玻璃体积血合并视网膜裂孔或脱离的玻璃体切割手术疗效观察

目的:探讨玻璃体积血合并视网膜裂孔或脱离采用玻璃体切割手术治疗的疗效及必要性。 方法:对28例28眼玻璃体积血合并视网膜裂孔或脱离患者采用玻璃体切割手术治疗,观察治疗前后视力改变,并分析玻璃体积血与视网膜裂孔或脱离的关系。 结果:不同原因所导致的玻璃体积血28例中,7例术前B超未发现视网膜脱离,而在术中发现3例裂孔,4例伴裂孔周围浅脱;28例患者术后视力（包括术后随访最佳视力）均有不同程度的提高,数指/眼前以上者27例(96%),≥0.05者20例(71%),≥0.3者5例(18%),手术前后视力比较,具有统计学差异(P＜0.05)。 结论:玻璃体积血合并视网膜裂孔或脱离采用玻璃体切割手术治疗,安全有效,且能尽早发现视网膜裂孔及浅脱离,阻止视网膜脱离进一步扩大。     

值得重视的眼底病研究热点与难点:原发性视网膜脱离的治疗和手术后视力恢复

视网膜裂孔是主要致盲性眼病原发性视网膜脱离的原因,封闭裂孔是其治疗原则.尽管手术疗法已能使现今大多数视网膜脱离成功复位,但视网膜裂孔发生的原因、能否预防视网膜脱离的发生以及怎样才能获得视网膜复位后满意的视力恢复等基本问题,仍然困扰原发性视网膜脱离的防治.近年研究提示,视网膜裂孔的形成与玻璃体液化、后玻璃体脱离过程中异常的玻璃体视网膜附着牵拉有关.完全性后玻璃体脱离可在玻璃体基底部后缘形成裂孔,而部分性后玻璃体脱离则可引起后部裂孔,尤其是表现为视网膜外层缝隙样增厚(中心凹劈裂)和玻璃体黄斑牵拉等特征性的近视牵拉性黄斑病变.已知黄斑的微结构改变、视网膜萎缩、前膜形成等是视网膜复位后视力不良的原因.因此,应加深对玻璃体病变和牵拉机制的认识,探索其临床评估与防治途径,促进视网膜复位后的视力恢复,将原发性视网膜脱离的防治提高到新的水平.     

视网膜分支静脉阻塞合并视网膜脱离的临床分析

目的 分析视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)合并视网膜脱离(RD)的临床特征及有效的治疗方法.方法 收集2004年11月至2007年10月治疗的有完整随访观察资料的18例(18只眼)BRVO合并RD的病例,采用常规三通道闭合式玻璃体切割手术,其中6例联合白内障超声乳化吸出术,合并黄斑裂孔的患眼行内界膜剥离,术后1、2周,1、2、3、6月随访,平均随访4.8月,观察患者的视力、眼底、眼压、玻璃体后脱离,术中术后并发症、及术后视网膜复位等情况.结果 全部病例于术中均发现裂孔,单个孔、多发孔各9例,孔源性视网膜脱离17例,牵引性视网膜脱离1例,黄斑孔5例,黄斑孔中合并黄斑囊样水肿1例,合并黄斑前膜2例.18例中发现纤维血管膜生长的15例,玻璃体不完全性后脱离粘连牵拉视网膜的12例,黄斑水肿6例,其中合并黄斑前膜2例.BRVO发生于颞上的6例,鼻上6例,上半侧3例,颞下2例,颢上合并颞下1例.18例中术后视力提高12例,视力稳定3例,视力下降3例,术后最佳矫正视力HM3例、0.1-0.39例、0.3以上6例.一次手术视网膜复位的16例,2例于硅油取出时发现局限性视网膜脱离,再次填充C3F8后视网膜复位.结论 视网膜分支静脉阻塞合并视网膜脱离的临床表现较复杂,术前眼底情况不明确,视网膜裂孔及多发性裂孔的发生率较高,多数病例玻璃体后脱离不完全粘连牵拉视网膜,且合并纤维血管膜的增生,玻璃体手术或联合手术是适合的治疗方法,可取得较好的临床疗效.     

