连续性血液净化治疗对心肺复苏术后患者脑复苏的有效性分析

选取2010年9月~2013年9月于本院进行心肺复苏术的62例患者,随机分为对照组和观察组各31例。两组患者均积极治疗原发病,对照组在此基础上采用常规脱水等疗法,观察组则在此基础上采用连续性血液净化治疗,比较两组患者脑复苏的效果。结果观察组患者脑复苏成功率明显高于对照组,病死率明显低于对照组,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。连续性血液净化治疗可以改善心肺复苏术后患者脑水肿,提高脑复苏的成功率,可以广泛用作心肺复苏后患者的脑复苏疗法。     

心肺复苏术成功后合并急性肾功能损伤3例行CRRT的临床效果观察

目的观察连续性血液净化治疗(CRRT)对心肺复苏术成功后合并急性肾功能损伤患者临床效果。方法采用CRRT的主要模式连续性静脉—静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗3例心肺复苏术成功后合并急性肾功能损伤患者,对病情、主要抢救措施和结果等临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果例1、例2患者分别经CRRT治疗298h和148h后,尿量逐渐开始恢复,转为隔日进行CRRT治疗,每天治疗6～8h,分别治疗6次和10次后转为普通血液透析滤过治疗,复查肾功能基本正常后停止血液净化治疗;第3例患者经CRRT连续治疗18h后,因血压呈持续下降趋势,达不到CRRT治疗所需要求,经抢救无效临床死亡。结论心肺复苏术成功后部分患者常合并急性肾功能损伤,尽早进行CRRT治疗,可使患者安全度过急性应激期,提高患者的生存率。     

强化第一目击者心肺复苏术培训对心脏骤停复苏成功率的影响

目的:探讨对第一目击者进行强化心肺复苏术(CPR)培训对心脏骤停(CA)复苏成功率的影响。方法:采取前瞻性分组对照方法,将院前CA患者118例按是否接受第一目击者CPR分为对照组56例和观察组62例,对照组第一目击者未能及时实施CPR,等待专业医生到场后进行CPR;观察组第一目击者及时实施了CPR。结果:对照组现场复苏成功14例、成功率25.0%,观察组现场复苏成功26例、成功率41.9%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:对潜在第一目击者进行CPR的技能培训,有效提高CA患者的复苏成功率,说明以社区健康教育为平台开展CPR培训,是有效提高CA患者复苏成功率的良好途径。     

心肺脑复苏成功16例探讨

心肺脑复苏（ｃａｒｄｉｏｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｃｅｒｅｂｒａｌｒｅｓｕｃｉｔａｔｉｏｎ,ＣＰＣＲ）是急救医学中一项重要研究课题,脑的功能和生命力决定人的生命质量和寿命。因此,心肺脑复苏的目的应是保持全身器官和脑功能的平衡和稳定。现结合近年来心肺脑复苏（ＣＰＣＲ）成功１６例研讨如下。１　资料与方法１１　一般资料　１６例患者均为１９９０～１９９６年急诊抢救观察的病人,其中男１１例,女５例,年龄２０～７１岁,平均年龄为４５５岁。其中急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）８例,急性病毒性心肌炎２例,肺心病１例,因室性心…     

院前心肺脑复苏的护理体会

随着急诊医学的发展，急诊科急救既是院前急救的延续和对院前急救的规范。又是对存活到医院伤员确定性救治的开始。心肺脑复苏的成功与抢救是否及时有效有关。若能在心脏骤停4min内进行基本生命支持（BLS）。8min内进行心脏除颤，则存活率可达40％。越早抢救，复苏成功率越高。所以急诊科的每一位医护人员必须熟练掌握及完成心肺复苏术（CPR）的一项工作。笔者现将对院前心肺脑复苏的护理体会报告如下。     

插入式腹部按压心肺复苏术和标准心肺复苏术对心脏骤停病人脑复苏效果的对比研究

[目的 ]为明确院内心脏骤停病人在行标准心肺复苏术 (CPR)的同时加插入式腹部按压 (IAC)能否提高脑复苏成功率。 [方法 ]将 72例心脏骤停病人随机分为实验组和对照组。对照组按照ABC程序行标准心肺复苏术 (S -CPR ) ;实验组在进行S -CPR的同时 ,在胸部按压放松时行一次腹部按压 ,按压力度为 13 .3 3kPa～2 6.67kPa ,按压频率为10 0 /min ,压胸与压腹交替进行。监测两组心肺脑复苏效果。 [结果 ]实验组在自主循环恢复率、自主呼吸恢复率、2 4h生存率、出院存活率及脑复苏结局评价方面均明显优于对照组 ,差异有统计学意义 ,并未发现明显并发症。[结论 ]IAC -CPR在显著提高心肺复苏成功率的同时提高了远期存活率和脑复苏效果 ,是一项有利于脑复苏的循环支持新技术     

