组织相容性与造血干细胞移植

对某些恶性血液病 (如再生障碍性贫血、白血病 )、自身免疫病、肿瘤化疗或放射治疗后、放射病等疾病的患者 ,造血干细胞移植 [主要是骨髓移植 (ＢＭＴ) ]是重建机体造血功能和免疫系统功能的唯一根治性手段[1～ 3 ] 。目前 ,全世界每年约进行5 0 0 0例以上造血干细胞移植术 ,其中约 2 0 0 0例为无亲缘关系的移植 ;国内迄今已开展近千例造血干细胞移植 ,并逐年增加 ,近年达 2 0 0余例 /年。由于ＢＭＴ受者均处于免疫无能或免疫功能极度低下的状态 ,同时骨髓移植物中含有大量免疫细胞 ,故 ,若供、受者间组织相容性抗原不相合 ,易发生移植物抗…     

造血干细胞移植治疗再生障碍性贫血的现状

文题释义：预处理：指在移植前对患者进行的放、化疗和免疫抑制治疗。再生障碍性贫血预处理的重点为免疫抑制,常采用非清髓和减低剂量预处理。 移植物抗宿主病：是异基因造血干细胞移植最常见的并发症,分为急性和慢性2种类型。目前认为移植物含有免疫活性细胞、供受者之间存在组织不相容性、受者不排斥植入的细胞是发生移植物抗宿主病3个必备条件。 背景：异基因造血干细胞移植治疗再生障碍性贫血的研究近年来取得很大的进步,但是移植后移植物抗宿主病、移植失败等仍是患者非复发死亡的主要原因,严重影响患者生存。 目的：总结异基因造血干细胞移植治疗再生障碍性贫血的现状及进展。 方法：中文检索词为“再生障碍性贫血,同胞全合异基因造血干细胞移植,无关供者造血干细胞移植,单倍体造血干细胞移植,脐血造血干细胞移植”,英文检索词为“aplastic anemia,matched sibling donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,cord blood transplantation”,由第一作者检索1990年1月至2019年9月在PubMed、中国知网、万方、维普等数据库中发表的与造血干细胞移植治疗再生障碍性贫血相关的文献,最终选择55篇文献进行分析。 结果与结论：同胞全合异基因造血干细胞移植仍是目前首选的移植方式;对于无同胞全合供者的重型再生障碍性贫血患儿,一线治疗可以选择无关供者相合异基因造血干细胞移植;缺乏全合供者时,单倍体移植和脐血移植亦为不错的选择。 ORCID: 0000-0003-3931-8385(黄东平) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

自体造血干细胞移植在白血病的应用

自体造血干细胞移植（Auto—HSCT）是将患者的自身造血干细胞采集出来,进行或不进行特殊处理后再回输到经过超大剂量放疗和（或）化疗处理后的患者体内,使其造血和免疫功能得以恢复重建。依据移植中回输的造血干细胞来源,可分为自体骨髓移植（ABMT）、自体外周血造血干细胞移植（APBSCT）和自体脐带血移植（ACBT）。     

ABO血型不合外周血造血干细胞移植10例

背景：ABO血型不合供受者之间进行外周血造血干细胞移植,面临受者血型的转变、移植后输血的选择等问题。 目的：观察ABO血型不合外周血造血干细胞移植治疗血液病的临床疗效和近远期并发症。 方法：回顾性分析了2005/2008武警总医院收治的10例ABO血型不合异基因外周血同胞供者造血干细胞移植患者的资料。总结植入效果,血型转变,移植物抗宿主病以及不良反应。 结果与结论：9例患者恢复造血功能,血型转变为完全供者型,1例患者白细胞血小板恢复,但红细胞植入延迟。所有患者在输注移植物时未出现短暂的血红蛋白尿,无严重急性溶血和迟发型溶血的发生,1例出现严重的移植物抗宿主病。可见ABO血型不合外周血造血干细胞移植对移植疗效无明显影响,红细胞植入延迟的预防和处理十分重要。     

