糖尿病与非糖尿病腹膜透析患者容量负荷状况比较

目的比较糖尿病与非糖尿病腹膜透析患者容量负荷状况.方法采用横断面研究方法调查了所有接受腹膜透析治疗至少3个月以上的患者容量负荷状况,分析容量负荷与24小时超滤量、尿量等的关系.结果 2002年5月至7月间共58例腹膜透析患者,其中糖尿病终末期肾病(DNESRD) 20例;非糖尿病终末期肾病 (NDNESRD) 38例.两组患者年龄、身高、性别分布以及尿量比较差异均无显著性(P ＞ 0.05);DNESRD 组体重、透析液糖浓度、糖总量、透析液总量、超滤量及总清除量均大于NDNESRD 组,统计学检验差异均有显著性.DNESRD 组水肿程度较NDNESRD 组严重,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).结论 DNESRD与NDNESRD两组患者均存在容量超负荷状况,DNESRD组尤为严重.腹膜透析患者应严格限制水盐的摄入,维持良好的水平衡.     

Assessment of fluid status in peritoneal dialysis patients.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of abnormalities in fluid status and body composition on agreement between multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (MF-BIA), segmental BIA (sigmaBIA), the Watson formula, and tracer dilution techniques. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Multicenter. PATIENTS: 40 patients (29 males, 11 females) on peritoneal dialysis (PD). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Agreement between the various techniques used to assess total body water (TBW) [MF-BIA, deuterium oxide (D2O), and the Watson formula] and extracellular water (ECW) [MF-BIA, bromide dilution (NaBr), and sigmaBIA], also in relation to the relative magnitude of the body water compartments [ECW (NaBr):body weight (BW) and TBW (D2O):BW] and body composition (DEXA). Second, the relation between body water compartments with echocardiographic parameters. RESULTS: Wide limits of agreement were observed between tracer dilution techniques and MF-BIA [TBW (D2O - MF-BIA) 2.0 +/- 3.9 L; ECW (NaBr - MF-BIA) -2.8 +/- 3.9 L], which were related to the relative magnitude of the body water compartments: r = 0.70 for ECW and r = 0.40 for TBW. sigmaBIA did not improve the agreement [ECW (NaBr-sigmaBIA): 3.7 +/- 2.9 L]. Also, wide limits of agreement were observed between D2O and the Watson formula (-2.3 +/- 3.3 L). The difference between D2O and Watson was related to hydration state and to percentage of fat mass (r = 0.70 and r = -0.53, p < 0.05). Both ECW and TBW as assessed by BIA and tracer dilution were related to echocardiographic parameters. CONCLUSION: Wide limits of agreement were found between MF-BIA and sigmaBIA with dilution methods in PD patients, which were related to hydration state itself. The disagreement between the Watson formula and dilution methods was related to both hydration state and body composition.     

Promoting self-management improves the health status of patients having peritoneal dialysis

Title.  Promoting self-management improves the health status of patients having peritoneal dialysis.
Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to explore the effects of promoting self-management on the well-being of patients having peritoneal dialysis.
Background.  Peritoneal dialysis is a home-based treatment for end-stage renal disease. Promoting self-management has been shown to improve the health status of people with diabetes mellitus and other chronic diseases. However, little is known about the effects of self-management support for patients having peritoneal dialysis.
Method.  Thirty patients who had received peritoneal dialysis for at least 6 months and were clinically stable were enrolled in the study in 2006. A multidisciplinary team was built to support the patients' self-management. Various forms of education such as group discussion and individual consultation were used to improve patients' self-efficacy and all were followed up for 6 months. We compared the volume status, adequacy of dialysis, nutritional status, quality of life, rehabilitation status, self-management capacity and self-efficacy levels at baseline, 3 and 6 months after enrolment.
Results.  During follow-up, patients' urine volume and residual renal function decreased, while the adequacy of dialysis (Kt/v and Ccr) did not change. Volume status, quality of life and rehabilitation status all improved, whereas nutritional status did not deteriorate. Both self-management capacity and self-efficacy level increased statistically significantly.
Conclusion.  A team approach needs to be taken to achieve successful self-management in patients having peritoneal dialysis, as with other chronic disease treatments. Nurses should use multiple strategies based on self-efficacy theory to improve patients' self-efficacy levels and self-management capacities.     