内界膜剥离治疗黄斑部病变的疗效观察

目的 探讨内界膜剥离治疗黄斑部病变的疗效.方法 我院2007年7月至10月收治的黄斑部病变患者6例(6只眼),均采用玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥离(ILMP)手术方式,随访观察术前及术后1、2周,1、3个月视力、视网膜复位、黄斑孔闭合、黄斑水肿消退的情况.结果 术中内界膜剥离后黄斑区点状出血3只眼.3只眼术前有视网膜脱离病例达到视网膜解剖复位,其余病例无医源性裂孔和视网膜脱离发生.4只眼黄斑裂孔中3只眼裂孔闭合,1只眼缩小,2只眼黄斑水肿中1只眼黄斑水肿明显消退,1只眼完全消失,1只眼黄斑前膜无复发,经眼底及荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查证实.术后最低视力0.08,最高视力0.6,与术前视力相比均有不同程度提高,术后视力<0.1者1只眼,0.1～0.3者3只眼,0.3以上者2只眼.除5例(1只眼)外全部病例术后视物变形均有改善.结论 内界膜剥离是治疗黄斑部病变的有效手段之一,可改善术后视力及视物变形.     

玻璃体切割术治疗高度近视眼黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离疗效观察

目的探讨玻璃体切割术治疗黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的疗效。方法对41例(42只眼)高度近视眼黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离,行玻璃体切割术联合眼内光凝黄斑裂孔、12?F8填充术,术后面向下体位两周。结果42只眼黄斑裂孔闭合,视网膜复位,随诊1~4年,2只眼术后因合并周边裂孔再次发生局限性视网膜脱离,给予巩膜外垫压、冷凝术封闭周边裂孔后视网膜平复。其中34只眼术后视力不同程度的提高,8只眼视力保持不变。结论玻璃体切割联合眼内光凝黄斑裂孔、12?F8填充术是治疗高度近视眼黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离安全有效的方法。     

高度近视眼视网膜脱离术后再脱离的原因及再手术的疗效分析

目的分析高度近视眼视网膜脱离术后视网膜再脱离的原因、再手术的方法及预后。方法对25例(25眼)高度近视眼视网膜脱离复发患者行巩膜外垫压、环扎术、玻璃体手术或玻璃体切割联合巩膜外硅胶垫压、环扎术,术中观察视网膜裂孔的位置、数目,结合前次手术的有关资料,分析视网膜脱离复发原因。随访6个月观察视网膜复位及视力恢复情况。结果视网膜脱离复发的25眼中,新裂孔形成7眼(28.0%),原裂孔封闭不良8眼(32.0%),新裂孔形成和原裂孔封闭不良并存10眼(40.0%);增生性玻璃体视网膜病变进展16眼(64.0%)。再次手术:行巩膜扣带术7眼(28.0%),行玻璃体切割术11眼(44·0%),玻璃体切割联合巩膜外硅胶垫压(环扎术)术7眼(28.0%);眼内填充硅油9眼,填充体积分数14%C3F8气体10眼。随访期末,24眼(96.0%)视网膜复位,1眼(4.0%)视网膜复位后再脱离;21眼(84.0%)视力不同程度提高。结论裂孔封闭不良、产生新裂孔及增生性玻璃体视网膜病变进展是视网膜脱离复发的主要原因。根据玻璃体视网膜的状况选择合适的手术方式治疗效果良好。     

硅油取出术后视网膜再脱离的原因分析及治疗

目的探讨硅油取出术后视网膜再脱离的原因及治疗方法。方法对硅油取出术后视网膜再脱离的18例(18眼)患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,查找视网膜再脱离的原因,其中15眼行再手术治疗,术后严密随诊。结果硅油取出术后视网膜再脱离的原因主要为增生性玻璃体视网膜病变进展、遗漏裂孔、原裂孔封闭不良、新生裂孔、增殖膜牵拉等;通过再手术,15眼中14眼视网膜重新获得复位。结论取出硅油后视网膜再脱离一旦发生,应仔细分析再脱离的原因,只要能针对这些原因行及时的再手术治疗,大多数患眼能够获得视网膜再复位、保留部分视功能。     

孔源性视网膜脱离复位术失败的机制

目的探讨孔源性视网膜脱离复位术失败的机制，以期为提高手术成功率提供理论依据。方法对70例视网膜脱离再手术病例进行回顾性分析，查找手术失败原因，分别再给以巩膜扣带术或玻璃体切割术治疗，探讨其各自的机制。结果手术失败原因有：增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变(PVR)46眼，原裂孔未闭34眼，出现新裂孔16眼，脉络膜脱离2眼，黄斑前膜2眼，玻璃体出血2眼。结论视网膜脱离复位术失败的机制主要是：裂孔未能确切地封闭，PVR未能妥善地处理；为了减少手术失败应当尽可能封闭裂孔，而PVR严重者一定要行玻璃体切割术。     

