Oral health in SFR Yugoslavia in 1986

A pilot oral health epidemiological survey using WHO assessment forms was conducted in Yugoslavia in the year 1986. The study population consisted of 2600 persons aged 6, 12, 15, 18, 35-44, and over 65 yr. The survey included 22 towns (11 developed and 11 underdeveloped) in the six Republics and two Provinces of Yugoslavia. The results showed the prevalence of dental caries in the Yugoslav population to be very high (98.7% in 12-yr-olds). The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMF) scores were as follows: 6.1 at age 12 yr, 9.6 at age 15, 10.9 at age 18, 18.0 at age 35-44, and 28.0 in persons aged over 65 yr. Assessment of the periodontal status showed calculus to be the predominant disorder in the age groups 18 and 35-44 yr, while loss of sextants prevailed in persons aged over 65 yr.     

Reasons for the caries decline in Slovenia

In 1987, 1993 and 1998, nationwide surveys on the prevalence of dental caries were carried out in Slovenia. Sampling and examinations were performed according to WHO standards. The age groups 6, 12, 15, 18, 35-44 and 65 years or older were studied. In each age group, 200 persons or more were examined on each occasion. The results showed that the proportion of caries-free children and adolescents increased considerably over the 12-year period between the first and the last survey (from 6% to 40% for 12-year-olds). In the same period, the mean DMFT values decreased as follows: from 5.1 to 1.8 for 12-year-olds, from 10.2 to 4.3 for 15-year-olds, from 12.9 to 7.0 for 18-years-olds, from 20.5 to 14.7 for 35-44-year-olds, and from 27.0 to 22.5 for subjects aged 65 years or more. The notable improvement of dental health can be explained by the preventive programmes in operation in various periods. The most recent decline was most likely due to supervised brushing (with concentrated fluoride gel) taking place some 16-18 times a year in primary schools attended by children aged 7-15 years, improved oral hygiene, and a comprehensive programme of applying fissure sealants, particularly on first molars.     

Periodontal status and treatment needs in the Chiangmai/Lamphun provinces of Thailand

As part of an oral health survey concerned with the evaluation of a collaborative primary oral health care program, the CPITN system was used to determine the periodontal status and treatment needs of 2009 Thai people aged 12-44 yr. Calculus dominated the CPITN scores. The percentage of persons with healthy periodontal tissues was small, ranging from 0.7% at age 35-44 to 4.1% at age 12. Ranges for other highest scores were bleeding-0.4% at age 35-44 yr to 6.1% at age 12 yr; calculus-62% at age 35-44 yr to 92.6% at age 17-18 yr. Pocketing did not occur to any significant extent until age 35-44 where 23.9% had 3-5 mm pockets and 12.8% had pockets 6 mm or deeper. 15-18-yr-olds who had received prior care from a Village Scaler had a significantly higher number and proportion of healthy sextants than those who had not received such care. No such effect was demonstrated in 35-44-yr-olds. The need for caution in the interpretation of this result is stressed. Attention is drawn to the desirability of differentiating between supra- and sub-gingival calculus in the CPITN scoring system and to the excessive treatment requirements that arise from classifying everyone with calculus as requiring prophylaxis and scaling. A great deal of improvement will need to be affected if the Thai national and global goals for periodontal health are to be achieved in the districts covered by this survey.     

Dental caries in Namibia – the first national survey

Abstract This paper reports findings on dental caries in the first national survey in Namibia, the second largest country on the Southern African subcontinent. In 1991. a total of 208l individuals, representing 0.15% of the Namibian population, 764 12-yr-olds, 736 15-yr-olds and 581 35–44-yr-olds were examined to determine their oral health. Caries was diagnosed using WHO criteria by a single calibrated dentist. At 12 yr between 37% and 81% of the subjects examined were caries-free, at 15 yr between 25% and 66%, and in the age class 35–44 yr 6–44% were caries-free. Mean DMFT at 12 yr was 0.40–1.74 and at 15 yr 0.92–3.05; mean DFT at 35–44 yr was 1.36–3.93. Females had significantly more caries than males and there were significant differences between urban, peri-urban and rural areas. The caries prevalence and experience is nevertheless low and within the WHO target for the year 2000 at 12 yr of age.     

