稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人吸入支气管舒张剂后深吸气量与运动耐量的关系

目的探讨稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)病人吸入支气管舒张剂后深吸气量(inspiratory capacity,IC)与运动耐量的关系。方法对42例稳定期COPD病人进行常规肺功能检测和6 min步行试验(six-minute walk test,6MWT),以6 min步行距离(6MWD)和Borg评分来评价病人的运动耐量和呼吸困难程度;病人吸入复方异丙托溴胺2.5 ml(沙丁胺醇3 mg/异丙托溴胺500μg)后复查肺功能和6MWT,探讨IC与运动耐量的关系。结果吸入复方异丙托溴胺后,第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、IC、残气量(RV)、功能残气量(FRC)和肺总量(TLC)及6MWD均有显著的改善,但仅IC的增加(△IC%)与6MWD的增加(△6MWD)和运动后Borg呼吸困难评分的改善(△Borg步行后)之间存在显著相关性。结论支气管舒张剂治疗后IC的增加与病人运动耐量和呼吸困难的改善密切相关。     

动态性肺过度充气与COPD患者劳力性呼吸困难的关系

目的探讨动态肺过度充气（DH）与COPD患者劳力性呼吸困难的关系。方法对我院42例COPD稳定期患者和20例健康体检者进行肺功能检测、症状限制递增功率心肺运动试验、高强度恒定功率运动试验,分别记录受试者静息状态和运动中的Borg呼吸困难评分、深吸气量（IC）、潮气量（VT）等指标。结果COPD组患者的呼吸变的浅快,呼气流速降低,呼气时问缩短,运动耐量显著低于对照组;COPD组患者在运动高峰时的Ic显著低于静息状态,对照组运动高峰时Ic与静息状态时无明显差别;COPD组患者运动终点与静息状态时Borg呼吸困难评分的差值（ABorg）与Ic的差值（AIC）呈负相关（r=-0．62,P〈0．05）,VT的差值（AVT）与AIC呈负相关（r=-0．80,P〈0．05）。结论动态性肺过度充气是慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者发生劳力性呼吸困难的原因之一,其产生与呼气呼气流速下降和呼气时间的缩短有关。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者吸入沙丁胺醇和溴化异丙托品后的肺通气功能改变

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD）患者联合吸入沙丁胺醇、溴化异丙托品与单独吸入沙丁胺醇后的肺功能变化差异。方法采用前瞻性方法研究43例COPD患者联合吸药后的肺通气功能变化,回顺性收集180例COPD患者经典支气管舒张试验数据作为对照,比较两组患者的支气管可逆性差异。结果联合吸药组总体和GOLDⅡ级患者吸药30min后支气管舒张试验阳性率为34．9％和43．5％,显著大于单独吸药组总体和GOLDⅡ级患者的阳性率17．2％和18．4％（P〈0．05）。联合吸药组吸药30min后FEV1改善率≥20．0％和〈10．0％的患者比例差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,分别为37．2％和39．5％．但单独吸药组FEV1改善率≥20．0％和〈10．0％的患者比例差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）,分别为17．8％和53．9％。两组中FEV1改善率≥20．0％的患者比例差异有统计学意义（Pd0．05）。联合吸药组总体和GOLDⅡ级患者吸药30min后的AFEV1和△FVC显著大于单独吸药组总体和GOLDⅡ级患者吸药后的相应值（P〈0．05）。两组患者的AFEV1与△FVC均呈显著正相关,随COPD严重度增加,其相关性在联合吸药组呈增强趋势,而在单独吸药组呈减弱趋势。结论COPD患者联合吸入沙丁胺醇和溴化异丙托品比单独吸入沙丁胺醇更具有明显的支气管舒张可逆性,并且舒张作用的时效性任联合吸药组更长。     

