病原性大肠埃希菌腹泻的实验与临床研究

目的：探索病原性大肠埃希菌腹泻的实验与临床关系。方法：采集临床门诊急性腹泻患者粪便，进行ETEC，EPEC，EIEC等病原菌常规检测，并收集患者病史临床表现。结果：从839例腹泻患者中检出病原性大肠埃希菌235株，检出率为28．01％；其中ETEC 118株（14．06％），。EPEC 93株（11．08％），EIEC 24株（2．86％），占病原菌检出的61．84％。对214印例病原性大肠埃希菌腹泻患者病史临床表现分析，3种病原性大肠埃希菌引起腹泻，临床表现不尽相同。病原性大肠埃希菌问或同其它病原菌混合感染43例13．5％），其临床表现，同单一病原菌感染比较，差异无显著性。结论：病原性大肠埃希菌引起腹泻的临床表现差异甚大；实验室病原检测是重要依据；对腹泻病因诊断有重要参考意义。     

医院手术切口感染的病原菌分布及药性检测

目的：探讨手术切口感染的病原菌分布及其耐药性，方法：采用从切口感染分布物中培养分离致病菌，用法国生物－梅里埃（Bio-Merieux)全自动微生物系统鉴定及发出药敏报告，并分析结果，结果：共分离出203株病原菌，分属于12个种属，金黄色葡萄球菌，大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌居于前3位，其中甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占葡萄球菌的45．7％，甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）占50．0％，产超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ESBLs大肠埃希菌占本菌的25．0％，产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌占本菌的30．0％，以上耐药菌均显示了多重耐药及交叉耐药性，在抗菌药物中，万古霉素与亚胺培南仍保持了良好的抗菌作用。结论：外科切口感染的病原菌耐药性呈上升趋势，应努力加以预防与控制。     

1213例送检标本的细菌谱分析及耐药菌监测

目的 了解2003年我院临床感染标本的细菌分布特点，为临床治疗和医院感染的控制提供参考。方法对1213例临床送检标本分离培养鉴定，同时进行大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌ESBLs的检测，及耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）的测定。结果感染标本革兰阴性杆菌40．9％，真菌33．5％，革兰阳性球菌位20．6％；病原菌感染位居前5位的依次是白色念珠菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、热带念珠菌、光滑念珠菌；耐药菌株检测发现耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占金黄色葡萄球菌的42．3％；耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）占凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的78．1％；大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产ESBLs的菌株占47．6％。结论细菌的多重耐药及真菌感染是我院目前面临的重要问题，在临床上应重视细菌培养，合理用药，减少感染。     

神经外科病房医院肺部感染病原菌及耐药性分析

目的了解神经外科医院肺部感染病原菌分布及耐药特点，指导临床合理用药。方法回顾性调查本院神经外科206例痰培养阳性的医院肺部感染病人，并对耐药情况进行分析。结果206份痰标本中共分离出238株病原菌，其中革兰阴性杆菌156株（65．5％），革兰阳性球菌38株（16．0％），真菌44株（18．5％）。分离的前5位菌株依次为鲍曼不动杆菌48株（20．2％）、肺炎克雷伯菌46株（19．3％）、大肠埃希菌26株（10．9％）、热带念株菌24株（10．1％）、金黄色葡萄球菌18株（7．6％）。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）分离率分别为94．4％、86．7％，产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌分离率分别为73．9％、53．8％。结论神经外科医院肺部感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主，且对常用抗菌药物显示较高的耐药性。     

756例儿童血培养病原菌的分布及主要病原菌耐药性分析

目的 回顾性分析2010 - 2017年10月成都市双流区第一人民医院的儿童血培养结果,为成都地区血流感染的儿童临床合理用药提供依据。方法 分析2010 - 2017年10月送检的儿童血培养标本,了解病原菌分布和主要病原菌的耐药性。结果 2010 - 2017年10月该院共送检血培养标本10 500例,阳性标本756例,主要分布为儿科门诊（26.3%）、普通儿科（43.5%）、新生儿科（30.2%）。分离出革兰阴性菌375株（49.6%）、革兰阳性菌363株（48.0%）、真菌18株（2.4%）;排名前五位病原菌如下:凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及沙门菌。耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）占凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的59.0%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占金黄色葡萄球菌的24.9%,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌占大肠埃希菌的42.1%,肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株占肺炎克雷伯菌的65.2%。结论 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是引起儿童血流感染的首要病原菌,且耐药率高;革兰阴性菌感染率也较高,并且肺炎克雷伯菌对三代头孢菌素也有了较高的耐药率。     

