维库溴铵与顺式阿曲库铵苯磺酸盐在胆囊切除术中的肌松效果对比

目的：比较维库溴铵与顺式阿曲库铵苯磺酸盐（顺式阿曲库铵）在胆囊切除术中的肌松效果。方法选取2011年10月—2014年10月孝义市人民医院收治的胆囊结石患者160例,随机分为维库溴铵组与顺式阿曲库铵组,各80例。维库溴铵组患者静脉注射维库溴铵,顺式阿曲库铵组静脉注射顺式阿曲库铵。观察两组患者肌松药起效时间、临床作用时间、肌肉松弛恢复时间及气管插管等级评估情况。结果顺式阿曲库铵组患者肌松药起效时间及肌肉松弛恢复时间短于维库溴铵组,临床作用时间长于维库溴铵组,差异有统计学意义（ P ﹤0.05）;顺式阿曲库铵组患者气管插管良好率高于维库溴铵组,差异有统计学意义（ P ﹤0.05）。结论顺式阿曲库铵在胆囊切除术中的肌松效果优于维库溴铵,药物起效时间短,作用时间长,气管插管等级评估高,易操作。     

顺式阿曲库铵在新生儿食管裂孔疝修补术中的应用

目的:探讨顺式阿曲库铵应用于新生儿的药效学特点。方法:择期行食管裂孔疝修补术的新生儿60例,于5s内单次静脉注入2ED95(Ⅰ组)或3ED95(Ⅱ组)的顺式阿曲库铵,每组30例。120s后行气管插管,记录拇内收肌肌颤搐高度并对插管条件进行评级。观察阻滞起效时间、TOF无反应期、阻滞维持时间、肌松恢复指数与体内作用时间。结果:Ⅱ组气管插管时肌松阻滞和插管条件明显优于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),肌松起效时间Ⅱ组显著短于Ⅰ组(P<0.01),TOF无反应期、阻滞维持时间和体内作用时间Ⅱ组明显长于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),但肌松恢复指数2组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:3ED95诱导剂量应用于新生儿安全、有效,起效快且气管插管条件较2ED95佳。虽然3ED95的顺式阿曲库铵的TOF无反应期、阻滞维持时间和体内作用时间均较2ED95的时间长,但2组剂量恢复指数无明显差异。     

顺式阿曲库铵在阻塞性黄疸患者的应用

目的探讨顺式阿曲库铵(Cisa)应用于阻塞性黄疸患者麻醉时的肌松效应和安全性。方法 40例阻塞性黄疸伴肝功能不全手术患者均分为Ⅰ组(Cisa,2×ED95)和Ⅱ组(Cisa,3×ED95);对照组为上腹部手术患者40例,均分为Ⅲ组(Cisa,2×ED95)和Ⅳ组(Cisa,3×ED95)。采用4个成串刺激(TOF)刺激前臂尺神经,记录各组肌肉松弛效应参数和注射Cisa前后生命体征的变化及插管条件。术中TOF第一个颤搐反应的高度(T1)10%恢复时,补充注射顺式阿曲库铵0.05 mg/kg,记录术中5次追加顺式阿曲库铵临床有效作用时间(S1、S2、S3、S4、S5)。麻醉维持采用间断静注芬太尼复合丙泊酚6~8 ml.kg-1.h-1及瑞芬太尼0.1~0.2μg.kg-1.min-1泵注。术毕观察并记录各组肌松恢复情况。结果Ⅰ、Ⅲ组的肌松参数与Ⅱ、Ⅳ组相仿。与Ⅰ、Ⅲ组比较,Ⅱ、Ⅳ组插管条件为优的比率较高,起效时间较短,诱导剂量临床有效作用时间较长(P<0.05)。结论 Cisa可以安全用于阻塞性黄疸患者的麻醉。麻醉诱导用3×ED95剂量Cisa的肌松效果比2×ED95更好。     

