筛选出的重组sCR1酵母细胞株进行PCR鉴定,经甲醇诱导,表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析和Western blot鉴定,通过Ni2+-NTA agarose亲和层析纯化。结果获得毕赤酵母细胞分泌型表达载体pPIC9k-sCR1,经G418筛选及PCR鉴定得到高拷贝整合的重组酵母细胞株,经甲醇诱导含pPIC9k-sCR1的酵母SMD1168细胞表达出重组sCR1融合蛋白。此蛋白在SDS-PAGE上表现为Mr约31000的蛋白区带,在Western blot分析中可被sCR1的CD35单克隆抗体(mAb)识别。经Ni2+-NTA agarose亲和层析纯化后得到较纯的sCR1融合蛋白。结论人sCR1融合蛋白在酵母细胞表达系统中的高水平表达,并且有与人体天然蛋白相同的抗原性。     

CTB-Aβ42融合蛋白的原核表达条件优化及鉴定

目的探索融合基因CTB-Aβ42在大肠杆菌中表达的最适条件,并纯化得融合蛋白。方法设置不同的诱导温度、诱导时间、异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)浓度,在大肠杆菌中表达融合基因CTB-Aβ42,SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳鉴定表达产物,GST亲和色谱柱纯化目的蛋白,Western blot鉴定目的蛋白免疫原性。结果 SDS-PAGE结果显示,GST-CTB-Aβ42融合蛋白分子质量约为45 kD,与预期结果一致;Western blot结果表明,纯化得到的目的蛋白具有免疫原性。在诱导条件为30℃,0.1 mmol/L IPTG诱导2 h表达的可溶性蛋白所占比例最高;在37℃,0.1mmol/L IPTG诱导4 h表达的融合蛋白总量最高,小部分可溶性表达,大部分以包涵体的形式存在。结论本实验对CTB-Aβ42融合蛋白的原核表达条件进行了优化,经GST亲和色谱柱纯化获得具有免疫原性的融合蛋白。     

心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP)原核表达、纯化及多克隆抗体制备研究

目的构建H-FABP高效原核表达载体,并实现H-FABP的高效原核表达、纯化及多克隆抗体的制备。方法通过RT-PCR扩增人H-FABP的基因序列,将目的基因克隆入质粒pET28a构建原核表达重组质粒pET28a-H-FABP。将重组质粒转化入大肠杆菌BL21中,通过IPTG诱导H-FABP的表达,采用Q Sepharose F.F.阴离子层析柱等方法建立H-FABP的纯化工艺。用免疫胶体金法和Western blot鉴定纯化后重组蛋白免疫特异性,用重组表达蛋白制备兔抗H-FABP多克隆抗体。结果成功构建人H-FABP重组蛋白原核表达载体,重组蛋白以包涵体形式表达,其相对分子质量为15kD,与预期一致。亲和层析纯化产物的SDS-PAGE和Western blotting鉴定表明获得纯度>95%的目的重组蛋白。制备的抗H-FABP多克隆抗体的抗血清ELISA效价可达1∶512000。结论本研究在原核系统中成功表达了H-FABP重组蛋白,并制备多克隆抗体,为H-FABP的结构和功能研究及开发临床诊断试剂盒打下了基础。     

Formulating protein therapeutics into particulate forms

This review is aimed at providing critical comments on selected approaches to formulating protein drugs into particulate forms feasible as practical pharmaceutical dosage forms. From a practical point of view, the need to formulate protein therapeutics into particulate forms includes inhalation and sustained-release delivery proteins, stabilizing and incorporating proteins into tissue engineering scaffolds and medical devices, as well as protecting and targeting protein therapeutics in an in vivo environment. For either of the applications, a common challenge is that proteins are easily denatured during particle-forming processes in which water–oil or water–air interfaces, multivalent ions or polyelectrolytes, strong shear stress and/or reactive crosslinking agents are often involved. Moreover, methods to protect proteins during the particle-forming processes must not compromise their pharmaceutical objectives, such as encapsulation efficiency, burst-free controlled release and storage convenience. Although numerous methods have been reported to formulate proteins into particulate systems, few of them meet the criteria above. To stimulate critical and interactive readings of the vast and booming information, the authors also provide their analysis regarding the feasibility of the formulation strategies summarized in this review.     