深吸气量与稳定期慢性阻塞性肺病患者运动耐力的相关性研究

目的探讨深吸气量（IC）与稳定期慢性阻塞性肺病患者（COPD）运动耐力的相关性。方法对人选的30例稳定期COPD患者,每日吸入噻托溴胺粉雾剂18ug,连续观察12周。于第1、43、85天检查呼吸困难的评分,6分钟行走距离（6MWD）,一秒钟用力呼气量（FEV1）,用力肺活量（FVC）,深吸气量（IC）等指标,比较用药前后各变量变化的统计学意义及肺功能各变量与6MWD的相关性。结果用药后FEV1和FEV1／FVC均有所改善,其中FEV1的改善要好于FEV1／FVC改善,但与用药前比较,均无显著差异（P〉0．05）;用药后6周、12周IC较用药前比较有显著增加（t=4．596、5．405,P均〈0．01）,6MWD用药后6周、12周较用药前有显著提高（t=4．628、6．207,P均〈0．01）;用药后6周、12周呼吸困难评分的下降较用药前比较有显著差异（z=4．433、4．026,P均〈0．001）;回归分析显示IC的变化与6MWD的变化均有较好的相关性（r=0．900、0．873,P均〈0．01）。结论本研究的结果提示比较其他肺功能指标,伦的改变与呼吸困难和运动耐力的改变有更好地相关性,IC的测定有助于COPD患者治疗效果及生活质量的预测。     

沙美特罗氟替卡松联合噻托溴铵治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期临床疗效观察

目的：探讨沙美特罗氟替卡松联合噻托溴铵对重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）稳定期患者的疗效。方法将45例重度 COPD 稳定期的患者随机均分为3组,第1组吸入沙美特罗氟替卡松的治疗;第2组吸入噻托溴铵的治疗;第3组吸入沙美特罗氟替卡松联合噻托溴铵。疗程为6个月,比较治疗前后英国医学委员会呼吸困难问卷分级（mMRC 问卷）、6分钟步行试验（6MWT）、肺功能改善情况和血气分析指标。结果第3组患者的第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、FEV1／用力肺活量（FVC）均显著提高（P ＜0．05）,第3组患者治疗后的 FEV1改善率为（19．11±3．52）％;PaO2显著提高（P ＜0．05）,第3组患者治疗后的 PaO2改善率为（22．35±5．18）％,显著减缓肺功能的恶化情况。另外联合治疗组 mMRC 问卷、6分钟步行距离（6MWD）明显改善（P ＜0．05）,患者运动耐量改善。结论吸入沙美特罗氟替卡松联合噻托溴铵要比单纯使用沙美特罗氟替卡松或噻托溴铵具有更好的疗效。     

不同指标对老年严重慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者吸入支气管舒张剂疗效的评价

目的 对评价严重慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者吸入支气管舒张剂疗效的3种指标进行比较. 方法 吸人复方异丙托溴胺溶液前后对18例稳定期严重COPD患者行肺通气功能和肺容量测定,并采用呼气负压技术同步检测呼气流速受限(EFL). 结果 与安慰剂比较,吸入支气管舒张剂后COPD患者第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值(FEV1)百分比、用力肺活量占预计值(FVC)百分比、深吸气量占预计值(IC)百分比显著改善,残气量占预计值(RV)百分比和功能残气量占预计值(FRC)百分比显著降低,肺总量占预计值(TLC)百分比无显著改变;Borg呼吸困难评分显著降低;5分法EFL评分无显著改变,呼吸方式无显著改变.IC、FEV,和5分法EFL评分的平均改善率分别是(20.42±15.02)%、(10.98±7.28)%和(5.15±11.24).△IC与ABorg呈负相关(r=0.732,P<0.05),AFEVl与ABorg相关关系无统计学意义(r=0.343,P>0.05).应用受试者工作特征曲线方法分析3种不同指标诊断呼吸困难的价值,结果表明,IC、FEV1和5分法EFL评分的曲线下面积分别为0.868、0.681和0.557. 结论 与FEV1相比,IC评价严莺COPD患者支气管舒张剂疗效更为灵敏和准确,5分法EFL评分不宜作为评价严重COPD患者吸人支气管舒张剂疗效的指标.     