玻璃体切割联合后巩膜加固术治疗高度近视眼黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离

目的：探讨玻璃体切割联合后巩膜加固治疗高度近视眼黄斑裂孔伴视网膜脱离的方法与疗效。
　　方法：于2012-01/2013-12间收集高度近视性黄斑裂孔伴视网膜脱离患者45例45眼,分为玻璃体切割内界膜撕除联合后巩膜加固组( A组)28眼和玻璃体切割内界膜撕除组( B组)17眼。术前分别行视力、眼压、间接检眼镜、OCT检查,术后随访6~12mo,行视力、OCT检查,分别对视力、视网膜复位情况、黄斑裂孔闭合情况进行统计比较。
　　结果：(1)视力检查：术后视力：A 组1.19±0.39, B 组1.51±0.34,二者比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);(2)术后视网膜复位率：A组100%,B组88.24%,两者比较无统计学差异;(3)术后黄斑裂孔闭合率：A 组82%,B 组53%,两者比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。
　　结论：玻璃体切割术联合后巩膜加固术治疗高度近视眼黄斑裂孔伴视网膜脱离的手术方法安全可行,可更好的改善视力,提高黄斑裂孔的闭合率。     

视网膜脱离术后黄斑前膜的手术治疗

目的 探讨玻璃体切割手术治疗视网膜脱离术后并发黄斑前膜的效果。方法 25例25眼孔源性视网膜脱离巩膜术后并发黄斑前膜有明显视物变形和视力下降病例接受玻璃体切割黄斑前膜剥除。观察术后视功能改善情况和并发症。结果 术后视物变形改善率为80％、76％病例视力提高至0．1以上（术前只有28％病例视力在0．1以上）。并发症有：视网膜表面出血、黄斑前膜残留、视网膜脱离复发、核性白内障发展。结论 玻璃体切割黄斑前膜剥除是治疗视网膜脱离术后并发黄斑前膜的有效方法,并发症较少。     

Repair of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment using 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy

PURPOSE:: To evaluate the anatomical and visual outcomes of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repairs performed using 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy. METHODS:: A retrospective, noncomparative interventional case series including 53 consecutive eyes of 52 patients who underwent 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy to repair primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was performed. Variables collected for the study were patient demographics, lens status, preoperative visual acuity, and macular status. Outcome measures included single-operation anatomical success rate, final anatomical success rate, postoperative visual acuity, and surgical complications. RESULTS:: The retina was reattached with a single operation in 39 (74%) of 53 eyes. The final anatomical success rate was 100%. The mean time to redetachment was 72 days (range, 13-334 days). Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (64%) and development of new retinal breaks (43%) were the most common reasons associated with redetachment. Mean visual acuity improved from 20/100 to 20/60 (P = 0.001); 55% of eyes had final vision of 20/40 or better. Three eyes (6%) developed postoperative choroidal hemorrhage. Three eyes (6%) developed visually significant macular pucker that required surgery. No postoperative hypotony or endophthalmitis was observed. CONCLUSIONS:: Repair of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments using 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy resulted in excellent final anatomical success rate and postoperative visual outcomes. However, redetachments due to new tears and/or proliferative vitreoretinopathy resulted in a lower single-operation success rate than those reported with 20-gauge systems.     

Regression of Optic Nerve Head Neovascularization in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy After Intravitreal Triamcinolone: Regression of Diabetic Optic Disc Neovascularization After Intravitreal Triamcinolone

The aim of this study is to report the clinical outcome of a diabetic patient with optic nerve head neovascularization treated with an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. A 52-year-old patient presented with clinically significant diffuse macular edema and optic nerve head neovascularization due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy in her right eye. Despite grid laser photocoagulation in the macular region macular edema progressed and visual acuity declined. The patient received a single intravitreal injection of 4 mg triamcinolone acetonide with topical anesthesia. After injection of triamcinolone acetonide visual acuity increased and macular edema decreased. Furthermore optic nerve head neovascularization had markedly regressed. No complication was observed during follow-up period. Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide may be useful for treatment of optic nerve head neovascularization in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.     