Docking and scoring: applications to drug discovery in the interactomics era

Background: Computational approaches such as docking and scoring are becoming routine in drug discovery as a complement to other more traditional techniques. However, so far, computer drug design methods have been applied to inhibit the function of individual proteins, and there is little available data on the use of these computational techniques to target protein–protein interactions. Objective: To establish a strategy for the use of current computational tools in drug discovery targeting protein–protein interactions. Method: Individual techniques applied to specific cases could be studied to derive a general strategy for targeting protein–protein interactions. Conclusion: Protein docking, interface prediction and hot-spot identification can contribute to the discovery of small molecule inhibitors targeting protein interactions of therapeutic interest, especially when little structural information is available.     

Intrinsically disordered proteins and novel strategies for drug discovery

Introduction: There is a natural abundance of intrinsically disordered proteins or intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPs or IDPRs), that is, biologically active proteins/regions without stable structure. Their wide functional repertoire; the ability to participate in multiple interactions; the capability to fold at binding in a template-dependent manner and their common involvement in the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases suggest that these proteins should be seriously considered as novel drug targets.

Areas covered: This article describes the major classes of ordered proteins traditionally used as drug targets and introduces the molecular mechanisms of drugs targeting ordered proteins. Furthermore, it illustrates basic ways of rational drug design for these proteins, and shows why these approaches cannot be directly used for intrinsic disorder-based drug design. Some of the new approaches utilized for finding drugs targeting IDPs/IDPRs are introduced.

Expert opinion: There is a continuing progress in the design of small molecules for IDPs/IDPRs and several small molecules are found that specifically inhibit the disorder-based interaction of IDPs with their numerous partners. It is expected that the initial studies will be extended and novel intrinsic disorder-based drug design approaches will be developed. Furthermore, putative new targets will be identified, and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying modulation of promiscuous IDP binding will be achieved.     

Biological functions and structural biology of Plasmodium falciparum autophagy-related proteins: The under-explored options for novel antimalarial drug design

Malaria remains a threat to global public health and the available antimalarial drugs are undermined by side effects and parasite resistance, suggesting an emphasis on new potential targets. Among the novel targets, Plasmodium falciparum autophagy-related proteins (PfAtg) remain a priority. In this paper, we reviewed the existing knowledge on the functions and structural biology of PfAtg including the compounds with inhibitory activity toward P. falciparum Atg8-Atg3 protein–protein interaction (PfAtg8-PfAtg3 PPI). A total of five PfAtg (PfAtg5, PfAtg8, PfAtg12, PfAtg18, and Rab7) were observed to have autophagic and/or non-autophagic roles. Available data showed that PfAtg8 has conserved hydrophobic pockets, which allows it to interact with PfAtg3 to form PfAtg8-PfAtg3 PPI. Additionally, 2-bromo-N-(4-pyridin-2-yl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl) benzamide was identified as the most powerful inhibitor of PfAtg8-PfAtg3 PPI. Due to the dearth of knowledge in this field, we hope that the article would open an avenue to further research on the remaining PfAtg as possible drug candidates.     

儿童非霍奇金淋巴瘤EB病毒LMP-1和P53、bcl-2表达的关系

目的探讨儿童NHL EB病毒LMP-1和P53、bcl-2蛋白的表达及关系.方法采用免疫组化Envision法检测64例儿童NHL中LMP-1和P53、bcl-2蛋白.结果 (1)P53蛋白阳性表达39例(60.9%),表达强度与淋巴瘤恶性程度呈正相关;阳性表达率在低恶组与中、高恶性组间有显著性意义,P＜0.01.bcl-2蛋白阳性表达37例(53.8%),bcl高于TCL,低恶性高于高恶性.(2)LMP-1蛋白阳性表达45例(70.3%),阳性表达率与肿瘤恶性程度和年龄有统计学意义,P＜0.01;而与淋巴瘤免疫表型、性别和发病部位无关.LMP-1表达与P53及bcl-2的表达呈正相关.结论 EBV感染是儿童NHL发生发展不可忽视的病毒致病因素,其致病作用可能是通过上调P53、bcl-2蛋白实现的.     