罗库溴铵、维库溴铵和阿曲库铵用于全麻气管插管肌松效应的对比研究

目的观察比较罗库溴铵、维库溴铵及阿曲库铵在全麻诱导气管插管时的肌松效应及不良反应。方法ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期全麻下行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者120例,随机分为:罗库溴铵组(Ⅰ组)、维库溴铵组(Ⅱ组)、阿曲库铵组(Ⅲ组),每组给2倍ED95剂量肌松剂。Ⅰ组按用量再分为:Ⅰa组(2倍ED95,0.6 mg/kg)、Ⅰb组(3倍ED95,0.9 mg/kg)2个亚组。每组各30例。麻醉诱导依次静注咪达唑仑0.06 mg/kg、芬太尼4μg/kg,异丙酚2 mg/kg后,Ⅰa、Ⅰb组分别静注罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.9 mg/kg,Ⅱ组静注维库溴铵0.15 mg/kg,Ⅲ组静注阿曲库铵0.5 mg/kg。观察各组气管插管时的肌松效果及不良反应。结果Ⅰ组的起效时间及插管状态优良率均明显高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,Ⅰb组的插管条件好于Ⅰa组。Ⅰ组的支气管痉挛、皮疹等不良反应的发生率明显低于其他组,对循环系统的影响也较小。结论罗库溴铵比维库溴铵、阿曲库铵起效快,恢复迅速,不良反应少,是较好的全麻气管插管肌松药。     

阿曲库铵和维库溴铵量──效关系和恢复时相的比较性研究(英)

比较性观察阿曲库铵和维库溴铵量-效关系和恢复时相特征。选择60例ASAI级,年龄17～50岁,施择期整形外科手术的中国患者,分层随机平均分成阿曲库铰组和维库溴铵组。用60％NO2-O2-硫喷妥钠-芬太尼维持麻醉。用加速度仪监测神经肌肉功能,采用TOF刺激方式,以T1抑制的百分比为研究指标。用累计给药方法建立阿曲库铵和维库溴铵的量-效关系曲线。根据用最小二乘法建立的量-效关系曲线,阿曲库铵的神经肌肉阻滞作用强度仅为维库溴铵的17％。两药的ED50、ED90和ED95均有明显差别。应用等效剂量（1.5×ED95）后,两药的高峰时间、临床肌松时间、恢复时间和体内作用时间均无明显差别。结论：阿曲库铵是一弱效能的肌松药,而维库溴接为一强效能肌松药。阿曲库按和维库溴铵的作用强度比率为1／6。应用等效剂量后,两药的恢复时相无明显差别。     

罗库溴铵与顺式阿曲库铵在全麻快诱导气管插管中的效果比较

目的:比较罗库溴铵与顺式阿曲库铵在全麻快诱导气管插管中的起效时间、肌松程度、插管条件及其组胺释放情况。方法:80例全麻择期手术ASA I～II级患者。随机分为罗库溴铵(0.6mg/kg)组(n=40)和顺式阿曲库铵(0.15mg/kg)组(n=40),麻醉诱导给予咪达唑仑、依托咪脂和芬太尼。采用4个成串刺激以刺激尺神经方式来观察拇内收肌收缩束的收缩情况,以T1颤搐值(%)作为判断肌松效应的指标。同时予纯氧面罩吸入2min后行气管内插管。并且评估气管插管条件、组胺释放情况以及循环功能变化。结果:罗库溴铵组在起效时间上明显快于顺式阿曲库铵组,两组时间分别为(1.60±0.68)min、(3.61±0.96)min,有显著性差异(P<0.01)。而两组在临床作用时间、肌松恢复时间及气管插管条件上比较均无统计学意义(P>0.05);均未发现两组患者有支气管痉挛和皮疹情况发生。结论:罗库溴铵在起效时间上明显快于顺式阿曲库胺,而在临床作用时间、肌松恢复时间及气管插管条件上相似于顺式阿曲库铵,两组均未发现有明显的心血管不良反应。因此,罗库溴铵是全麻快诱导插管时较好的非去极化肌松药。     

