不同来源肠炎沙门菌的溯源研究

目的:应用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)技术对不同来源的肠炎沙门菌进行分子分型,为政府部门修订相关的卫生法规提供了重要科学依据。方法:采用限制性内切酶Xba I,对广州地区2009-2011年间从业人员健康体检和食物中毒中检出的36株肠炎沙门菌进行PFGE分子分型,用BioNumerics Version 4.0软件(复选Dice相关系数和UPGMA方法)进行聚类分析。结果:36株肠炎沙门菌PFGE图谱显示菌株之间密切相关,相似度在88.8%～100%。结论:从业人员健康体检和食物中毒分离的肠炎沙门菌菌株之间存在较高分子水平的同源性,提示健康带菌从业人员是沙门菌食物中毒不可忽视的污染源。     

Distribution of Salmonella enteritidis phage types in Canada

The distribution of Salmonella enteritidis phage types in Canada is described; 606 of 674 strains examined were of human origin. Typable strains of all sources, constituted 99.6% (671/674) of all strains examined, and were representative of 15 different phage types. Five phage types (8, 13, 4, 13a and 1) accounted for 92.4% of the total. Phage type 8 consistently showed the highest incidence in human (69.96%) and non-human (72.05%) sources and appeared to be the most common in North America. Phage type 4, the most prevalent in the UK, is infrequent in Canada (38/674). The distribution of phage types showed regional variation among infrequent phage types, whereas the common type, 8, was observed in different frequencies in all provinces. Examination of 29 outbreaks of S. enteritidis representing 254 isolates for humans revealed 5 different phage types, the highest number of outbreaks (11) were type 8. A study of these outbreaks and the animal-host-associations of the common phage types, 8 and 13, indicated that contaminated poultry appeared to be the most common source of human infection in Canada.     

Plasmid analysis of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from human gastroenteritis cases and from epidemiologically associated poultry flocks.

Plasmid analysis of Salmonella enteritidis isolates from human gastroenteritis cases and from two commercial egg-producing poultry flocks was performed to determine if the poultry flocks were the source of the human infections. The plasmid profile and restriction fragment pattern (fingerprint) of five S. enteritidis isolates from human cases matched those of nine isolates from internal organs of egg-laying hens in one flock which was the source of eggs consumed by the cases. Another commercial flock was epidemiologically associated as the source of eggs consumed by affected persons in four separate gastroenteritis outbreaks from which S. enteritidis isolates were available. Five S. enteritidis isolates from human cases in these four outbreaks had the same profile and fingerprint, and they all matched those of the 24 isolates from hens in this flock. These results provide further documentation of egg-borne transmission of S. enteritidis to humans.     

2009年-2011年铁岭市流感样病例病原学监测结果分析

目的:通过流感样病例监测,及时准确对流感病毒进行核酸检测及分型鉴定,快速筛查出甲型H1N1流感病毒,为临床治疗和预防控制提供依据。方法:采集2009年-2011年哨点医院的流感样病例咽拭子标本,采用RT-PCR方法检测流感病毒核酸并进行分型鉴定,再对甲型阳性标本采用Real-time RT-PCR方法筛查出甲型H1N1流感病毒。结果:2009年9月-2011年3月共采集流感样病例标本1292份,核酸阳性标本有110例,经RT-PCR分型鉴定甲型流感病毒71例,占64.55%(H1N1亚型2例占1.82%;H3N2亚型43例占39.09%;SWH1N1亚型26例,占23.64%),乙型流感病毒39例,占35.45%。结论:铁岭市2009年9月-2011年3月流感流行期主要以甲型H3N2亚型为主,并在流感样病例监测中检测出引起世界大流行的新型毒株甲型H1N1型,因此应加大对流感样病例监测检测力度,防止疫情的扩散。     

淮北市2009～2011年流感病原学监测结果分析

目的通过采集流感样病例咽拭子标本进行流感病毒核酸检测,并对检测结果进行流行病学分析,了解流感的流行规律,为制定有效的防控措施提供依据。方法2009年9月-2011年2月,由哨点医院采集流感样病例咽拭子标本,用RT—PCR方法进行流感病毒核酸检测。结果淮北市2009～2011年12月共检测流感样病例咽拭子1620份,核酸阳性标本242例,阳性率为14．94％。其中,甲型H1N1196例,主要集中在2009年8月～12月;季节性H12例,季节性H334例,B型流感病毒10例。结论2009—2011年流感监测结果显示,2009～2011年,淮北市流感疫情以甲型H1N1为主,伴有甲型H3亚型和乙型散发。流感的发病人群以5—59岁年龄段为主,是流感防控的重点人群。     