运动训练对70岁以上缓解期中、重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的康复意义

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者运动训练前、后肺功能、6min步行试验（6MWT）及症状评分的变化。方法选择30例70岁以上稳定期老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病COPD患者,进行运动训练,包括呼吸训练、步行训练及全身有氧耐力训练,康复治疗前和6个月后分别测定用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力肺活量（FEV1．0）、最大通气量（MVV）、残气量（RV）、肺总量（TLC）及6MWT运动距离;并进行症状评价。结果运动训练后,6MWT运动距离[（357．5±16．6）m]较运动训练前[（326．2±19．3）m]提高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;与运动训练前相比,FVC、FEV1．0、MVV等指标有所改善,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;运动训练后,咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难症状均有所改善。结论对老年COPD患者进行低强度运动训练,可提高运动耐力,减轻症状,但不能显著提高患者的肺通气功能。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者对短效支气管扩张剂的急性舒张反应

目的探讨中度至极重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者对短效支气管扩张剂沙丁胺醇的急性舒张反应。方法收集2009年1月至2011年12月安徽医科大学第一附属医院呼吸内科中、重度COPD稳定期患者156例,其中男性123例,女性33例,年龄50～76岁,平均年龄（58±6）岁。停用支气管扩张剂48h后,先测定基线肺通气功能,吸入沙丁胺醇400μg30min后再测定肺通气功能,比较吸入沙丁胺醇前及吸入30min后1S用力呼气容积（FEV3）的改善情况。结果与基线肺通气功能比较,全部156例中重度COPD患者FEV．平均增加150ml。FEV。％pred平均增加9．1％,其中36例（23．1％）吸入支气管舒张剂后FEV,较吸入前改善≥12％,同时增加200ml。支气管舒张试验阳性组吸入前FEV。％pred为36．3±7．9,阴性组吸入前FEV1％pred为42．6±10．2。支气管舒张试验阳性组FEV,改善程度明显好于阴性组,阳性组舒张前、后FEV．％pred之间差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。阴性组吸入支气管舒张剂前的平均基线FEV,％pred高于阳性组,两者差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论部分COPD患者对短效支气管扩张剂显示较好的舒张反应,支气管舒张试验可呈阳性。     

吸入性噻托溴铵对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者深吸气量和运动耐量的影响

目的 探讨每天一次吸入噻托溴铵对于慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)深吸气量(IC)和运动耐量的影响以及常用的肺功能指标与运动耐量的相关性.方法 吸入噻托溴铵18 μg/d,在第0天、第28天和第56天分别测定肺功能、6分钟步行试验(6MWT)和呼吸困难评分.结果 噻托溴铵吸人后第28天和第56天肺功能指标第1秒用力呼气容积...     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者综合康复治疗疗效观察

目的观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者康复治疗前、后症状评分、6分钟步行试验（6MWT）及肺功能的变化。方法采用前瞻性随机对照研究,将60例COPD稳定期患者分为治疗组和对照组各30例;其中治疗组进行综合康复治疗（包括心理康复治疗、呼吸肌康复治疗、长期家庭氧疗）,康复治疗前和48周后分别测定第1秒用力肺活量（FEV1）、第1秒用力肺活量／用力肺活量（FEV1／FVC）和FEV,占正常预计值的百分比（FEV1％）及6MWT运动距离;并通过问卷调查的形式进行症状评价。结果治疗组咳嗽、咯痰及呼吸困难等症状明显改善,6MWT运动距离明显提高,与对照组比较有显著差异（P〈0．05）,但肺功能指标的改变无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论对COPD稳定期患者进行长期、综合程序康复治疗可以显著提高运动耐力,减轻临床症状。     

Similarity and differences in elderly patients with fixed airflow obstruction by asthma and by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that elderly patients with fixed airflow obstruction can be affected by asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: We studied 49 consecutive elderly outpatients, presenting fixed airflow obstruction, by clinical history (smoking), pulmonary function tests, blood gas analysis, and induced sputum. RESULTS: The age was not different in patients with COPD (n=28) and asthma (n=21) (70.2+/-3.9 years vs. 69.6+/-3.7 years), also the degree of fixed airflow obstruction was similar (FEV1: 58.3+/-1.5% vs. 59.0+/-1.4% of predicted). Patients with asthma had significantly more eosinophils in peripheral blood (0.43+/-0.05x10(-3)microL vs. 0.27+/-0.1x10(-3)microL, P<0.0001), and in induced sputum (5.0% [(p25th and p75th) 5.0-6.0%] vs. 1.0% [(p25th and p75th) 0.01-1.0%]; P<0.0001), as well as serum ECP (18.6+/-4.9ng/mL vs. 7.7+/-4.7ng/mL, P<0.0001) and ECP in the induced sputum (31.6+/-2.9ng/mL vs. 5.6+/-4.9ng/mL, P<0.0001). Finally, in induced sputum the eosinophils EG2+ were higher in patients with asthma than in patients with COPD (40.5 [(p25th and p75th) 39.3-44.3] MFI vs. 3.9 [(p25th and p75th) 0-11.4] MFI, P<0.0001). They also had significantly higher diffusing capacity, and a greater reversibility to steroids, after 14-day course of therapy, whereas the reversibility to 400microg of salbutamol was similar. CONCLUSION: Despite similar fixed airflow obstruction, elderly patients with asthma have distinct characteristics compared with patients with COPD.     