常温与低温贮存对国产顺式阿曲库铵临床时效的影响

目的:探讨在常温与低温下贮存国产顺式阿曲库铵对临床时效的影响。方法:90例择期全麻患者,按随机数字表法分为低温组、常温A组及常温B组,各30例。采用TOF-Watch SX肌松监测仪单次超强电刺激观察上肢拇收肌的肌松程度,待患者麻醉诱导意识消失后静脉注射顺式阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg,当肌颤搐降到最大抑制程度时行气管插管。低温组患者所用顺式阿曲库铵置于冰箱2~5℃贮存,常温A组与常温B组患者所用顺式阿曲库铵置于30℃的恒温箱中分别贮存15 d和30 d。记录3组患者起效时间、肌颤搐最大抑制程度、临床作用时间、恢复指数及总时效。结果:3组患者在顺式阿曲库铵的作用下肌颤搐的最大抑制程度均达到0。常温A组和常温B组患者起效时间及临床作用时间与低温组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);常温A组和常温B组患者恢复指数及总时效均长于低温组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:国产顺式阿曲库铵应在低温下贮存,对肌松效应影响较小。     

通气方式改变对老年患者肌松效应的影响

目的：通过不同通气方式的改变,观察两种肌松药应用于老年患者的肌松效应,指导老年患者肌松药的使用。方法60例行胆囊切除术的老年患者,随机分为A组(顺式阿曲库铵组)和B组(维库溴铵组),各30例。再将A、B组患者随机分为过度通气组(A1、B1组)、低通气组(A2、B2组)、正常通气组(A3、B3组)。气管插管后维持相应的PETCO2并监测, PETCO2达到相应标准后,给予A组2ED95的顺式阿曲库铵、B组2ED95的维库溴铵。记录A、B组在三种通气方式下肌松作用达到最大的时间、最大作用的持续时间和恢复指数以及TOF的T1恢复到25%时的血气分析值。结果 A组中, A1组肌松作用达到最大的时间与A3组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), A2组与A1、A3组相比则显著缩短(P<0.05)。A1组的肌松作用达最大后持续时间和恢复指数均显著显比A2、A3组短(P<0.05)。B组中, B1、B2、B3组肌松作用达到最大的时间,最大作用的持续时间和恢复指数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组三组患者肌松达到最大的时间比A组相对应的三组患者明显缩短,而肌松最大作用的持续时间明显延长(均P<0.05)。结论过度通气情况下顺式阿曲库铵肌松作用达到最大的时间不变但肌松持续时间缩短,而低通气情况下顺式阿曲库铵肌松作用达到最大的时间缩短但肌松持续时间无明显改变,而通气方式的改变对维库溴铵的肌松作用无明显影响。不同通气方式下,维库溴铵肌松达到最大作用的时间均比顺式曲库铵短,而最大作用的持续时间比顺式阿曲库铵长。     

罗库溴铵对维库溴铵药效的影响及其先后给药法的应用

目的:研究罗库溴铵对追加的维库溴铵肌松效应的影响及罗库溴铵维库溴铵先后给药法的临床价值。方法:观察2倍ED95剂量的罗库溴铵(0.6mg·kg-1)、维库溴铵(0.1mg·kg-1)分别诱导时的时效及插管条件,以及插管后对追加的1倍ED95剂量的维库溴铵的起效及维持时间的影响。结果:罗库溴铵阻滞起效时间显著快于维库溴铵(P<0.01),二者产生的插管条件及维持时间相似;罗库溴铵插管后对追加的维库溴铵药效无影响。结论:罗库溴铵维库溴铵先后给药法合理安全,有重要临床价值。     

联合应用顺阿曲库铵与维库溴铵后ED50和ED95的改变

目的：观察顺式阿曲库铵联合维库溴铵用药后ED50和ED95的变化。方法将75例择期手术患者（ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级）随机分为3组：顺式阿曲库铵组、维库溴铵组和顺式阿曲库铵＋维库溴铵组,每组各25例。麻醉诱导后,以单次给药法观察起效时间和T1达到最大抑制的时间,描绘3组患者的量-效曲线,求得各自的ED50和ED95值,并运用等效图法和代数法对两药相互作用进行分析。结果单用顺式阿曲库铵组、维库溴铵组ED50值分别为32.35、28.78μg/kg,ED95值分别为52.67、51.20μg/kg。联合用药时ED50值为16.81、12.17μg/kg,ED95值为23.49、22.16μg/kg,与单独用药相比,差异均有统计学意义。联合用药时ED50和ED95的合用代数值分别为0.942、0.879。结论联合使用顺式阿曲库铵和维库溴铵具有协同作用,且量-效曲线产生左移。     