甘肃省2009-2018年腹泻症候群监测病例病原学分析

  目的   了解甘肃省腹泻症候群病原谱分布与流行特征。   方法   采集甘肃省2009-2018年哨点医院腹泻症候群监测病例的粪便标本, 以实时荧光链式反应检测病毒核酸, 以分离培养法检测细菌。   结果   4 406例标本中检出1 547例阳性病例, 病原阳性率35.11%。其中1 281例检出病毒, 病毒阳性率47.20%;287例检出细菌, 细菌阳性率8.57%。病原谱前五位是轮状病毒(46.04%)、星状病毒(13.37%)、诺如病毒(13.15%)、志贺菌(9.90%)和腺病毒(7.81%)。轮状病毒、诺如病毒、星状病毒、志贺菌与非伤寒沙门菌在各年龄段感染情况的差异具有统计学意义(均有P < 0.05)。11月到次年3月病毒阳性率较高, 6-8月细菌阳性率较高。各病原流行季节不同, 四季都以轮状病毒感染为主。   结论   甘肃省腹泻症候群病例病原谱较广泛, 病毒性腹泻更常见, 发病具有明显的季节高峰。加强持续性监测可掌握病原特征与流行趋势, 有助于对重点人群采取针对性与季节性防控措施。     

Spatial patterns in surveillance data during control of Salmonella Dublin in bovine dairy herds in Jutland, Denmark 2003-2009

Salmonella Dublin is the most commonly isolated Salmonella serotype in Danish cattle and leads to economic and welfare losses in infected herds. Furthermore, it leads to high mortality in human cases. A national surveillance program for Salmonella Dublin was initiated in Denmark in October 2002. This study aimed at modelling the progress and spatial patterns during the control of Salmonella Dublin in dairy herds in the Jutland peninsula in Denmark, especially differences between regions and years. A total of 6331 dairy herds were included during 2003-2009. Antibody measurements of bulk-tank milk samples were used for testing herd-level Salmonella status in these dairy herds. Risk maps were estimated as prevalence intensity maps. Spatial clustering was analysed using scan statistics and SMR was estimated. In 2003, the prevalence of Salmonella Dublin test-positive dairy herds was 24%. It decreased to 12% in 2009. Prevalence intensity maps showed large differences in the reduction of Salmonella Dublin test-positive herds. The number of clusters reduced during the study period. However, throughout the study period two clusters remained significant. Differences were seen in the progress of the control between regions over the years. The implementation and effectiveness of the control program was different between regions. The progress of control was seen to vary not only between regions, but also over time influencing infection dynamics. Thus, recommendations and regionally targeted efforts during control campaigns are needed.     

Antibiotic resistance among Salmonella from human and other sources in New Zealand

Of 2210 salmonella isolates referred to the New Zealand Communicable Disease Centre for epidemiological surveillance during 1987, 147 (6.7%) were resistant to one or more of 10 antibiotics. Resistance to streptomycin was most common (4.5%), followed by sulphamethoxazole (3.4%), tetracycline (3.3%), ampicillin (1.5%), and kanamycin (1.4%). Resistance to cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and trimethoprim occurred in less than 1% of isolates. There was no resistance to norfloxacin. Isolates from human sources were significantly (P less than 0.001) more resistant (10%) than those from other sources (3.2%). The majority of resistant isolates were resistant to more than one antibiotic, but multiresistance to five or more antibiotics occurred only among human isolates. Comparison of these results with data from earlier years shows that there has been little change in the incidence of resistance among salmonella in this country over the last 10 years. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance among salmonella in New Zealand is low relative to many other countries.     

Serological response of chickens to Salmonella enteritidis infection

Fifty-eight sera, from 29 chickens originating from two layer flocks known to be naturally infected with Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 4, were examined for antibodies to S. enteritidis. Using the techniques of immunoblotting and ELISA, antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of S. enteritidis were detected in 43 of 58 sera. Antibodies were of the IgG class and bound to the S. enteritidis LPS antigen O = 12. Bacterial agglutination reactions using whole-cell preparations of S. enteritidis and S. pullorum, correlated with anti-LPS antibody reactions as detected by immunoblotting and ELISA. A rapid means of screening chicken sera for antibodies to the LPS of S. enteritidis as an indicator of infection is discussed.     