青海省人群牙周健康状况流行病学调查报告

目的了解青海省人群牙周健康的状况,为牙周疾病的防治提供基线资料。方法根据第三次全国口腔健康流行病学调查牙周状况的检查标准,采用多阶段、分层、等容量、随机抽样的方法,对青海省12、35～44和65～74岁3个年龄组的牙龈出血、牙结石、牙周袋及附着丧失等进行流行病学抽样调查。结果1）青海省12、35～44、65～74岁年龄组牙龈出血检出率分别为98.74%、97.84%和92.23%,牙结石检出率分别为89.76%、99.87%和92.87%。2）35～44岁年龄组浅牙周袋检出率为34.64%,深牙周袋检出率为5.58%;65～74岁年龄组浅牙周袋检出率为50.45%,深牙周袋检出率为13.12%。3）35～44岁年龄组附着丧失4～5、6～8、9～11、12 mm或以上的检出率分别为40.74%、18.78%、4.82%、1.78%;65～74岁年龄组附着丧失4～5、6～8、9～11、12 mm或以上的检出率分别为71.21%、51.34%、20.51%、7.01%。结论青海省人群口腔卫生状况很差,中老年人牙周袋及附着丧失的程度比较严重,必须加强对牙周疾病的预防。     

The second national survey of oral health status of children and adults in China

OBJECTIVES: To describe the oral health status of Chinese children and adults at national level in relation to location and province and to highlight changes in dental caries experience. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, oral epidemiological survey based on WHO methodology, clinical examinations. SETTING: National survey by National Committee for Oral Health. SUBJECTS: Representative samples of provinces, districts, townships; cluster sampling including subjects aged 5,12,15,18, 35-44 and 65-74. Each age group consisted of 23,452 participants, i.e. total of 140,712 individuals. RESULTS: At age 5, 76.6% were affected by dental caries and mean dmft was 4.5. Mean DMFT varied from 1.0 in 12-year-olds, 1.4 in 15-year-olds, 1.6 in 18-year-olds, 2.1 in 35-44-year-olds to 12.4 in 65-74-year-olds. In adults, caries experience was higher in females than in males. The effect of urbanisation on caries prevalence in children varied by province and age. Among adolescents and young adults caries levels were high in urban areas while caries experience was high for old-age people of rural areas. At national level, changes in dental caries prevalence of 12- and 15-year-olds were small. However, some provinces with extensive oral health programmes (e.g. Love Teeth Day) showed declining caries experience whereas provinces with limited preventive activities had increasing levels of caries. For all age groups, gingival bleeding and calculus were most frequent. Severe periodontal conditions were relatively rare. CONCLUSION: The systematic implementation of preventive oral care and community-oriented health programmes are needed for the continuous promotion of oral health in China.     

Pattern of dental caries in an adult rural population

A study was conducted amongst 1,131 randomly selected persons aged 15-65 years in a rural area of Kenya, having minimal access to dental care. A relatively low prevalence of frank cavitation was found in the 15- to 24-year-old cohort, but in the older age groups over 80% were so affected. Caries in the youngest cohort was characterized by a predominance of enamel lesions. At the age of 25-34 years, however, involvement of pulpal tissues and loss of teeth due to caries was more common, and this age group exhibited the largest number of dentinal lesions. The 35- to 44-year-old cohort exhibited fewer enamel and dentinal lesions, but more pulpally involved lesions and more extracted teeth. In the group aged 45-54 years, enamel and dentinal lesions were less common, and at the age of 55-65 years, such lesions were less common in comparison to their occurrence in younger cohorts. The 55- to 65-year cohort could generally be characterized as having larger numbers of root surface lesions, lesions involving the pulp, and extracted teeth. Root surface lesions were principally associated with age over 35 years. In all age groups caries exhibited a skewed distribution, most of the lesions occurring in a minority of individuals. This study demonstrates that caries activity continues throughout life and is not a phenomenon confined to any one period of life.     

Changed oral conditions, between 1963 and 1999, in the population of the Tokelau atolls of the South Pacific

In 1999, an oral health survey was included in an assessment of the community oral health programme of the Tokelau Islands population. This provided a comparison with a similar survey in 1963. In a convenience sample of 386 children and adults, approximately 30 percent of the total population, the deciduous (number of df teeth) and permanent (number of DMF teeth) tooth scores across all age groupings were higher in 1999 compared with 1963. For 15- to 19-year-olds, the mean DMF scores were 8 and 1; and for 35- to 44-year-olds, the scores were 18 and 4 in 1999 and 1963 respectively. The prominent feature of the DMF scores for those over age 25 years was the numbers of missing (M) teeth. The mean number of M teeth at 20-24 years was 5 and 0, and at 35-44 years, 13 and 2 respectively in 1999 and 1963. Periodontal disease was endemic in adults in both surveys. A serious decline in oral health has occurred over the past 35 years.     