Ocular toxicity of intravitreal indocyanine green.

We report 6 cases of indocyanine green (ICG)-related ocular toxicity after intravitreal ICG usage. Five cases had preoperative diagnosis of macular hole, 1 case had preoperative rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. All cases received vitrectomy, ICG-assisted internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and air-fluid exchange. All eyes had residual ICG left at the end of surgery. Patients were followed up with indirect ophthalmoscopy, visual acuity, color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and ocular coherence tomography. Circular foveal retinal pigment epithelium atrophy larger than the area of macular hole and surrounding cuff was noted in 4 of 5 cases with preoperative macular hole. The other eye with preoperative diagnosis of macular hole had shallow anterior chamber and low intraocular pressure lasting for 1 week postoperatively. Diffuse retinal pigment epithelial atrophy was noted in the eye with preoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Four eyes demonstrated optic atrophy postoperatively. Ocular toxicity caused by ICG may present as pigment epithelial atrophy, which is characteristically larger than the previous area of macular hole and surrounding cuff. Disc atrophy, retinal toxicity, and ocular hypotony were also observed in some cases. To prevent toxicity, residual ICG and ICG-stained ILM must be removed as completely as possible.     

Management of giant retinal tears without scleral buckling. Use of radical dissection of the vitreous base and perfluoro-octane and intraocular tamponade.

The introduction of intraoperative perfluorocarbon liquids in the management of giant retinal tears has allowed exact anatomic reapposition of the retina and the giant retinal tear. Therefore, the authors managed 11 eyes with giant retinal tears and no proliferative vitreoretinopathy without scleral buckling. Maximum removal of the basal vitreous gel was performed in all cases, and perfluoro-octane was used intraoperatively to unfold the inverted posterior flap and reattach the retina completely. Endophotocoagulation was applied to the edges of the tear and perfluoropropane or silicone oil was used as an intraocular tamponade. Although 1 eye required reoperation for a redetachment from posterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy, all retinas were reattached with final visual acuity of 5/200 or better in 9 eyes. Eight additional major procedures were necessary in seven eyes: removal of silicone oil in four (with removal of perisilicone proliferation in three), repeat vitrectomy and membrane removal with photocoagulation twice in one eye, cataract extraction in one eye, and removal of a macular pucker in one eye. Four eyes required postoperative fluid-gas exchange and three eyes had tissue plasminogen activator injections into the anterior chamber for postoperative fibrin reactions.     

Results of pneumatic retinopexy with air.

Although scleral buckling yields good results in retinal reattachment surgery, we search for less laborious methods which could give the same high cure rate. Fifty-one consecutive patients with phakic, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and breaks within 60 degrees of the upper retinal quadrants were treated by retino-cryopexy, drainage of subretinal fluid (under an operating microscope), and intravitreal injection of air (0.8 to 2.0 ml). Follow-up examinations (after 6 to 12 months) disclosed retinal reattachment in 44 of 51 eyes (86%). Cases with macular detachment showed good visual recovery, and 15 of 23 eyes (65%) achieved 0.5 (20/40) or more in visual acuity. Postoperatively, new retinal breaks occurred in 6%, proliferative vitreoretinopathy in 2%, and macular pucker also in 2%. Pneumatic retinopexy with air is an easy procedure, it is associated with few complications, and enables rapid postoperative recovery.     

Relative afferent pupillary defect in the "better" eye

A relative afferent pupillary defect usually occurs in an eye with unilateral or asymmetric optic nerve or extensive retinal disease. In general, the eye with poorer visual acuity has the afferent pupillary defect. Twenty-five patients are reported, however, in whom an afferent pupillary defect occurred in the eye with better visual acuity. These eyes had optic nerve or retinal dysfunction. The eyes with worse visual acuity but no afferent pupillary defect had an abnormality of the ocular media (corneal opacity, hyphema, anterior segment membrane, cataract, or vitreous opacity), amblyopia, refractive error, age-related macular degeneration, or cystoid macular edema. An afferent pupillary defect does not necessarily occur in the eye with poorer visual acuity.     