Influence of retinoic acid on TBX1 expression in myocardial cells induced by Shh and Fgf8

The aim of this study was to explore the regulatory mechanism of retinoic acid (RA) on the TBX1 gene expression in myocardial cells. Ventricular cardiocytes were isolated from neonatal rats and cultured, and then treated with different concentrations of retinoic acid. The expression of Shh and Fgf8 at mRNA and protein levels in neonatal rat myocardial cells were measured by using RT-PCR and Western blot technique, respectively. There was basal expression of Shh and Fgf8 in the control group. When treated with 3 × 10⁻⁷ mol/L RA, we observed that the expression of Shh mRNA and protein in neonatal rat myocardial cells were up-regulated by 1.51 (P < 0.05) and 1.10 times (P < 0.05), respectively. In comparison with the control group, under the concentration of 5 × 10⁻⁷ mol/L RA, they were up-regulated by 2.21 (P < 0.05) and 2.38 times (P < 0.05) individually. Meanwhile, we could detect that the expression of Fgf8 mRNA and protein were up-regulated by 2.50 times (P < 0.05) and 80% (P < 0.05) separately compared with the control group after stimulation of 3 × 10⁻⁷ mol/L RA, and they were up-regulated by 3.48 (P < 0.05) and 2.04 times (P < 0.05) individually after stimulation of 5 × 10⁻⁷ mol/L RA. The results indicated that RA could induce the expression of Shh and Fgf8 in neonatal rat myocardial cells. At the same time, it has shown that Shh and Fgf8 were involved in the regulation process of RA on TBX1 expression.     

Inhibitors of protein farnesylation 1998

Protein farnesyltransferase (PFTase) inhibitors are being studied as mechanistically novel antitumour agents. Whilst the antiproliferative effects of PFTase inhibitors are well-documented in cell culture and rodent animal models, clinical studies which began in 1997 should soon reveal their utility in human cancer patients. This review summarises the scientific and patent literature covering PFTase inhibition that has been published since the previous two updates [1,2]. New biology with a potential impact on the utility of PFTase inhibitors is reviewed first, followed by a discussion of new PFTase inhibitors. As in earlier updates, compounds are grouped according to their kinetic mechanism of PFTase inhibition.     

GPCR-Gα融合蛋白及其在oGPCRs配基筛选中的应用

GPCRGα融合蛋白是近几年用于受体研究的新颖手段之一,它的表达确保了受体与G蛋白之间1∶1的化学计量关系、空间位置上的邻近性及适宜于高通量的配基筛选,使其为孤儿G蛋白偶联受体提供了一种新的研究策略,将在孤儿受体的配基筛选中发挥重要作用,对研发以oGPCR为作用靶点的新药产生积极意义。     

Discovery of ABT-263, a Bcl-family protein inhibitor: observations on targeting a large protein–protein interaction

Background: The discovery of ABT-263, a rationally designed Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor at present in Phase I clinical trials for cancer, is described. Emphasis is placed on the specific hurdles overcome throughout the discovery process that relate to the nature of the targeted protein–protein interaction (PPI). Objective/methods: This review draws on observations from the experience of discovering ABT-263 and discusses them within the framework of the larger issue of discovering drugs targeting PPIs. Issues discussed include the ‘hot spot’ paradigm, hit and lead generation, serum protein binding, structure-based design, and in particular, hydrophobicity and molecular size and their relation to pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. Results/conclusion: Approaches to understanding obstacles thought of as being specifically attached to PPIs, and existing techniques to combat these obstacles, were very helpful in overcoming them. The example of ABT-263 provides evidence that the larger family of PPI targets is more tractable than may have been thought.     

Snail与E-cadherin在食管癌中的表达及临床意义

目的研究食管癌中转录因子Snail及黏附因子E-cadherin的表达,并探讨与食管癌浸润转移的关系。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测68例食管癌组织和40例癌旁组织中Snail,E-cadherin的表达情况,分析两者在不同分化程度的食管癌中的表达,以及与临床病理因素之间的关系。结果食管癌组织Snail阳性率(82.4%)显著高于癌旁组织(42.5%)(p<0.05),Snail的表达与食管癌不同分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移及远处转移有关(p<0.05)。食管癌组织E-cadherin的阳性率(36.7%)显著低于癌旁组织(87.5%)(p<0.05),E-cadherin的表达与食管癌不同分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、临床分期及远处转移有关(p<0.05)。食管癌组织中Snail与E-cadhrin的表达呈负相关(p<0.05)。结论Snail蛋白高表达与E-cadherin蛋白低表达可能参与食管癌浸润转移的发生,并且联合检测可作为其重要生物学标志,有助于食管癌早期诊断和预后评价。