外科手术切口感染的病原学检测及耐药谱分析

目的调查外科手术切口术后感染的病原菌及其耐药性。方法采集2001年1月-2006年12月从外科手术后伤口感染分泌物分离的病原菌，用全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定和药物敏感试验。结果6年间从手术切口感染标本中共培养出246株病原菌，革兰阴性杆菌142株，占57．7％；革兰阳性球菌84株，占34．1％；真菌20株，占8．2％；前5位的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍氏不动杆菌；耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和表皮葡萄球菌分离率为74．5％和83．3％；产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分离率为45．1％和35．0％；耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌的分离率为34．6％和38．1％，经药物敏感试验测定发现以上耐药菌株均显示了严重的多药耐药性；但万古霉素和亚胺培南仍具有良好的抗菌作用。结论外科切口术后感染较为严重，感染菌株多为多药耐药菌株。     

某三级医院2012—2015年血培养病原菌分布及其耐药性

目的调查某三级医院血流感染主要病原菌分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药情况,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法对该院2012年1月—2015年1月怀疑血流感染患者送检的血标本进行培养、鉴定及药敏试验,统计主要病原菌及其药敏结果。结果19 326份血培养标本共检出病原菌1 658株,分离率为8.58%,其中革兰阴性杆菌占58.57%（971株）,主要以大肠埃希菌（32.75%）为主;革兰阳性球菌占39.38%（653株）,主要以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS,16.34%）为主;真菌占2.05%（34株）,以白假丝酵母菌多见。分离病原菌主要分布于血液科、消化内科、心血管外科。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株检出率分别为56.35% 和36.14%,但对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦以及碳青霉烯类抗生素高度敏感（耐药率＜3%）。革兰阳性球菌中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)所占比率分别为78.60％和32.28％,但对万古霉素、利奈唑胺极敏感（耐药率<1%）。结论该院血流感染病原菌以大肠埃希菌和CNS为主,且耐药率相对较高;定时分析总结血流感染病原菌分布和耐药情况,有助于多重耐药菌感染的防控。     

血流感染病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的了解血流感染患者病原菌分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2012年1月-2013年6月临床送检的10 058份血培养标本中分离的菌株,采用纸片扩散法和MIC法进行药敏试验,用WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果 10 058份血培养标本共分离病原菌1 026株,其中革兰阳性菌395株占38.5%、革兰阴性菌571株占55.7%、厌氧菌26株占2.5%、真菌34株占3.3%;分离最多的为大肠埃希菌245株占23.9%,其次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、肠球菌属及金黄色葡萄球菌分别占19.4%、13.9%、7.7%及4.7%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为33.3%和74.9%,未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺葡萄球菌;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为64.9%和45.5%,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药率分别为0.4%和14.7%。结论血流感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,大肠埃希菌居首;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌及耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的检出率高,耐药性严重。     

血流感染262例临床分析

目的探讨血流感染的病原菌特点、科室分布、高危因素及病死率。方法对血培养阳性的262例临床确诊的血流感染病例进行回顾性分析。结果262例血流感染病例血培养共分离出292株病原菌。发生血流感染前5位科室依次是ICU76例（29．01％）、血液科40例（15．27％）、感染科40例（15．27％）、普外科22例（8．40％）、肿瘤内科21例（8．02％）。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌致血流感染在ICU、血液科、感染科分离率较高，分别为34株、18株、17株；大肠埃希菌致血流感染在血液科、ICU、感染科分离率较高，分别为11株、7株、10株。血流感染的病死率为17．56％。46例血流感染死亡病例前3位的病原菌为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌22株（40．74％）、肠球菌8株（14．81％）、热带念珠菌5株（9．26％）。结论凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、热带念珠菌是引起血流感染的最常见致病菌。ICU是血流感染高发科室。     

手术切口感染的病原菌分布及耐药性探讨

目的探讨手术切口感染病原菌的分布及耐药性，给临床防治手术切口感染提供科学依据。方法菌株分离鉴定按《全国临床检验操作规程》进行，药敏试验采用DADEBEHRING专用细菌鉴定药敏复合板。结果140株病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主，检出82株，占58．6％；革兰阳性球菌58株，占41．4％；其中金黄色葡萄球菌（SAU）和铜绿假单胞菌（PAE）检出率较高，分别为29．3％与27．1％；菌株均显示出较高的耐药性，其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占SAU总数的31．7％；产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率为40．9％。结论必须采取有效的防治措施，预防与控制手术切口感染。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.