糖尿病腹膜透析病人足部评估及护理现状调查

目的 了解糖尿病肾病行腹膜透析病人足部痛变的状况,所接受到的足部护理教育和指导,以及足郜自我护理的情况.方法 采用英国足部筛查实验对46例糖尿病肾病腹透病人的足部神经病变进行症状和体检评分应用触摸动脉搏动和测量踝一臂指数(ABI)来判断病人的足部血管病变状况;同时应用问卷调查病人的足部护理行为能力和曾接受过的足部护理教育和指导.结果 73.9%的病人存在足部周围神经病变,41.3%的病人动脉搏动异常,同时存在以上两种情况的病人占37%;ABI的测定表明,54.3%的病人存在不同程度的血管病变.76.1%的病人在过去1年中未接受过糖尿病教育,91.3%的病人从未接受过糖尿病足的评估,84.8%的病人从未接受过足部护理指导.他们的足部自我护理行为,尤其是每日足郝检查和鞋子检查的得分较低.结论 糖尿病肾病行腹透的病人足部病变状况比较严重,但足部自我护理行为较差,所接受的教育和指导不够,需要引起医护人员的重视.     

糖尿病腹膜透析患者胰岛素治疗方案探讨

目的探讨糖尿病腹膜透析(CAPD)患者合理的胰岛素应用方法.方法采用横断面研究方法调查所有接受CAPD治疗至少6个月以上的糖尿病肾病患者的胰岛素使用方案及血糖控制情况.并在横断面研究的基础上,动态观察24例新收的糖尿病CAPD患者透析前、后胰岛素的使用方法、剂量调整方案及血糖控制情况.结果2002年6月至2002年12月间共25例2型糖尿病CAPD患者,其中腹腔内注射胰岛素(IP)6人,皮下注射胰岛素(SC)9人,腹腔和皮下联合应用(IP SC)7人.①空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、透析液糖总负荷量、透析液平均糖浓度、透析剂量在IP、SC、IP SC三组间差异均无显著性,(P＞0.05);②与IP及IP SC组相比,SC组胰岛素用量明显减少,(P＜0.05);③腹膜炎的总发生率为1次/每15患者月,明显高于同期非糖尿病腹膜透析患者的腹膜炎发生率(1次/每48患者月),(P＜0.01);④动态观察24例新收的糖尿病CAPD患者,胰岛素剂量较透析前平均增加了(0.33±0.23)倍.透析后调整的胰岛素实际增加量与理论预测增加量差异无显著性,(P＞0.05).患者血糖控制良好,平均为(5.81±1.22)mmol/L.结论皮下注射胰岛素是有效控制糖尿病CAPD患者血糖水平的适当途径.腹膜透析后,可在原有皮下应用胰岛素方案的基础上,参照糖吸收量计算需增加的胰岛素用量适当增减胰岛素,能有效控制血糖.     

糖尿病肾病腹膜透析患者心理状况及相关因素分析

目的:研究糖尿病肾病腹膜透析患者的心理状况及与腹透相关因素的关系,为患者心理康复提供依据。方法:2001/2003年在解放军沈阳军区总医院肾内科门诊及住院的腹膜透析患者148例。纳入标准:经检查确诊为糖尿病肾病,并需进行持续性非卧床式腹膜透析患者。排除标准:排除有广泛腹膜粘连,腹腔内脏外伤,腹部大手术早期患者。入选对象根据配对条件:年龄相差不超过5岁;同性别,同民族进行1∶1配对,将64例患者分为两组:糖尿病肾病组32例,非糖尿病肾病组32例。使用焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表分别评估患者的情绪状况,并测定患者的营养状况、残余肾功能和透析的充分性等指标。结果:糖尿病肾病腹透组患者焦虑和抑郁检出率分别为56%和66%均高于非糖尿病的肾病腹透患者焦虑和抑郁检出率34%和47%(χ2=5.14,4.17,P<0.05)。营养不良患者焦虑评分和抑郁评分均高于营养良好者(t=3.93,4.10,P<0.01)。血清白蛋白、标准化氮出现率相当蛋白、平均每日每公斤体质量的蛋白质摄入量、尿素清除指数和肌酐清除率等指标与糖尿病肾病腹透组患者焦虑评分及抑郁评分呈明显负相关(r=-0.4289,-0.3645,-0.4594,-0.3663-0.3491,P<0.05～0.01;r=-0.4304,-0.3926,-0.4895-0.3665,-0.3720,P<0.05～0.01),而平均每日每公斤体质量的热量与焦虑评分、     