呼气相气道内负压法检测呼气流速受限在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的应用

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者呼气流速受限(EFL)与呼吸困难严重程度的相关性,并观察吸入支气管扩张剂对 COPD 患者 EFL 的影响。方法采用呼气相气道内负压法(NEP)检测33例 COPD 患者支气管扩张试验前、后(吸入沙丁胺醇400μg)EFL 情况,其中男31例,女2例,年龄46～78岁,平均年龄(63±8)岁。结果 33例 COPD 患者中23例(70%)出现 EFL,其中11例(33%)仅仰卧位出现 EFL,12例(36%)仰卧位及坐位均出现 EFL。无 EFL 患者与 EFL 患者第一秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV_1占预计值%)分别为(66±16)%和(31±10)%,差异有统计学意义(t=7.601、P<0.01),仰卧位及坐位均出现 EFL 患者的 FEV_1占预计值%最低[(24±7)%]。3分法和5分法 EFL 均与 FEV_1呈显著负相关(r=-0.836和-0.818,P 均<0.01)。3分法和5分法 EFL 均与医学研究委员会(MRC)推荐的呼吸困难严重程度分级评分标准(简称 MRC 呼吸困难评分)呈显著正相关(r=0.903和0.912,P均<0.01)。多元回归分析结果显示,5分法 EFL 和FEV_1对 MRC 呼吸困难评分的预测性均有统计学意义(标准化偏回归系数分别为0.679、-0.265,P分别为<0.01、0.029),但5分法 EFL 比 FEV_1对 MRC 呼吸困难评分的预测性更强。23例吸入沙丁胺醇前存在 EFL 患者,吸入后全部患者 EFL 仍然存在。结论与 FEV_1比较,EFL 对 COPD 患者呼吸困难严重程度预测性更强,可作为评价 COPD 患者呼吸困难严重程度更可靠的客观指标。COPD 患者的 EFL 不能被吸入支气管扩张剂逆转,即表现为 EFL 的不可逆性。     

体重指数与慢性阻塞性肺疾病及生活质量的关系

目的在2002至2004年中国7个地区（北京、上海、广东、辽宁、天津、重庆和陕西）慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）现况调查的基础上，探讨体重指数（BMI）与COPD的关系。方法现况调查采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法，对40岁及以上的居民进行问卷调查、身高和体重的测量及肺功能检测。调查有效人数为20245名，男8705名，女11540名，以支气管扩张试验后第一秒用力呼气容积／用力肺活量（FEV1／FVC）〈70％作为COPD的诊断标准，并排除其他已知的气流受限的疾病，共筛查出1668例COPD和18577例非COPD进行BMI与COPD的关系分析。结果COPD患者的BMI[（22．7±3．5）kg／m^2]较非COPD患者[（24．1±3．4）kg／m^2]低，吸烟者BMI为[（23．6±3．4）kg／m^2]较不吸烟者[（24．2±3．5）ks／m^2]低，差异均有统计学意义（F分别为158．31、49．10，P均〈0．01），且COPD与吸烟存在对BMI的交互作用（F=6．03，P〈0．05）。COPD病情程度分级越高BMI越低（F=45．46，P〈0．01），COPD病情程度分级与BMl分级存在负相关（r=-0．08，P〈0．01）。BMI越低COPD的患病率越高（趋势x^2=102．68，P〈0．01），多因素logistic回归分析显示，与正常BMI（18．5～23．9kg／m^2）比较，1级BMI（〈18．5kg／m^2）、3级BMI（24．0～27．9kg／m^2）和4级BMI（≥28．0ks／m^2）患COPD的D尺值分别为[2．12（1．73～2．59）、0．67（0．59～0．76）、0．60（0．49～0．73），P均〈0．05]；且BMl分级与吸烟存在对COPD的交互作用（x^2=4．73，P〈O．05）。与2级BMI的COPD患者比较，1级BMI的COPD患者生活质量差（心理指数评分：55±8、57±6，F=2．96，P〈0．05；躯体指数评分：42±10、46±9，F=4．21，P〈0．01）；气促分数高（1．4±1．5、1．1±1．3，x^2=14．32，P〈0．01）。结论1级BMI与COPD关系密切，其可能是COPD患病的独立于吸烟的危险因素，而低BMI也可能是COPD病情严重程度的一个重要指标。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血清抵抗素和瘦素水平及其与营养状况的关系