Salmonella isolated from humans,animals and other sources in Canada, 1983-92.

A total of 89760 human and 22551 non-human isolates of salmonella were serotyped in Canada during the period 1983-92. There were 2180 reported outbreaks associated with 10065 cases during the 10-year period. The most common salmonella serovars isolated from human and non-human sources were S. typhimurium and S. hadar. The third and fourth most common serovars from human sources were S. enteritidis and S. heidelberg, respectively, and from non-human sources they were S. heidelberg and S. infantis. The number of S. typhimurium isolations from human and non-human sources showed a downward trend over the 10-year period. A total of 222 outbreaks of S. typhimurium associated with 1622 cases occurred. The S. hadar isolations from human and non-human sources reached a peak during the years 1987-90 and declined thereafter. The number of human isolates of S. enteritidis increased until 1985 and fluctuated at a level of 8.3-12.8% of all human isolates thereafter. Seventy-three outbreaks of S. enteritidis infection associated with 568 cases occurred. More than 50% of the S. enteritidis infections in humans were caused by phage type (PT) 8. During the review period, infections caused by PT4 were less common and were almost exclusively found in people who had travelled abroad. The annual isolation rates of S. heidelberg from human and non-human sources increased steadily during the period. Bacteriophage typing of serovars from outbreaks showed that contaminated food products of poultry and bovine origin were common sources of human infection. Salmonella typhi was identified as the cause of 43 small outbreaks affecting 116 persons.     

哈尔滨市2009-2010年流感监测分析

目的 了解黑龙江省哈尔滨市2009-2010年度流感流行趋势及其病毒株变化特点,为本地区防控流感提供科学依据.方法 通过《哈尔滨市流感监测信息系统》统计21家流感监测哨点医院流感样病例(ILI)数据及18家流感监测哨点学校ILI数、因感冒缺课人数,采集哨点医院部分ILI咽拭子标本,用实时荧光聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)分子生物学方法和鸡胚或狗肾细胞(MDCK)培养方法进行病毒分离,采用血凝抑制实验对分离的流感毒株进行型别鉴定.结果 2009-2010年度,哈尔滨市21家哨点医院门(急)诊共报告ILI数27 524例,ILI就诊率为9.57%;18家哨点学校共报告ILI数4 239例,ILI占总监测人次百分比为0.23%,因感冒缺课人数17 132例,占0.94%;采集ILI咽拭子标本929份,分离出阳性毒株84份,阳性率为9.04%,其中甲型H1N1型59株、B型22株、季甲H3型3株,分别占70.24%、26.19%、3.57%;2009-2010年度哈尔滨市ILI出现2个高峰,分别是2009年10月份第43周,ILI%峰值为21.06%和2010年1月份第4周,ILI%峰值为9.76%.2009年第49周之前甲型H1N1型流感毒株为优势株,第50周开始B型流感毒株为优势株.结论 ILI流行高峰与流感毒株检出高峰基本一致;流感流行高峰与2009年全球性甲型H1N1流感大流行有直接关系.     

Use of plasmid profile typing for surveillance of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from humans, poultry and eggs.

Plasmids were found in 1022 of 1089 (94%) of drug-sensitive strains of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from humans (sporadic and outbreak cases), poultry (chickens) and eggs in England and Wales in the 5-year period 1988-92 and 25 plasmid profile patterns were identified. Strains characterized by a single plasmid of 38 MDa predominated (= plasmid profile type SE 38), comprising over 90% of isolates from humans, 70% from poultry and 92% from eggs. Eleven profile types were identified in strains from humans, 21 in strains from poultry and 3 in strains from eggs. Eight of the 11 patterns identified in human isolates were found in strains from poultry and 2 in strains from eggs. In contrast 15 patterns seen in poultry were not found in strains from humans. Four percent of strains from humans and 13% from poultry did not carry the 38 MDa plasmid but all strains from eggs were found to carry this plasmid. The second most common profile type in strains isolated between 1981 and 1988 was not identified in strains isolated from 1988-92. It is concluded that plasmid profile typing is a useful method for rapid differentiation within phage type 4 of S. enteritidis but that methods which can discriminate within the predominant profile type, SE 38, are now required.     