Influence of fluid status on techniques used to assess body composition in peritoneal dialysis patients.

OBJECTIVE: A reliable assessment of nutritional state in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is of great importance. Nevertheless, techniques used to assess body composition in patients on PD may be affected by abnormalities in fluid status. The primary aim of the present study was to compare different techniques used to evaluate body composition and to assess the influence of fluid status on the assessment of body composition. The secondary aim was to assess the relevance of handgrip muscle strength in the nutritional evaluation of the patient. METHODS: In 40 PD patients, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (MF-BIA), and anthropometry were compared with respect to the evaluation of body composition [fat mass and lean body mass (LBM; by DEXA), and fat-free mass (FFM; by MF-BIA, anthropometry]. The influence of fluid status on the measurement of LBM/FFM by the various techniques was assessed by their relation to left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), assessed by echocardiography, and by estimating the ratio between extracellular water (ECW) and total body water (TBW), assessed by bromide and deuterium dilution, with LBM (DEXA). The relevance of handgrip muscle strength as a nutritional parameter was assessed by its relation to LBM and other nutritional parameters. RESULTS: Despite highly significant correlations, wide limits of agreement between the various techniques were present with respect to assessment of body composition (expressed as % body weight) and were most pronounced for anthropometry: LBM (DEXA) - FFM (MF-BIA) = 3.4% +/- 12.2%; LBM (DEXA) - FFM (anthropometry) = -5.7% +/- 7.8%; fat mass (DEXA - MF-BIA) = -4.2% +/- 7.9%; fat mass (DEXA - anthropometry) = 2.9% +/- 7.2%. The ratio between ECW and LBM (DEXA) was 0.36 +/- 0.08 L/kg (range 0.25 - 0.67 L/kg), and the ratio between TBW and LBM was 0.75 +/- 0.06 L/kg (range 0.63 - 0.86 L/kg), which shows the variability in hydration state of LBM/FFM between individual patients. LBM/FFM measured by all three techniques was significantly related to LVEDD, suggesting an important influence of hydration state on this parameter. Handgrip muscle strength was significantly related to LBM/FFM, as measured by all three techniques, but not to other nutritional parameters. CONCLUSION: Wide limits of agreement were found between various techniques used to assess body composition in PD patients. The assessment of body composition was strongly influenced by hydration state.The handgrip test is related to body composition, but not to other nutritional parameters.     

Oral lecithin improves ultrafiltration in patients on peritoneal dialysis

Three patients on peritoneal dialysis (two on continuous ambulatory and one on intermittent) with severe ultrafiltration failure were treated with 2 capsules of Lecithin three times a day (containing of 1.08 g of phosphatidylcholine). Their ultrafiltration improved significantly to the point that their edema improved and were able to continue on peritoneal dialysis with fewer daily hypertonic exchange.     

65例腹膜透析患者腹膜透析液细胞学和病原学分析

目的分析65例腹膜透析患者腹膜透析液常规及细菌培养结果。方法取腹膜透析液两管,一管行常规分析,包括有核细胞计数和沉渣细胞分类,另一管做细菌培养。结果 65例患者中37例表现为腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎,占56.9%;45例患者送检细菌培养,阳性率为62.2%,主要为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,占20.0%,其次为链球菌和革兰阴性杆菌,分别占17.8%和15.6%;35例腹膜炎患者有8例表现为顽固性腹膜炎,2例出现腹膜透析液性质改变,其转归情况明显差于其他患者(P0.05)。结论腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎是腹膜透析最常见的严重并发症,以细菌性感染多见,因此对腹膜透析液进行细胞学常规和病原学相结合的分析,能及时了解透析情况和变化,更好地为临床服务。     

Chiropody may prevent amputations in diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis.