插入式腹部按压心肺复苏术和标准心肺复苏术对心脏骤停病人脑复苏效果的对比研究

[目的]为明确院内心脏骤停病人在行标准心肺复苏术(CPR)的同时加插入式腹部按压(IAC)能否提高脑复苏成功率。[方法]将72例心脏骤停病人随机分为实验组和对照组。对照组按照ABC程序行标准心肺复苏术(S—CPR)；实验组在进行S—CPR的同时，在胸部按压放松时行一次腹部按压，按压力度为13．33kPa～26．67kPa，按压频率为100／min，压胸与压腹交替进行。监测两组心肺脑复苏效果。[结果]实验组在自主循环恢复率、自主呼吸恢复率、24h生存率、出院存活率及脑复苏结局评价方面均明显优于对照组，差异有统计学意义，并未发现明显并发症。[结论]IAC—CPR在显著提高心肺复苏成功率的同时提高了远期存活率和脑复苏效果，是一项有利于脑复苏的循环支持新技术。     

心肺脑复苏术的药理学基础

现代心肺复苏术（ＣＰＲ）的建立已经４０年了,心肺复苏的目的是防止突然的意外死亡。恢复智能,因为复苏效果在很大程度上取决于神经系统功能的恢复,故自８０年代中期发展成了心肺脑复苏术（ＣＰＣＲ）。     

提高心肺复苏后的脑复苏率

随着心肺复苏术的普及和进展,心跳呼吸骤停的复苏率大有提高,但仍有相当的存活患者并发神经系统损害,不能恢复正常生活,致使心肺脑复苏的成功率仍较低.故心肺复苏中及复苏后脑复苏就成为复苏成功的关键之一.     

甲泼尼龙对心肺复苏后患者血清细胞因子的影响

目的 探讨甲泼尼龙对心肺复苏后患者血清细胞因子表达的影响.方法 将2005年5月至2007年5月上海市闸北区中心医院心肺复苏恢复自主循环(ROSC)30例患者,经心电监护或心电图证实院内心跳呼吸骤停,即刻心肺复苏恢复自主循环、生存≥48 h、年龄≥18岁患者;入选病例排除因各种疾病终末期、晚期肿瘤、自然死亡因素所致心跳呼吸停止者,及发病前一周内伴有各种感染、休克、严重创伤者.随机分为A组(甲泼尼龙组,n=14):复苏后加用甲泼尼龙每日3 mg/kg,分两次静脉滴注,连续3 d;B组(对照组,n=16):采用常规心肺复苏治疗.两组患者原发病因基本相仿.ELISA法检测两组心肺复苏即刻、ROSC后24 h、48 h、72 h、7 d的血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平.资料数据采用SPSS11.5版统计软件进行分析处理,计量资料以均数±标准差(-x±s)表示,两组各不同时间点计量资料两两比较采用成组t检验,两组心肺复苏后SIRS患病率和病死率采用Chi-square test,以P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 两组心跳骤停至心肺复苏恢复自主循环平均间期[(8.9±4.6)min,(9.6±5.0)min]及心肺复苏即刻血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与B组比较,A组ROSC后24 h、48 h血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8水平明显降低(P＜0.05～0.01),ROSC后72 h A组血清IL-8水平(114.33±149.72)仍低于B组(332.09±277.45)(P＜0.05),ROSC后7 d两组血清各细胞因子水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).血清IL-10水平两组在不同时间点差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 早期应用甲泼尼龙可降低心肺复苏后患者血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8释放,对复苏患者有保护作用.     

Uniform reporting of measured quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

BACKGROUND: CPR quality is an important determinant of cardiac arrest outcome. Recent investigations have demonstrated that quality of clinical CPR is variable and often not in compliance with international consensus guidelines. The 2005 update of these guidelines included new recommendations for the measurement of resuscitation and CPR performance and the institution of measures to improve resuscitation care. Common definitions and reporting templates need to be established for the variables of CPR quality. This will allow for meaningful comparisons between treatment groups in clinical trials as well as a common system for quality improvement and documentation of this improvement. METHODS/RESULTS: In this report, we present the results from an international consensus working group to propose common definitions and criteria for reporting variables of CPR quality, based on the best available data for the importance of various CPR variables. The recommendations are discussed in light of the different purposes outlined above.     

A randomized controlled trial comparing traditional training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to self-directed CPR learning in first year medical students: The two-person CPR study

Study Aim

The primary purpose of this study was to compare two, shorter, self-directed methods of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) education for healthcare professionals (HCP) to traditional training with a focus on the trainee's ability to perform two-person CPR.