Outbreak and sporadic egg-associated cases of Salmonella enteritidis: New York's experience.

Since 1985, egg-associated Salmonella enteritidis has emerged as a major cause of foodborne disease. New York State has been especially affected, with 47 documented egg-associated S enteritidis outbreaks involving 2279 cases and 10 deaths. Individual case reports of salmonella have also increased 56%, and sporadic cases of S enteritidis have been shown to be associated with egg consumption. Further educational and regulatory activities are needed to control this continuing public health problem.     

Integrated food chain surveillance system for Salmonella spp. in Mexico

Few developing countries have foodborne pathogen surveillance systems, and none of these integrates data from humans, food, and animals. We describe the implementation of a 4-state, integrated food chain surveillance system (IFCS) for Salmonella spp. in Mexico. Significant findings were 1) high rates of meat contamination (21.3%-36.4%), 2) high rates of ceftriaxone-resistant S. Typhimurium in chicken, ill humans, and swine (77.3%, 66.3%, and 40.4% of S. Typhimurium T isolates, respectively), and 3) the emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance in S. Heidelberg (10.4%) and S. Typhimurium (1.7%) from swine. A strong association between Salmonella spp. contamination in beef and asymptomatic Salmonella spp. infection was only observed in the state with the lowest poverty level (Pearson r = 0.91, p<0.001). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of 311 S. Typhimurium isolates showed 14 clusters with 102 human, retail meat, and food-animal isolates with indistinguishable patterns. An IFCS is technically and economically feasible in developing countries and can effectively identify major public health priorities.     

Competitive exclusion of Salmonella enteritidis by Salmonella gallinarum in poultry

Salmonella Enteritidis emerged as a major egg-associated pathogen in the late 20th century. Epidemiologic data from England, Wales, and the United States indicate that S. Enteritidis filled the ecologic niche vacated by eradication of S. Gallinarum from poultry, leading to an epidemic increase in human infections. We tested this hypothesis by retrospective analysis of epidemiologic surveys in Germany and demonstrated that the number of human S. Enteritidis cases is inversely related to the prevalence of S. Gallinarum in poultry. Mathematical models combining epidemiology with population biology suggest that S. Gallinarum competitively excluded S. Enteritidis from poultry flocks early in the 20th century.     

无棣县2003～2009年31693例围产儿出生缺陷监测分析

目的:了解无棣县围产儿出生缺陷发生情况、临床类型及其分布特征,为制订降低该地区出生缺陷发生的干预措施提供科学依据。方法:根据2003～2009年无棣县所有出生医院围产儿出生资料,对围产儿中出生缺陷儿进行回顾性统计分析。结果:2003～2009年无棣县出生31 693例围产儿,出生缺陷儿195例,缺陷发生率为61.53/万,不同年份发生率比较差异无统计学意义,趋势性检验有统计学意义。7年中发生率最高的出生缺陷前5位种类依次为总唇裂、先天性心脏病、先天性脑积水、肢体短缩、多指(趾)及并指(趾)。结论:近7年无棣县总出生缺陷的发生水平有逐年上升的趋势,应加大相应干预措施的力度,以降低缺陷儿的出生率,提高出生人口素质。     

Bavaroise and an epidemic of Salmonella enteritidis

In the literature an association is made between the increasing prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry products and in the isolates of patients with gastroenteritis, without sufficient evidence of a causal relationship between the increasing prevalences. A microbiological and epidemiological analysis of a food poisoning incident among 239 visitors of a restaurant by way of food specific attack rates and food specific infection rates revealed an epidemic of 70 cases of S. enteritidis enteritis. The analysis supports the causal relationship with the consumption of an infected, unhygienically prepared egg product, in this case bavaroise.     

福建省2009年医疗机构死亡病例监测资料分析

目的 分析2009年福建省医疗机构死亡病例监测资料,探索导致居民死亡的疾病及影响因素,了解死因构成,分析变化趋势,为制定政策与规划提供依据.方法 利用2009年死亡病例网络直报经审核有根本死因编码的个案,作相关研究与因素分析.结果 全省共报告死亡病例33 922例,男女比为1.68:1.70岁以上占49.2%,家中死亡...