2005年广东省人口牙龈出血、牙石抽样调查报告

目的 了解广东省12岁、35～44岁、65～74岁城乡人群的牙龈出血、牙石现状,为广东省口腔卫生保健工作提供信息支持.方法 采用多阶段分层等容量随机抽样的方法,抽取广东省12岁、35～44岁、65～74岁城乡常住人口各720人,男女各半.按照<第三次全国口腔健康流行病学调查方案>中检查牙龈出血、牙石的方法和标准,使用CPI探针检查全口牙牙龈出血、牙石情况.计算出患病人数和患病牙数.结果 12岁组人群牙龈出血的检出率为33.89%, 50.42%的人有牙石,人均1.25颗牙齿有牙龈出血,2.13颗牙齿有牙石. 35～44岁组牙龈出血占74.17%, 98.89%的人有牙石,人均4.59颗牙齿有牙龈出血,19.53颗牙齿有牙石. 65～74岁组中有牙龈出血人数占62.08%, 87.22%的人有牙石,人均2.95颗牙齿有牙龈出血, 12.61颗牙齿有牙石.城市人口牙石检出率略高于农村.结论 广东省3个年龄组牙龈出血和牙石检出率较高,有健康牙龈的人群比率低.     

Changing dentate status of adults, use of dental health services, and achievement of national dental health goals in Denmark by the year 2000

OBJECTIVES: This study analyzes the current profile of dentate status and use of dental health services among adults in Denmark at the turn of the millennium, assesses the impact on dentate status of sociodemographic factors and use of dental health services in adulthood and in childhood, and highlights the changes over time in dental health conditions among adults. Finally, the intention of the study was to evaluate the Danish dental health care system's level of achievement of the official goals for the year 2000 as formulated by the World Health Organization and the National Board of Health. The subjects of this study included a national representative sample of 16,690 Danish citizens aged 16 years and older (response rate=74.2%). A subsample (n=3,818) took part in a survey of dental care habits in childhood and prevalence of removable dentures; 66 percent of persons selected responded. METHODS: Personal interviews were used to collect information on dentate status, use of dental health services and living conditions; data on dental care habits in childhood and prevalence of removable dentures were collected by self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: In all, 8 percent of interviewed persons were edentulous, while 80 percent had 20 or more natural teeth. At age 65-74 years, 27 percent were edentulous and 40 percent had 20 teeth or more; 58 percent wore removable dentures. Dentate status and prevalence of dentures were highly related to educational background and income, particularly for older age groups. Among persons interviewed, 80 percent paid regular dental visits and visits were most frequent among persons of high education and income. At age 35-44 years 95 percent had participated in regular dental care in childhood compared to 49 percent of 65-74-year-olds. Multivariate analyses revealed that sociobehavioral factors had significant effects on dentate status. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to similar studies carried out in 1987 and 1994, the present survey indicates a positive trend of improved dentate status in adult Danes in general and regular use of dental health services increased considerably over time. The WHO goals for better dental health by the year 2000 were achieved for 35-44-year-olds, whereas the goal of more people with functional dentitions at age 65 years or older was not achieved. It remains a challenge to the Danish dental health system to help even out the social inequalities in dental health.     

Objective and subjective need for cosmetic dentistry in the Dutch adult population

In order to assess the objective and subjective need for cosmetic dentistry in the Dutch adult population in 1986 a stratified sample of 2784 dentate persons, aged 15-74 yr, participated in the study. The aesthetics of anterior teeth and first premolars in the maxillary mandibular arch were determined by dental examiners as well as by the examinees. According to the dental examiners 16-63% of the people in the age range from 15 to 74 yr were in need of cosmetic dental care. Based on the patient's opinion (subjective need) these percentages varied between 18 and 40% in the different age groups. The discrepancy between the objective and subjective assessment in the percentage of people in need of cosmetic dental care increased with age.     

2005年广东省成年人恒牙冠龋病抽样调查报告

目的 了解广东省35～44岁、 65～74岁人群恒牙龋病状况,为广东省口腔卫生保健工作提供信息支持.方法 采用多阶段分层等容量随机抽样的方法,抽取广东省35～44岁、 65～74岁城乡常住人口各720人,男女各半.按照《第三次全国口腔健康流行病学调查方案》中临床检查牙列状况的检查方法和标准,使用CPI探针检查全口恒牙牙冠龋病情况.数据采用SAS 8.1软件统计,计算出患龋率、龋均.结果 35～44岁组恒牙患龋率为63.89%、龋均为1.99;患龋率和龋均均为女性高于男性,农村高于城市. 65～74岁组患龋率为74.17%、龋均为3.37;患龋率和龋均均为农村高于城市.结论 广东省成年人群龋病患病率较高,人群大部分龋齿未得到治疗.     