Methods

First-year medical students with either no prior CPR for HCP experience or prior training greater than 5 years were randomized to complete one of three courses: 1) HeartCode BLS System, 2) BLS Anytime, or 3) Traditional training. Only data from the adult CPR skills testing station was reviewed via video recording by certified CPR instructors and the Laerdal PC Skill Reporter software program (Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway).

Results

There were 180 first-year medical students who met inclusion criteria: 68 were HeartCode BLS System, 53 BLS Anytime group, and 59 traditional group Regarding two-person CPR, 57 (84%) of Heartcode BLS students and 43 (81%) of BLS Anytime students were able to initiate the switch compared to 39 (66%) of traditional course students (p = 0.04). There were no significant differences in the quality of chest compressions or ventilations between the three groups. There was a trend for a much higher CPR skills testing pass rate for the traditional course students. However, failure to “clear to analyze or shock” while using the AED was the most common reason for failure in all groups.

Conclusion

The self-directed learning groups not only had a high level of success in initiating the “switch” to two-person CPR, but were not significantly different from students who completed traditional training.     

探索院内成功心肺复苏患者早期发生心血管衰竭的独立危险因素

目的 探索院内成功心肺复苏患者早期发生心血管衰竭的独立危险因素,为临床工作者对预后评估提供依据.方法 收集2010-12～2013-02入住我院急诊重症监护室院内心肺复苏成功(ROSC 20 min以上)的113例患者,并排除发病时未满18周岁、资料不完全、早期家属放弃抢救以及处于疾病终末期引起心脏骤停等病例.将入选的病例按复苏后是否出现早期心血管衰竭(ROSC后12 h之内收缩压小于80 mm Hg,需用升压药物维持血压或原有高血压患者收缩压较基础水平下降20％)分为早期心血管衰竭组和非心血管衰竭组.采用相应的统计方法进行相关临床资料分析.结果 入选病例113例,其中78例发生早期心血管衰竭(69.02％),死亡率87.18％,其余35例未发生心血管衰竭,死亡率为31.43％.本研究发现,未发生心血管衰竭组中有60％患者发病病因为心脏疾病.初始心律为非除颤心律(心脏停搏+无脉电活动)、抢救时间过长、复苏前存在全身炎症反应综合症(SIRS)及血糖紊乱是早期发生心血管衰竭的危险因素,且早期发生心血管衰竭患者入室APACHEⅡ评分及SOFA评分明显高于未发生心血管衰竭组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).多因素Logistic分析得出,心肺复苏持续时间过长及复苏前存在SIRS、血糖紊乱是早期发生心血管衰竭的独立危险因素.结论 本组研究院内成功心肺复苏患者中有69.02％早期发生心血管衰竭,死亡率较未发生心血管衰竭者明显增高,且入室APACHEⅡ评分及SOFA评分明显高于未发生心血管衰竭组;心肺复苏持续时间过长、复苏前存在SIRS及血糖紊乱是成功复苏后早期出现心血管衰竭的独立危险因素.     

广州东部地区公众徒手心肺复苏术掌握现状调查及培训分析

目的了解广州东部地区公众对徒手心肺复苏术（CPR）掌握现状,探讨对公众进行CPR培训的方法。方法对广州东部地区738人进行CPR培训,培训前后理论和操作考试。结果广州东部地区公众普遍缺乏心肺复苏知识和技能。培训后操作考试合格率从培训前12．0％提高到100．0％。结论广州东部地区公众普遍缺乏心肺复苏基本知识和技能,规范培训能有效提高公众心肺复苏技能。     

急诊护士心肺复苏术培训的新进展

心肺复苏术是一项具有社会普遍价值的、在发病现场实用性很强的医疗急救技术。虽然已经在全社会进行推广培训,但现今在实际推广培训过程中存在很多不足,远未达到预期目标。本文就急诊护士培训内容和方法的新进展进行综述。     

Survival in cancer patients undergoing in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is thought to be a low-yield intervention in cancer patients. In patients with metastatic disease the procedure is thought to be futile. Comprehensive data on survival to discharge in subsets of cancer patients undergoing in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation, however, are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of survival to discharge for adult cancer patients undergoing in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. METHOD: A systematic search of MEDLINE and our primary sources' references was performed for studies involving in-hospital cardiac arrest, in clearly defined subsets of adult cancer patients, with outcomes that included survival to hospital discharge. RESULTS: Forty-two studies from 1966-2005, comprising 1707 patients met our minimal inclusion criteria. Overall survival to discharge was 6.2%. Survival in patients with localized disease was 9.5%, and in patients with metastatic disease was 5.6%. Analysis of data reported since 1990 reveals a narrowing of the survival gap, with survival rates in patients with localised disease of 9.1%, and in patients with metastatic disease of 7.8%. Survival in patients resuscitated on the general medical/surgical wards was 10.1%, while survival in patients resuscitated on intensive care units (ICUs) was 2.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Overall survival of CPR to hospital discharge in cancer patients compares favorably to survival rates in unselected inpatients. Improved outcomes in recent years in patients with metastatic disease are likely to reflect more selective use of CPR in cancer patients, with the sickest patients deselected.     