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者血清抵抗素、瘦素水平及其与营养状况的关系。方法用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)和放射免疫法检测57例稳定期COPD患者和31名健康对照者血清抵抗素、瘦素水平,分析相关因素。结果COPD患者血清抵抗素、瘦素水平[(2·1±1·2)、(0·65±0·41)μg/L]与对照组[(3·6±2·3)、(1·03±0·71)μg/L]比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0·01)。COPD营养不良患者抵抗素、瘦素水平[(1·7±0·7)、(0·43±0·16)μg/L]显著低于非营养不良患者[(2·2±1·2)、(0·73±0·48)μg/L,P均<0·05]。COPD患者抵抗素与瘦素、第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)及FEV1/用力肺活量(FVC)显著正相关(r=0.426~0.531,P均<0·01),瘦素与体重指数(BMI)、胸围、腹围、抵抗素及FEV1/FVC显著正相关(r=0.371~0.580,P均<0·01)。结论COPD稳定期患者血清抵抗素、瘦素水平下降,合并营养不良时下降更显著。     

肺移植对5例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能的影响

目的研究单肺移植手术治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)对呼吸生理及肺功能的影响。方法5例患者均为Ⅳ级COPD男性患者,年龄51～63岁。术前2周测定患者用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、FEV1/FVC、最大通气量(MVV)、残气容积(RV)、肺总量(TLC)、残总比(RV/TLC)、深吸气量(IC)、胸腔气体容积(TGV)、呼气峰流量(PEF)、总气道阻力(Rawtotal)、肺一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO)、每升肺泡容积肺一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO/V·A)、6分钟行走距离(6MWD)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、肺泡气动脉血氧分压差[P(Aa)O2]、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)及平均肺动脉压(mPAP)等参数。术后2个月再行上述测定。结果5例患者术前2周、术后2个月检测的参数为MVV(23.6±5.8)、(71.6±21.8)L,FEV1(0.68±0.21)、(1.85±0.46)L,FEV1/FVC(37.4±8.3)、(75.6±13.9)%,PaO2(60.0±9.1)、(86.2±2.9)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),SaO2(90.0±4.6)%、(96.8±0.5)%及mPAP(31.2±5.5)、(16.6±1.8)mmHg,均有显著改善(P均<0.05);3例患者IC[(1.16±0.26)、(1.83±0.35)L]、TGV[(6.52±0.27)、(4.52±0.29)L]、RV[(5.12±0.39)、(3.20±0.32)L]、RV/TLC[(71.0±5.6)、(51.3±2.5)%]及Rawtotal[(6.62±0.99)、(2.48±0.87)cmH2O·L-1·s-1]改善显著(P均<0.05);4例患者PEF[(1.65±0.40)、(3.92±1.63)L/s]、DLCO[(8.5±3.0)、(21.0±6.2)ml·min-1·mmHg-1]及6MWD[(46.8±14.7)、(246.8±51.9)m]也显著增加(P均<0.05);FVC[(1.85±0.40)、(2.45±0.49)L]、TLC[(7.19±0.15)、(6.26±0.73)L]、DLCO/V·A[(2.90±1.50)、(5.41±0.87)L·min-1·mmHg-1]、P(Aa)O2[(37.6±16.3)、(17.8±6.3)mmHg]及PaCO2[(44.6±7.7)、(37.4±3.4)mmHg]有所改善,但差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论COPD患者肺移植术后肺通气、气道阻力、残气、弥散、运动耐力及气体交换功能均明显改善。     

Evaluation of bronchodilator responses in patients with "irreversible" emphysema.