Oral health of representative samples of Germans examined in 1989 and 1992

Abstract This paper presents selected results of two recent representative cross-sectional studies of oral health in the German population, conducted by the IDZ (Institute of German Dentists) for the old Federal States (the former Federal Republic of Germany) in 1989 (n=174l) and the new Federal States (the former German Democratic Republic) in 1992 (P=1519). Each epidemiological study reported both clinical and sociological data. The following average DM FT values were determined: for the children aged 8/9 yr: 1.4; for the adolescents aged 13/14 yr: 4.9; for the adults aged 35–44 yr: 16.1; and for the adults aged 45–54 yr: 17.9. These are the overall averages for “Germany West” and “Germany East” combined. The overall results for periodontal health in adults were as follows: CPITN 0: 4.9%; CPITN 1: 11.2%; CPITN 2: 24.6%; CPITN 3: 42.7%; and CPITN 4: 16.6% for the adults aged 35–44 yr and CPITN 0: 2.4%; CPITN 1: 8.1%; CPITN 2: 20.4%; CPITN 3: 46.8%; and CPITN 4: 22.3% for the adults aged 45–54 yr. The following average tooth loss figures were calculated for Germany as a whole: age group 35–44 yr: 3.9 missing teeth; age group 45–54 yr: 7.7 missing teeth. In addition, all the morbidity data determined have been analysed for statistical significance in the comparison between “West” and “East” Germany. The prevalences presented are also differentiated according to the socioeconomic status (SES) of the subjects, with the lower social strata as a whole showing higher morbidity prevalences. Comparisons show that caries has declined significantly among children and adolescents in Germany in the last 10–15 yr. Finally, the authors recommend the inclusion of qualitative research techniques when studying the differential causation of the inverse correlation between oral morbidity and social status.     

Assessment of periodontal disease and dental caries in a population survey using the CPITN, GPM/T and DMF/T indices

2263 randomly selected subjects, aged 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and greater than 64 yr, were assessed for periodontal status, caries status and treatment needs using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), the ratio of Gingivitis: Periodontitis: Missing teeth (GPM/T index) and the DMF/T index. The advantages of full mouth examination were compared to partial recordings. The CPITN underestimated deep pocketing especially in older age groups and in younger groups overestimated the need for scaling. Although the mean GPM/T number of periodontally affected teeth is in the range of 9-13 teeth and stable throughout the age groups there were age-dependent high risk groups for developing shallow pocketing (20-24 yr) and deep pocketing (45-54 yr), whereas adolescents were at high caries risk. The increase in the number of missing teeth was dramatic after the age of 54 yr only one decade after the high risk age for deep pathologic pockets.     

2005年广东省中老年人余留牙和无牙颌抽样调查报告

目的 了解广东省35～44岁、65～74岁城乡人群余留牙和无牙颌的现状,为广东省口腔卫生保健工作提供信息支持.方法 采用多阶段分层等容量随机抽样的方法,抽取广东省城乡35～44岁、65～74岁常住人口各720人,男女各半.按照<第三次全国口腔健康流行病学调查方案>检查余留牙和无牙颌.结果 35～44岁组人均有29.41颗牙,有28颗牙以上的人占81.94%, 99.58%的人有20颗以上的牙,无单颌牙缺失或全口牙缺失. 65～74岁组人均有20.53颗牙,有28颗牙以上的人仅占23.19%, 63.47%的人有20颗以上的牙, 6.25%的人出现单颌牙缺失, 3.47%的人全口牙缺失. 65～74岁组农村失牙高于城市,女性失牙多于男性. 2005年2个年龄组人群均比1995年有更多的余留牙.结论 广东省1/4中年人有失牙,老年人普遍有失牙,比10年前失牙数减少.     

Dental caries prevalence among adults in Denmark--the impact of socio-demographic factors and use of oral health services