Effect of continuous oxygen insufflation on induced-gastric air volume during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a cadaveric model

BackgroundThe main objective of this study was to compare the volume of gas insufflated in the stomach with continuous external chest compressions plus continuous oxygen insufflation (C-CPR) versus standard-CPR (S-CPR) which alternates external chest compressions and synchronized positive insufflations through a bag-valve-mask with a 30/2 ratio. The secondary objective was to compare upper airway pressures (intratracheal and intramask) generated during continuous oxygen insufflation.Material and methodsOpen, prospective, randomized, cross over, comparative, non-inferiority study. CPR was performed for six minutes periods, on seven fresh human corpses, with C-CPR or S-CPR in a random order. Before each CPR period, the stomach was completely emptied through the gastrostomy tube, and then 200 mL of air was injected in the stomach to be sure it was not collapsed. The gastric volume was measured at the end of each intervention. Intratracheal and intramask pressures were recorded continuously during C-CPR. Results were provided as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analyses were done with a paired student t test.ResultsInduced-gastric inflation was lower with C-CPR (221 ± 130 mL) than with S-CPR (5401 ± 2208 mL, p = 0.001). Throughout C-CPR, no difference was found between the intratracheal and intramask pressures (4.4 ± 1.2; 4.0 ± 0.8 cmH₂O, respectively, p = 0.45).ConclusionThis human cadaver study demonstrates that continuous oxygen insufflation induced less gastric inflation than intermittent insufflation during CPR.     

连续性血液净化治疗对脓毒症患者细胞免疫功能的影响

目的探讨连续性血液净化(CBP)治疗对脓毒症患者细胞免疫功能的影响。方法对21例脓毒症患者在CBP治疗前后采血,用流式细胞术测定T淋巴细胞亚群CD3~ 、CD4~ 、CD8~ 、CD4~ /CD8~ 比值,同时检测血及废液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)浓度,观察CBP治疗前后T淋巴细胞亚群、TNF-α的变化。结果CBP治疗后APACHEⅡ评分降低(P＜0．001),CD3~ 、CD4~ 、CD4~ /CD8~ 比值均较CBP治疗前升高(P＜0．001、P＜0．001、P＜0．05),而CD8~ 差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05),TNF-α浓度无明显变化(P＞0．05)。结论CBP治疗可以改善脓毒症患者的细胞免疫功能,对T淋巴细胞亚群具有双向调节作用。     

肾上腺素对心肺复苏后大鼠脑损伤研究的干扰作用

目的观察大鼠心肺复苏早期脑水肿与血脑屏障变化的特点以及肾上腺素对其的干扰作用。方法以SD大鼠建立心肺复苏模型，120只大鼠随机分成手术对照组（分气管切开后即刻，1／2、3、6、9h），肾上腺组（给药后即刻，1／2、3、6、9h），复苏组（分复苏后即刻，1／2、3、6、9h），检测各组脑组织水含量及EB含量，观察心肺复苏后各时点脑水肿及血脑屏障通透性的变化情况。结果大鼠注射肾上腺素后3min内均出现心率加快，同时并发心律失常。肾上腺素组1／2h开始出现脑组织水含量的升高，6h已下降，9h已基本降至基线.肾上腺素组9h内均未出现EB含量升高.心肺复苏组于复苏后1／2h起就出现脑组织水含量的持续增加，与手术对照组同时间点比较均P〈0．01，和肾上腺素组比较6h开始才有显著差别，同时，心肺复苏纽6h后EB含量升高，与手术对照组比较均P〈0．01，与肾上腺素组比较6hP〈0．05，9hP〈0．01、相关分析发现，6h后EB舍量和脑水肿明显相关（r=0．832，P〈0．01）。结论应用肾上腺素的心肺复苏早期就出现脑水肿，开始以细胞毒性脑水肿为主，而后血脑屏障开放，促使血管源性脑水肿形成，肾上腺素能一过性地促进细胞性脑水肿的形成，可能是心肺复苏早期细胞毒性脑水肿形成的主要因素，反复应用会干扰心肺复苏后早期脑水肿的研究。