BACKGROUND: A multidisciplinary approach has been shown to be of benefit in the prevention of lower limb ulceration and amputation in patients with diabetes, but there is less information on the role of such an approach in patients receiving dialysis treatment. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the institution of a chiropody program would result in fewer amputations in diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: The PD program at a tertiary-care hospital. PATIENTS: Patients with diabetes that were enrolled in the PD program between January 1997 and December 1999, inclusive, that were offered the opportunity to see a chiropodist, and that agreed to be seen. A total of 132 patients were included. INTERVENTION: Education about foot care, assessment, and, in some instances, treatment by a chiropodist. RESULTS: Patients with an amputation were more likely to be male (p < 0.01) and have peripheral vascular disease (p < 0.001) compared to those without an amputation. They also had a lower average mean arterial pressure (p < 0.05), lower weekly creatinine clearance (p < 0.01), higher mean erythropoietin dose (p < 0.05), and longer duration of end-stage renal disease (p < 0.001). Factors that were predictive of shorter time to death or amputation were older age [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.03, p < 0.05], peripheral vascular disease (HR = 2.66, p< 0.01), and cerebrovascular disease (HR = 2.70, p< 0.01). Being seen by a chiropodist was protective (HR = 0.39, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The current study suggests that a chiropody program may help to prevent amputation in patients with diabetes on PD.     

Fluid status and its management in Japanese peritoneal dialysis patients.

This article reviews published studies related to fluid status of Japanese peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and its impact on technique and patient survival. In addition, some specifics related to clinical background that potentially influence fluid status are described. According to a multicenter survey conducted in Japan, nearly 25% of Japanese PD patients are overhydrated. Available data indicate that a high salt diet may conceivably play an important role in the pathogenesis of fluid overload in Japanese PD patients, and it in turn negatively impacts patient prognosis. Because of the generally adopted policy among Japanese PD experts to avoid regular use of 3.86% glucose solution, icodextrin solution is now used in more than one third of all patients. Other means of managing fluid overload, such as drug therapy, combination (complementary) therapy with hemodialysis, and low sodium PD solution, are also explored and summarized in this article.     

持续性腹膜透析患者的延续护理

目的:对108例持续性腹膜透析患者的延续护理进行总结、分析,以进一步完善持续性腹膜透析患者的延续护理服务。方法:建立以腹膜透析专科护士为主导的延续护理团队,制定针对持续性腹膜透析患者的个性化健康教育及出院后的居家护理计划,对108例出院后的持续性腹膜透析患者采取电话随访、基于网络平台的健康教育、门诊随访及家庭访视等方式开展院外延续护理。结果:经2年实践,患者的治疗依从性由51.3%上升至91.4%,腹膜炎发生率由1/45病人月下降为1/61病人月;有89例患者不同程度地回归了社会;患者对延续护理服务的满意度为97.2%。结论:延续护理服务为持续性腹膜透析患者提供了持续、不间断的护理,提高了其治疗依从性及满意度,降低了其腹膜炎的发生率,促进了其病情转归,同时也提升了护理工作的职业价值。     