顺式阿曲库铵用于不同性别患者的药效学研究

目的:研究性别差异对顺式阿曲库铵肌松效应的影响。方法:将拟在气管插管全身麻醉下行择期手术的患者28例,分为男性组、女性组,每组14例。血浆靶控输注丙泊酚3μg·mL~(-1)、瑞芬太尼3～6 ng·mL~(-1)、静脉注射顺式阿曲库铵0.15 mg·kg~(-1)行麻醉诱导,以单次颤搐刺激监测神经肌肉阻滞深度,待T_1达最低值行气管插管,并转换为四个成串刺激(TOF),血浆靶控输注丙泊酚3μg·mL~(-1)、瑞芬太尼3～6 ng·mL~(-1)维持麻醉。记录顺式阿曲库铵的肌松作用指标。结果:与女性组比较,男性组身高、体质量较大(P<0.05),但体质量指数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);起效时间、T_1最大阻滞程度、最大阻滞持续时间、T_1 25%恢复时间、恢复指数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:单次静脉注射顺式阿曲库铵后肌松效应无性别差异。     

异氟醚对老年患者顺式阿曲库铵肌肉松弛效应的影响

目的 观察异氟醚对老年患者顺式阿曲库铵肌肉松弛效应的影响.方法 60 例美国麻醉医师协会Ⅱ级行择期手术的老年患者,随机数字表法分为两组,每组30例.丙泊酚组持续输注丙泊酚4～6 mg/（kg·h）,依据需要静注芬太尼维持麻醉;异氟醚组1.0 MAC异氟醚吸入,依据需要静注芬太尼维持麻醉.记录肌松起效时间、作用时间、术中维持速率、T1 25%、75%恢复时间、TOF比值恢复到70%的时间及恢复指数.结果 异氟醚组起效时间[（231.32±25.48）s]及恢复指数[（14.83±3.42）min]与丙泊酚组[（237.41±31.33）s、（13.07±3,74）min]差异无统计学意义,异氟醚组作用时间[（42.37±5.32）min]、T1 25%、75%恢复时间[（53.94±8.20）min、（70.78±7.65）min],明显长于丙泊酚组[（29.46±4.73）min、（41.31±6.43）min、（55.74±6.19）min,P＜0.05],异氟醚组术中维持速率[（88.32±13.25）μg/（kg·h）],明显小于丙泊酚组[（115.64±17.52）μg/（kg·h）].结论 异氟醚能显著延长老年患者顺式阿曲库铵的作用时间及恢复时间,减小术中维持速率,但对恢复指数无明显影响.     

Doxacurium. A review of its pharmacology and clinical potential in anaesthesia.

Doxacurium, a benzylisoquinolinium diester, provides nondepolarising neuromuscular blockade (and thus surgical relaxation), without vagolytic or sympathomimetic effects. At equipotent doses, the duration of action of doxacurium is similar to that of the long-acting neuromuscular blocker pancuronium. Supplemental doses of doxacurium administered at approximately 25% recovery reliably increase the depth and duration of neuromuscular blockade without accumulation. Although patients will recover spontaneously from doxacurium neuromuscular blockade, pharmacological reversal with neostigmine is recommended in line with accepted clinical practice, and permits acceleration of recovery when necessary. Doxacurium may also be used to facilitate endotracheal intubation. However, even with large doses onset of action is delayed, suggesting more rapidly acting neuromuscular blocking agents will be preferred when rapid sequence induction and intubation is required. Doxacurium has been successfully used in children, the elderly, and in patients with renal failure, hepatic failure, or cardiovascular disease. The absence of clinically significant effects on cardiovascular parameters and relative lack of histamine release observed in clinical trials indicates that doxacurium is suitable for use in high-risk patient groups. Thus, while there are only a limited number of studies comparing doxacurium with other nondepolarising neuromuscular blockers, particularly other 'cardiostable' agents, its ability to produce sustained effective muscle relaxation without significantly affecting the cardiovascular system or inducing histamine release would seem to make it a preferred agent for surgery of longer duration, particularly in high-risk patient groups.     