Management of pseudophakic retinal detachment with undetectable retinal breaks

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Difficulties encountered during the repair of pseudophakic retinal detachment are related to difficulties in peripheral retinal visualization and identification of retinal breaks. The implication of nonvisualized breaks in patients with pseudophakic retinal detachment is associated with lower rates of surgical success. This report decribes the results of a prospective trial to evaluate the efficacy of both scleral buckling surgery in the treatment of pseudophakic retinal detachment with undetected retinal breaks and pars plana vitrectomy techniques in the management of the cases that redetected after primary buckling surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study represents 25 cases of pseudophakic retinal detachment with undiagnosed retinal breaks. In each case, we performed a scleral buckling that extended over the circumference of the retinal detachment. Pars plana vitrectomy with internal subretinal fluid drainage and long-term tamponade were performed on 7 patients with uncomplicated recurrent retinal detachments after primary buckling surgery. The mean duration of follow up was 32 months. RESULTS: There were 25 eyes (24.5%) of pseudophakic retinal detachment with undiagnosed retinal breaks represented in our pseudophakic retinal detachment cases. Anatomic success was achieved after the initial scleral buckling surgery in 18 eyes (72%). The overall success rate was 92%. The visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 8 patients (32%), 20/80 to 20/40 in 6 patients (24%), 5/200 to 20/80 in 7 patients (28%), and light perception to hand movement in 4 patients (16%). Complications included vitreous hemorrhage, macular pucker, cystoid macular edema, and hypotony with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. CONCLUSION: Scleral buckling surgery in conjunction with cryotherapy is effective in the initial treatment of pseudophakic retinal detachment with undetectable retinal breaks. Pars plana vitrectomy with internal fluid-gas exchange and long-term tamponade can be used to treat these patients with recurrent retinal detachment after primary buckling surgery to get a higher overall success rate.     

视网膜周边激光光凝对下方裂孔硅油取出后视网膜再脱离的影响

目的 探讨首次玻璃体手术中下方周边部180°视网膜光凝对下方裂孔性视网膜脱离硅油取出手术后再脱离的影响.方法 对142例(142只眼)下方裂孔性视网膜脱离行玻璃体视网膜手术硅油填充,尔后行硅油取出的临床资料进行回顾性分析.激光光凝组81例为首次行玻璃体手术时即对其下半180°周边部视网膜(除裂孔外)实施堤坝样光凝;对照组61例未行预防性视网膜激光光凝.结果 硅油眼内填充时间为7～24周,平均硅油填充时间(11.8±2.6)周.硅油填充期间,光凝组硅油填充状态下视网膜脱离6例,占7.4%,对照组视网膜脱离10例,占16.4%,两组硅油状态视网膜脱离发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05 ).油下视网膜脱离16例中,激光组6例.4例为增生性玻璃体视网膜病变引起,1例为预防性激光光凝手术后激光斑因受附近增生膜牵拉形成的新裂孔,1例原因不明:对照组10例,7例为遗漏小裂孔或原裂孔重新开放,3例为增生性玻璃体视网膜病变引起.硅油取出手术后11例患者发生视网膜再脱离,其中激光组3例,占3.7%;对照组8例,占11.4%.两组硅油取出后视网膜再脱离发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05 ).硅油取出手术后视网膜再脱离11例中,激光组3例,2例为激光光凝斑受附近增生膜牵拉形成的新裂孔,l例为激光孔;对照组8例,4例为增生性玻璃体视网膜病变,2例为原裂孔开放,2例为原裂孔相邻部新裂孔.结论 下方裂孔性视网膜脱离在首次玻璃体手术中行预防性下半侧周边部180°视网膜激光光凝与裂孔愈合和硅汕取出手术后视网膜再脱离发生率下降有关联.     

Optic nerve atrophy after vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy: its systemic and local risk factors

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors of optic nerve atrophy after vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Clinical charts of 48 eyes of 40 patients who underwent vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy were retrospectively reviewed. The relationship between postoperative optic nerve atrophy and patients' physical condition was statistically analyzed. RESULT: Postoperative optic nerve atrophy, distinct from glaucomatous optic nerve atrophy, occurred in 5 eyes (10.4%). Its incidence was correlated with higher plasma creatinine concentration (p=0.001), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (p= 0.046), and retinal white vessel formation (p= 0.007). Maintenance of the best postoperative visual acuity was difficult in the patients with optic nerve atrophy. CONCLUSION: Patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy accompanied by renal dysfunction were at high risk of optic nerve atrophy after vitrectomy.