不同超滤功能的持续不卧床腹膜透析患者腹膜液体转运功能评估

目的 容量控制对于腹膜透析至关重要.腹膜平衡实验(peritoneal equilibration test,PET)可以评估腹膜小分子溶质转动功能,对优化腹膜透析存腹时间提供依据,但是不能预测腹膜液体转运功能.所以,本研究使用计算机拟合对不同超滤功能腹膜透析患者的腹膜液体转运功能进行评估.方法 纳入研究患者包括每天使用3～4袋2.5％葡萄糖透析液者(为腹膜超滤功能差组)和使用3～4袋1.5％葡萄糖透析液者(为腹膜功能好组),两组患者在上述透析处方下都能达到足够的液体清除.所有入组的患者都要求详细记录自己每天的腹膜透析换液情况,以评估腹膜液体转运功能.结果 本研究包括了17名持续不卧床腹膜透析患者(continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,CAPD),其中9名为超滤功能差组,8名为超滤功能好组.与超滤功能好组相比,超滤功能差组的患者每天更多的处于高葡萄糖(P＜0.01)环境中,透析液/血浆肌酐比值(D/Pcre)更高(P＜0.05),有更高的腹膜液体吸收率(Ke)(P＜0.01). 结论 与超滤功能好的患者相比超滤功能差的患者的腹膜小分子溶质转运率更高,更为重要的是,超滤能力差的患者腹膜液体吸收率更高.     

Intraperitoneal administration of phosphatidylcholine improves ultrafiltration in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients.

Reports in the literature have linked a low phosphatidylcholine content in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) effluent to ultrafiltration loss. Clinical evidence suggests that adding phosphatidylcholine to the dialysis solution enhances ultrafiltration. A clinical study has been designed to clarify the effect of phosphatidylcholine on ultrafiltration in CAPD patients with normal ultrafiltration. A weekly measurement of the peritoneal equilibration test was conducted per patient in the hospital. A comparison between the control dialysis solution (three-week period) and the phosphatidylcholine premixed solution (three-week period) was performed on a total of 12 patients. This study shows that a phosphatidylcholine premixed dialysis solution significantly enhances ultrafiltration. Since ultrafiltration per osmotic driving force (mL/g glucose) is enhanced, the patient's glucose load per day is reduced to achieve equal ultrafiltration. In the presence of phosphatidylcholine, peritoneal permeability remained unchanged, as indicated by membrane transport characteristics. No side effects were observed.     

Effects of intraperitoneal hyaluronan on peritoneal fluid and solute transport in peritoneal dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Hyaluronan (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan found in connective tissues and tissue spaces, including the peritoneal cavity. In vivo studies in a rat model of peritoneal dialysis (PD) have shown that addition of HA to PD solution during an intraperitoneal dwell can alter peritoneal fluid transport and protect the peritoneal membrane from the effects of inflammation and repeated infusions of dialysis solution. The current study sought to evaluate the safety of intraperitoneal HA and its effect on peritoneal fluid and solute transport when administered during a dialysis dwell in humans. METHODS: 13 PD patients were enrolled in a prospective, randomized crossover study involving three dialysis treatments using the following PD solutions: (1) a commercially available PD solution (Dianeal PD-4, 1.36% glucose; Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Alliston, Ontario, Canada); (2) Dianeal PD-4 containing 0.1 g/L HA, and (3) Dianeal PD-4 containing 0.5 g/L HA. Each 6-hour dialysis exchange was separated from the other exchanges by a 2-week washout period. Radioiodinated human serum albumin (RISA) was administered with the dialysis solution to evaluate intraperitoneal volume, net ultrafiltration (UF), and fluid reabsorption. Peritoneal clearances, dialysate/plasma ratios (D/P), and mass transfer area coefficients (MTACs) were determined for sodium, urea, creatinine, albumin, and glucose. Safety was evaluated by monitoring adverse events and changes in serum chemistries. Ten patients completed all three dialysis exchanges and two additional patients completed at least one treatment exchange. RESULTS: There were no reported adverse events related to HA administration and no significant changes in serum chemistries. There were no significant differences in net UF or peritoneal volume profiles among the three treatments. Mean net UF calculated using residual volumes, estimated by RISA dilution, tended to be slightly higher during treatment with solution containing 0.1 g/L HA and 0.5 g/L HA [74 +/- 86 (SE) and 41 +/- 99 mL, respectively] compared to control treatment (-58 +/- 129 mL). Although not statistically significant, there was a trend toward decreased fluid reabsorption during treatment with HA. Solute clearances, D/P ratios, and MTACs were similar for the three treatments. Serum levels of HA were also unaffected by the two treatment solutions. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the acute safety of HA when administered intraperitoneally with the dialysis solution to PD patients. Due to the small sample size and variability in net UF and fluid reabsorption, statistically significant differences were not demonstrated for these parameters. However, a trend toward decreased fluid reabsorption was observed, suggesting that HA may act by a mechanism similar to that observed in animal studies. Further studies are necessary to evaluate whether the beneficial effects of HA observed in animal studies can be shown in humans.     