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE DURING INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA

Young lambs were used to study the effects of progressive cooling and rewarming on cardiovascular function during neuromuscular blockade induced by gallamine. Initially, it was shown that gallamine exerted no immediate, direct haemodynamic effect in normothermic or hypothermic lambs (cooled by 10 degrees C). By comparison with hypothermic controls, neuromuscular blockade was associated with increases in left ventricular (LV) max dP/dt (153%; P less than 0.02) as cooling progressed, and even greater increases (232%; P less than 0.001) during rewarming. It was concluded that these changes seem likely to represent enhanced myocardial contractility since preload did not closely follow LV max dP/dt (heart rate and mean aortic pressure fell gradually during cooling but values were restored in the rewarming phase). LV max dP/dt in lambs given gallamine only after cooling also showed a similar response during rewarming. Results of this study may have clinical relevance relating to the mechanical recovery of the hypothermic heart in patients receiving neuromuscular blockade during cardiac surgery, and they argue against using gallamine as such an agent.     

Aminoglycoside antibiotics: interaction with trimethaphan at the neuromuscular junctions

Trimethaphan, a ganglionic blocking agent which is administered by intravenous drip to produce controlled hypotension during surgery, produces a complete neuromuscular blockade at the isolated phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation of the rat at a concentration of 0.3 mmol X l-1. This blockade is not reversed by neostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, nor by calcium chloride, and this action is attributed to the local anaesthetic activity of the drug. Trimethaphan (1.5 X 10(-2) mmol X l-1) interacts with the following aminoglycoside antibiotics: gentamicin (0.04), streptomycin (0.05), netilmicin (0.06), amikacin (0.11), sisomicin (0.14), kanamycin (0.17), tobramycin (0.18) and dibekacin (0.21 mmol X l-1) to produce a complete neuromuscular blockade. These pharmacodynamic interactions of trimethaphan and aminoglycoside antibiotics occur at significantly reduced concentrations of the interacting drugs which are very close to the ones obtained after administration of therapeutic doses. When trimethaphan or aminoglycoside antibiotics are used alone at the above reduced concentrations they do not exert any neuromuscular blocking activity. The neuromuscular blockade which is obtained after the interaction of trimethaphan with aminoglycoside antibiotics is not reversed by either neostigmine or calcium chloride, although the neuromuscular blockade which is produced by aminoglycoside antibiotics alone is reversed by calcium chloride. It is concluded that the local anaesthetic effect of trimethaphan is the predominant factor of the mechanism of the above interactions. These interactions may produce severe respiratory disturbances (respiratory depression or apnoea) to the patients, during the perioperative period, which can be reversed only with artificial ventilation.     

Sugammadex: a cyclodextrin to reverse neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia

Background: Neuromuscular blocking agents are used to provide relaxation and immobility during surgery. To avoid residual paralysis after anaesthesia, reversal of blockade is commonly accomplished with anticholinesterase agents but these drugs have cardiovascular side effects and incomplete effectiveness. Sugammadex is a cyclodextrin that binds rocuronium and chemically similar neuromuscular blocking drugs. Objective: Published data on the effectiveness of sugammadex as a reversal agent were examined. Methods: Peer-reviewed articles on residual postoperative paralysis and sugammadex (ORG 25969) were analysed. Results: Rocuronium–sugammadex complexes are formed and excreted via the kidney. The dissociation constant of the reaction is estimated at 0.1 μM. Sugammadex produces more rapid reversal of rocuronium- and vecuronium-induced blockade than current reversal agents. The dose required depends directly on intensity of blockade. To date, there appear to be few side effects. Inadequate dosage may lead to reparalysis. Conclusion: More data are needed, especially in patients with renal failure and those who require neuromuscular blockade again soon after receiving sugammadex.     