Given the emerging physiological and clinical rationale for pharmacological lung-volume reduction, assessment of volume responses to bronchodilators is likely to be highly relevant in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The authors examined the magnitude of lung-volume reduction after acute bronchodilator treatment in patients with advanced emphysema. Eighty-four stable patients with emphysema (mean+/-SEM forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1): 32+/-1% predicted) performed spirometry and body plethysmography before and 15-30 min after 200 microg salbutamol. Only irreversible patients with a postbronchodilator change in FEV1 <10% pred were considered in this study. Postsalbutamol, the majority of subjects (83%) had significant improvements in one or more lung volumes: on average, residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC), inspiratory capacity (IC), forced vital capacity and slow vital capacity changed by -18+/-2, -10+/-1, 8+/-1, 9+/-1 and 7+/-1% pred (p<0.0005 each). Total lung capacity (TLC) decreased 0.12+/-0.04 L (p<0.01). Change in IC reflected change in FRC (r=-0.60, p<0.0005), but more strongly in the 57% of patients with no significant change in TLC (r=-0.93, p<0.0005). The magnitude and frequency of volume responses were greatest in patients with the most severe COPD; for example, RV decreased by 0.51+/-0.09 L (23+/-4% pred) and 0.27+/-0.04 L (14+/-2% pred) in severe and moderate subgroups, respectively. Significant reductions in lung hyperinflation occurred in the absence of a change in forced expiratory volume in one second after low-dose salbutamol in a majority of patients with advanced emphysema; the greatest changes occurred in those with the most severe disease.     

Rapid onset of bronchodilation in COPD: a placebo-controlled study comparing formoterol (Foradil Aerolizer) with salbutamol (Ventodisk)

Formoterol fumarate is a beta2-agonist bronchodilator that combines a fast onset of action with a long duration of action. Its fast onset of action is well documented in asthma but has not been directly compared with that of salbutamol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the bronchodilatory effects over the first 3 h after inhalation of single doses of formoterol 24 microg delivered via the Aerolizer dry powder inhaler device (double-blind), or salbutamol 400 microg delivered by a Diskhaler dry powder inhaler (single-blind) in patients with COPD. A total of 24 patients with COPD were randomized [mean age 61.6 +/- 7.8 years, mean forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) 1.38 +/- 0.32 l and 45.8 +/- 9.6% of predicted]. Inhalation of formoterol or salbutamol resulted in similar increases in FEV from 0 to 3 h post-dose. Both drugs produced similar bronchodilation by 5 min, which became almost maximal by 30 min. The primary efficacy variable, the area under the curve (AUC) of the FEV increase above predose baseline from 0 to 30 min (AUC(0-30 min)), demonstrated significant effects for formoterol (mean 5.89 +/- 4.67 l min(-1)), and salbutamol (mean 6.06 +/- 4.34 l min(-1)), which were not statistically different from each other but statistically significantly higher (P<0.0001) than that observed with placebo (-0.32 +/- 2.59 l min(-1)). In addition, both formoterol and salbutamol produced similar and rapid increases in forced vital capacity (FVC). In summary, this study confirms the rapid onset of action of formoterol and indicates that the onset of action of formoterol and salbutamol are similar in patients with COPD.     

内源性硫化氢在慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的变化及意义

目的研究内源性硫化氢(H2S)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)发病中的作用。方法COPD急性加重组(AECOPD组)27例、稳定期COPD组37例和健康对照组13名,在入选时测定血清H2S和一氧化氮(NO)水平、肺功能、诱导痰细胞分类计数,对AECOPD患者行超声心动图和血气分析。结果(1)血清H2S水平稳定期COPD组[(50·8±2·5)μmol/L]比健康对照组[(39·8±1·6)μmol/L]、AECOPD组[(33·5±2·2)μmol/L]均显著增加(P均<0·01)。(2)AECOPD组吸烟者血清H2S[(28·1±1·3)μmol/L]比非吸烟者[(39·4±3·9)μmol/L,P<0·05]和健康非吸烟者显著降低[(39·8±1·6)μmol/L,P<0·01]。(3)稳定期COPD组不同程度气流阻塞患者血清H2S水平呈线性下降趋势(P<0·05),COPD全球创议(GOLD)Ⅲ期[(45·1±4·1)μmol/L]较Ⅰ期患者[(70·2±6·2)μmol/L]血清H2S水平显著下降(P<0·05)。(4)AECOPD组伴有肺动脉高压患者血清H2S水平显著降低[(26·3±2·2)、(36·2±2·5)μmol/L,P<0·05]。(5)血清H2S与NO、第一秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1占预计值%)、诱导痰淋巴细胞计数、诱导痰巨噬细胞计数均呈正相关(r=0·278~0·533,P均<0·05或0·01),与肺动脉收缩压(PASP)、诱导痰中性粒细胞计数均呈负相关(r=-0·561、-0·422,P=0·011、0·001)。结论内源性H2S可能参与COPD气流阻塞的发病,作为一种无创指标监测疾病严重程度和活动度具有一定意义。     