Transperitoneal transport in diabetic and non-diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis

To investigate differences in the transport characteristics of the peritoneal membrane between diabetic and non-diabetic patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis, a study was conducted in 21 non-diabetic and 18 diabetic patients. Transperitoneal transport of small solutes was evaluated in terms of the mass transfer area coefficients (urea, creatinine and glucose), ultra-filtration sieving coefficients (urea and creatinine) and by peritoneal equilibration test results. The capacity of the peritoneal membrane to transport macromolecules was evaluated by albumin mass transfer rates and clearances of albumin. Transperitoneal water transport was evaluated by the ultra-filtration properties and the lymphatic flow rates. Finally, the whole-body capillary permeability was estimated by measuring the unidirectional flux of albumin across the capillary wall, i.e. the transcapillary escape rate of ¹²⁵I-labelled human albumin. Despite a significantly increased transcapillary escape rate of albumin in the diabetic patients, no differences in peritoneal membrane characteristics could be demonstrated between diabetic and non-diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis.     

Influence of peritoneal transport rate, inflammation, and fluid removal on nutritional status and clinical outcome in prevalent peritoneal dialysis patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible associations between peritoneal transport rate (PTR), fluid removal, inflammation, and nutritional status in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) for more than 6 months, and the impact of these factors on subsequent patient survival. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: A prospective study of 82 PD patients (48 males) that had been treated with PD more than 6 months. Based on the dialysate-to-plasma creatinine ratio at 4 hours of dwell (D/P Cr; mean +/- 1 SD), the patients were classified as having a high (H), high-average (HA), low-average (LA), or low (L) PTR. SETTING: Single PD unit in a university hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The PTR, evaluation of adequacy of dialysis and nutritional status, and biochemical analyses were assessed at 10.8 +/- 2.8 months after the start of PD. RESULTS: Compared to L and LA (L/LA) transporters, H and HA (H/HA) transporters had increased dialysate protein loss, glucose absorption from dialysate, and peritoneal creatinine clearance (CCr), and decreased night ultrafiltration volume and total Kt/V urea. However, nutritional variables, 24-hour total fluid removal (TFR), total CCr, and residual renal function were not significantly different between the two groups. The 24-hour TFR correlated significantly with D/P Cr (rho = -0.25), mean arterial pressure (rho = -0.23), serum albumin (rho = 0.25), normalized protein equivalent of total nitrogen appearance (rho = 0.34), lean body mass (LBM) calculated from creatinine kinetics (rho = 0.41), total Kt/N urea (rho = 0.42), and total CCr (rho = 0.30). The group with serum C-reactive protein (sCRP) > or = 10 mg/L had a higher proportion of patients with reduced (< 1,000 mL) TFR compared to the group with sCRP < 10 mg/L (38% vs 16%, p = 0.04). Two-year patient survival rates from the time of the assessment were not different between the different transport groups (78% vs 73% for H/HA and L/LA, p = 0.99). Upon Cox proportional hazards multivariate analysis, age and high sCRP were independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that, in a selected group of prevalent PD patients assessed after more than 6 months of PD therapy, (1) inflammation was an independent predictor for mortality; (2) reduced TFR was associated with impaired nutritional status, decreased small solute clearance, and inflammation; and (3) peritoneal transport status was not significantly associated with nutritional status and was not associated with subsequent patient survival. These results indicate that a high peritoneal solute transport rate, as such, should not be regarded as a relative contraindication for PD. Instead, the results suggest that more attention should be given to inflammation and inadequate fluid removal as predictors of mortality in PD patients.