Drug-Induced Neuromuscular Blockade and Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia gravis is an uncommon disorder of the neuromuscular junction resulting in weakness of all striated voluntary muscles. Therapeutic advances have increased patients' age and survival. Older patients with myasthenia gravis may have additional medication needs. Numerous drugs have experimental and clinical evidence of neuromuscular blockade. A MEDLINE search of the English literature from 1966 to the present pertinent to drug-induced myasthenia gravis was performed. Additional literature was obtained from reference citations of relevant articles. Drugs with several reports of neuromuscular blockade were assessed for causality by a recognized probability scale. Prednisone was most commonly implicated as aggravating myasthenia gravis, and D-penicillamine was most commonly associated with myasthenic syndrome. The greatest frequency of drug-induced neuromuscular blockade was seen with aminoglycoside-induced postoperative respiratory depression. However, drugs most likely to impact myasthenic patients negatively are those used in the treatment of the disease. These include overuse of anticholinesterase drugs, high-dose prednisone, and anesthesia and neuromuscular blockers for thymectomy.     

2型糖尿病患者罗库溴铵的肌松效应

目的 观察2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者罗库溴铵的肌松效应.方法 60例择期手术全麻病人等分为基本资料相仿的T2DM(D组)和非糖尿病(C组)两组.全麻诱导时,快速静注罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,记录两组的肌松起效时间、临床时效、恢复时间和恢复指数.结果 与C组比较,D组肌松起效时间略长于对照组(P>0.05),临床时效、恢复时间和恢复指数均明显延长(P<0.05).结论 与非糖尿病患者比较,T2DM患者罗库溴铵的临床维持时间延长,恢复时间亦延迟.     

舒更葡糖钠逆转深度神经肌肉阻滞对腹腔镜术后肺部并发症的影响

目的：探讨舒更葡糖钠逆转罗库溴铵深度神经肌肉阻滞对腹腔镜妇科手术患者术后肺部并发症的影响。方法：纳入160例择期接受妇科腔镜手术治疗的患者,随机分为4组,每组各40例,其中A组和B组患者术中间断追加肌松剂罗库溴铵,C组和D组术中持续静脉泵入罗库溴铵,缝皮结束后停用所有麻醉药物,A组和C组患者给予4 mg·kg^-1舒更葡糖钠拮抗,B组和D组给予0.02 mg·kg^-1新斯的明和0.01 mg·kg^-1阿托品拮抗。分别比较A组和B组,C组和D组患者肌松恢复指数、4个成串刺激中第4个肌颤搐与第1个肌颤搐的比值（train of four stimulation ratio,TOFr）恢复至90%时间、拔管时间、术后恢复室停留时间、术后疼痛评分、术后恶心呕吐以及肺部并发症的发生率。结果：A组和C组肌松恢复指数、TOFr恢复至90%时间、拔管时间以及术后恢复室停留时间均短于B组和D组（P<0.05）;A组和C组术后疼痛评分、术后恶心呕吐、低氧血症以及肺部并发症的发生率低于B组和D组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：舒更葡糖钠可显著减少妇科腔镜手术患者术后肌松残余的发生,降低术后肺部并发症的发生率。     

The effect of renal failure on the disposition and neuromuscular blocking action of pancuronium bromide

Summary Plasma concentrations of pancuronium following single dose administration in six patients, and following multiple dose administration in four patients, all undergoing renal transplantation surgery, were measured using a fluorimetric method. A two-compartment open model was used in the pharmacokinetic analysis of the data. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic findings with data previously obtained for patients undergoing elective surgery but having normal renal function indicated that the clearance of the drug was reduced significantly in the patients with renal failure, and that in these individuals the half-life was increased significantly. Measurement of the evoked mechanical twitch response concurrently with plasma concentration monitoring of pancuronium confirmed that the prolongation of half-life in the patients with renal failure was often but not always associated with an extended duration of neuromuscular blockade and furthermore that the rate of recovery from block might also be prolonged. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.