OBJECTIVES: To measure the prevalence of dental caries in the Danish adult population and to analyse how the risk of dental caries is affected by age, gender, region, area, and socio-economic factors. Furthermore to assess the impact on dental caries experience of use of oral health services during childhood and adult life. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN ANDPARTICIPANTS: A cross-sectional study of a random sample of 1,115 Danish adults in ages 35-44 years and 65-74 years. Data were collected by means of personal interviews and by clinical examinations according to criteria of the World Health Organization. Dental caries was recorded at tooth and tooth surface levels. RESULTS: At age 35-44 years the mean caries experience was 46.6 DMF-S against a mean of 104.1 DMF-S in the total sample of 65-74-year-olds. The D-component was low (35-44 years D-S = 0.9; 65-74 years D-S = 1.5). The M-component was three times higher in the elderly than in the younger age group. The multivariate analysis showed that significantly more untreated decay was found among men, in rural areas and in low income groups. A significantly higher score of filled surfaces were found among older adults and in the group with more education (12-13 years) whereas the F-component was low in the low income group. The total DMF-S was significantly higher among the elderly, persons living in Jutland and in groups with less education, while men had low DMF-S compared to women. CONCLUSION: Reducing social inequality in dental caries experience remains a challenge to oral health services in Denmark; strengthening community-oriented oral disease prevention and health promotion is needed to improve the oral health in the Danish adult population.     

2005年广东省成年人恒牙根龋病抽样调查报告

目的 了解广东省35～44岁、 65～74岁人群恒牙根面龋病状况,为广东省口腔卫生保健工作提供信息支持.方法 采用多阶段分层等容量随机抽样的方法,抽取广东省35～44岁、 65～74岁城乡常住人口各720人,男女各半.按照《第三次全国口腔健康流行病学调查方案》中临床检查牙列状况的检查方法和标准,使用CPI探针检查全口恒牙根面龋病情况.数据采用SAS 8.1软件统计,计算出患龋率、龋均.结果 35～44岁组根面患龋率为31.53%、龋均为0.68;残根率为22.92%.65～74岁组根面患龋率为64.03%、龋均为2.67;残根率为52.64%.患龋率和龋均均为女性高于男性,农村高于城市.结论 广东省成年人受根面龋病患病率高,涉及面广,特别是老年人根面龋病增加迅速,大部分根面龋齿未得到治疗.     

The change of DMFT counts in Slovenia.

This longitudinal study was designed to assess the change in caries prevalence and DMFT counts in the adult population of Ljubljana, Slovenia, over a 10-year period. All data in the present study are derived from two surveys conducted in 1983-1987 and 1993-1997. In the first survey, 1,609 dentate subjects in the range from 15 to 65 years were examined. Ten years later, 555 (34.5%) of these subjects participated in the second oral survey. In the 538 dentate 25- to 75-year-old subjects examined in the second survey, a decline in the mean number of decayed teeth (1.1 vs. 0.5) was found, and an increase in DMFT counts (15.9 vs. 19.1) due to a higher number of missing (5.2 vs. 7.5) and filled teeth (9.7 vs. 11.1) was observed. However, a comparison with the previous generation of the same age showed a decline in the average number of decayed and missing teeth in all age groups and an increase in the mean number of filled teeth in all age groups as well. The population of Ljubljana from the 1993-1997 survey had retained in most of the age groups about 2 teeth more than had the generation 10 years before.     

Human lingual pit caries: distribution between right and left maxillary incisors

Data were analysed from the records of dental surgeons with practices in the North East of England and from Gloucestershire in the South. The distributions were determined of persons with caries experience at one or both lingual pits of lateral maxillary incisors, and at one or both lingual pits of central maxillary incisors. These distributions were calculated for quinquennial age-groups from 15 to 59 yr of age, and for those aged 60 yr and above. For lateral incisors, the ratio of the frequency of asymmetric attacks (right only and left only), to that of symmetric attacks (right and left pits), increased with age up to about 40 yr of age. For central incisors, the corresponding ratio showed a more complicated age-dependence, increasing from 15 to 29 yr, decreasing from 29 to 44 yr, and then remaining fairly constant. It is argued that the data cannot be explained in terms of preventive fillings or selective extractions. They support the hypothesis that the distribution of attacks of caries among the lingual pits of central and lateral incisors is determined by genetic factors.     

Periodontal treatment needs in a population of Ljubljana, Yugoslavia

1692 citizens of Ljubljana in the age range from 15 to 65 yr participated in a survey to assess their periodontal treatment needs. Eighty-three of the participants (4.9%) were edentulous and excluded from the study. Of the 1609 dentate subjects only 2.4% were free of any signs of periodontal disease. According to the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs, (CPITN), reversible gingivitis was present in 19.9% of the population, calculus and shallow pockets (4-5 mm) in 57.4%, and deep pockets (greater than or equal to 6 mm) in 20.3% of the examined participants. Bleeding on probing was the most common finding in a group of 15-yr-old subjects, calculus was most frequently found in 25- and 35-yr-old groups, and shallow and deep pockets in 45-, 55- and 65-yr-old adults. Complex treatment needs increased with age, reaching 42.9% in the 65-yr-old population. However, deep pocketing was in 60% limited to one sextant of the participants with complex treatment needs.