Use of a mucus clearance device enhances the bronchodilator response in patients with stable COPD

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the use of a mucus clearance device (MCD) [Flutter; Axcan Scandipharm; Birmingham, AL] could improve the bronchodilator response to inhaled ipratropium and salbutamol delivered by a metered-dose inhaler in patients with stable, severe COPD. PATIENTS: Twenty-three patients with severe COPD were studied. Mean +/- SD age was 71.7 +/- 6.3 years. Mean FEV(1) was 0.74 +/- 0.28 L or 34.5 +/- 12.7% predicted. METHODS: Patients were tested in random order on 2 subsequent days after using an MCD or a sham MCD. A bronchodilator (four puffs; each puff delivering 20 microg of ipratropium bromide and 120 microg of salbutamol sulfate) was administered by metered-dose inhaler with a holding chamber after use of the MCD or sham MCD. Spirometry was performed before and after use of the MCD or sham MCD, and at 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min after the bronchodilator. Six-minute walk distance was tested between 30 min and 60 min; oxygen saturation, pulse, and a dyspnea score were recorded before and after walking. RESULTS: Immediately after use of the MCD, but not the sham MCD, there was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) improvement in FEV(1) and FVC (11 +/- 24% vs 1 +/- 7% and 18 +/- 33% vs 6 +/- 18%, respectively). Whether patients were pretreated with the MCD or sham MCD, there was a significant improvement in FEV(1) and FVC compared to baseline with combined bronchodilator therapy. At 120 min, the change in FEV(1) after treatment with the MCD was greater than with the sham MCD (186 +/- 110 mL vs 130 +/- 120 mL; p < 0.05). When comparing the MCD to the sham MCD, 6-min walk distance was greater (174 +/- 92 m vs 162 +/- 86 m; p < 0.05), with less dyspnea before and at the end of walking. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe COPD may demonstrate a significant bronchodilator response to combined ipratropium and salbutamol delivered by metered-dose inhaler. This response may be enhanced and additional functional improvement obtained with the prior use of a bronchial MCD.     

Simplified detection of dynamic hyperinflation

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To detect dynamic hyperinflation by comparing reduction in inspiratory capacity (IC) during both paced hyperventilation and cycle ergometry in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD, studied before and after acute bronchodilation. METHODS: IC and FEV(1) were measured before and after metronome-paced hyperventilation at twice the resting respiratory rate for 20 s in 16 patients with COPD before and after 54 microg aerosolized ipratropium bromide (IB). We also studied the same 16 patients before and after administration of 54 microg aerosolized IB during symptom-limited incremental cycle ergometry when the final respiratory rate was also twice the resting rate. RESULTS: Resting IC was 2.23 +/- 0.53 L (mean +/- SD), and the mean decrease in IC from baseline was 0.36 +/- 0.25 L after exercise (p < 0.001), and not significantly different (p = 0.64) from mean decrease in IC of 0.40 +/- 0.29 L following hyperventilation. Results following hyperventilation and exercise were similar after bronchodilator. The mean difference for decrease of IC between hyperventilation and exercise was 0.138 L (95% confidence interval, - 0.347 to 0.622; r = 0.66, p = 0.006). The decrease in FEV(1) was 0.01 +/- 0.13 L after exercise and 0.06 +/- 0.18 L after hyperventilation. Separately, baseline and peak end-expiratory and end-inspiratory lung volumes were similar with hyperventilation vs exercise both before and after bronchodilator. CONCLUSION: Both metronome-paced hyperventilation and incremental cycle ergometry, when resting respiratory rate was doubled, provoked similar significant decrease in IC, even after administration of 54 microg aerosolized IB. The noninvasive simplicity of hyperventilation for 20 s provides a clinically useful screening surrogate to monitor changes in IC following exercise.