HLA-E基因与allo-HSCT移植效果关系的研究

目的： 探讨HLA-E基因与异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）效果的关系。方法：用PCR-SSP方法分别检测22对allo-HSCT供者及受者的HLA-E基因型，并分2组：供受者HLA-E相合组和供受者HLA-E不合组。比较2组在移植后植入率、移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）、免疫重建、自体恢复或恶性病复发等方面的差异。结果：22对移植病例的供受者中，共检出3个HLA-E等位基因，分别为E*0101、E*01031和E*01032，未检出E*0102和*0104。供受者HLA-E相合组9对，供受者HLA-E不合组13对。两组在移植后植入率、GVHD、免疫重建、自体恢复或恶性病复发等无统计学差异。结论：HLA-E基因多态性与allo-HSCT移植效果未见相关性。     

自体造血干细胞移植治疗多发性骨髓瘤的新进展

背景：自体造血干细胞移植是治疗多发性骨髓瘤的有效手段,诱导化疗后行自体造血干细胞移植已成为多发性骨髓瘤的标准治疗方案,多单位、多中心进行了大规模的研究报道。如何减少药物毒副反应、移植相关并发症及改善长期生存是目前关注的重点。 目的：综述自体造血干细胞移植治疗多发性骨髓瘤的新进展。 方法：应用计算机检索2006年1月至2012年11月PubMed、CNKI数据库、维普数据库、万方数据库、free medicaljournals.com网络资源关于自体造血干细胞移植治疗多发性骨髓瘤的文献。英文检索词“Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, multiple myeloma”;中文检索词“自体造血干细胞移植,多发性骨髓瘤”。选中相关性强的46篇进行综述。 结果与结论：大剂量化疗联合自体造血干细胞移植治疗多发性骨髓瘤的疗效优于传统化疗。但单次自体造血干细胞移植后仍有许多患者不能得到很好的缓解,疾病最终难免复发;异基因造血干细胞移植受到供体来源限制,且治疗相关病死率高,运用受到限制。因此目前的新发展方向包括：在单次自体造血干细胞移植的基础上进行2次自体造血干细胞移植、自体联合减低预处理强度的异体移植以及药物巩固维持治疗。新型药物蛋白酶体抑制剂及免疫调节剂在诱导缓解、预处理、尤其是巩固维持阶段的使用,使多发性骨髓瘤的治疗总体反应率及长期生存得到显著改善。     

异基因造血干细胞移植后骨髓免疫微环境重建研究

GVHD 和GVL 是影响异基因造血干细胞移植术成败的关键因素。骨髓不仅是造血器官,更是免疫器官,骨髓中的免疫微环境关乎移植后造血重建、免疫功能重建、移植后白血病复发。本文将从骨髓微环境的病理生理特点、异基因造血干细胞移植后免疫功能重建、骨髓免疫微环境与移植后造血恢复及移植后白血病复发等角度,综述近年来关于异基因造血干细胞移植后骨髓免疫微环境重建与造血重建和白血病复发相关研究情况。     

异基因造血干细胞移植后NK细胞免疫重建的研究进展

异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, allo-HSCT)是治疗血液系统恶性肿瘤有效且唯一的治愈方法,移植成功与否主要取决于移植后受者造血系统和免疫系统的恢复程度。HSCT后免疫系统的恢复,也被称为免疫重建,其中NK细胞的免疫重建最为重要,它在个体的早期防御和allo-HSCT的成败中发挥重要的作用。文章即对allo-HSCT中NK细胞免疫重建规律、促进NK细胞免疫重建的相关免疫治疗方法及疗效的进展作一综述。     

造血干细胞移植后免疫状态的研究进展

造血干细胞移植后面临的重要问题是移植后感染和肿瘤复发 ,移植后免疫重建迟于造血重建 ,甚至两年后免疫功能仍有缺陷 ,因此移植后免疫状态的研究对于指导免疫重建、防治感染及免疫治疗等有重要意义。本文就移植后免疫细胞的数量、功能变化及其机制作一综述     

030 造血干细胞移植后免疫状态的研究进展

造血干细胞移植后面临的重要问题是移植后感染和肿瘤复发，移植后免疫重建迟于造血重建，甚至两年后免疫功能仍有缺陷，因此移植后免疫状态的研究对于指导免疫重建、防治感染及免疫治疗等有重要意义。本文就移植后免疫细胞的数量、功能变化及其机制作一综述。     

A Meta-analysis of Patients Receiving Allogeneic or Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome

The survival outlook in advanced mycosis fungoides (MF) is poor. Autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplants (SCT) have been shown, in small case series and case reports, to have the potential for long-term remission or to alter disease course. Allogeneic SCT is thought to have a curative potential secondary to a graft-versus-lymphoma (GVL) effect. A patient-level meta-analysis was performed to compare the outcome of allogeneic versus autologous SCT in patients with MF/Sézary syndrome (SS) using 39 cases from the literature. There were a total of 20 allogeneic and 19 autologous transplant cases. The gender, age, and stage distribution was similar between the transplant groups. The allogeneic group received significantly more systemic therapies prior to transplant (P < .0005) and had longer follow-up after transplant. Overall survival (OS) results showed a more favorable outcome of patients who received allogeneic SCT (P = .027). Event-free survival (EFS) demonstrated a more durable response in patients who received allogeneic SCT (P = .002). In the allogeneic group, the majority (70%) of patients experienced persistent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), mostly with mild to moderate severity, and 2 of 4 deaths were related to GVHD. Meanwhile, the majority of the deaths (8 of 10) in the autologous group were because of progressive disease. These results support the belief that allogeneic SCT offers a better survival and disease-free outcome versus autologous SCT in MF/SS, likely because of a GVL effect.     

NK细胞在异基因造血干细胞移植中对移植物抗白血病效应及移植物抗宿主病作用的影响

白血病复发和移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）是异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后影响病人生存的主要障碍。自然杀伤细胞（NK）独特的受体表达使其具有不同于一般免疫细胞的“同种反应性”效应,这种作用使NK细胞在增强移植物抗白血病效应（GVL）的同时抑制GVHD的发生,从而达到两者的分离。NK细胞在异基因造血干细胞移植中产生GVL及GVHD作用的机制以及影响因素的深入研究可能为探讨如何改善异基因造血干细胞移植预后提供有益的参考。     

Enrichment of IL-12–Producing Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Donor Bone Marrow Grafts Enhances Graft-versus-Leukemia Activity in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

A critical question in the field of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is how to enhance graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) activity while limiting graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). We have previously reported that donor bone marrow (BM) precursors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pre-pDCs) can polarize donor T cells toward Th1 immunity and augment the GVL activity of donor T cells while attenuating their GVHD activity in a murine model of allogeneic HSCT. Clinical data on the role of donor pre-pDCs and conventional DCs (cDCs) on transplantation outcomes has been conflicting. To test the effect of increasing the proportion of pre-pDCs versus cDCs in a BM graft, we enriched CD11b⁻ pDCs by selectively depleting the CD11b⁺ myeloid DC (mDC) population from BM using FACS sorting in a murine model of allogeneic BM transplantation. Donor T cell expansion and GVL activity were greater in mice that received BM depleted of mDCs compared with mice that received undepleted BM. GVHD was not increased by depleting mDCs. To examine the mechanism through which mDC depletion enhances the GVL activity of donor T cells, we used BM and pDCs from IL-12p40KO mice, and found that the increased GVL activity of mDC-depleted BM was IL-12–dependent. This study indicates that a clinically translatable strategy of engineering the DC content of grafts can improve clinical outcomes in allogeneic HSCT through the regulation of donor T cell activation and GVL activity.     

Cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells follow a similar reconstitution pattern after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common herpes virus that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for hematological malignancies. Recent studies have examined the kinetics of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell reconstitution after SCT transplantation and have found virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte regeneration to be dependent on CMV serologic status and CMV reactivation events. However, the reconstitution kinetics of CMV-specific CD4+ T-cells under these same circumstances were not addressed. In this study, we used HLA class I peptide tetramer for CMV pp65 and cytokine flow cytometry to follow the reconstitution of both CD4+ and CD8+ CMV-specific T-cells after allogeneic SCT. We found that following SCT in which both donors and recipients are CMV seropositive, virus-specific CD4+ T-helper cells show the same reconstitution kinetics as CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells. Following CMV reactivation, a synchronous but temporary increase in both CD4+ and CD8+ CMV-specific lymphocytes occurs. The pattern repeats itself after subsequent episodes of CMV reactivation. These data imply that both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes are necessary for an efficient immune response to CMV and suggest that CD4+ and CD8+ CMV-specific T-cells are required for the complete restoration of CMV immunity. These findings may have important implications in the development of CMV-specific adoptive immunotherapy strategies.     

The role of cytotoxic therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the therapy of multiple myeloma: an evidence-based review.

Evidence supporting the role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) in the therapy of multiple myeloma (MM) is presented and critically evaluated in this systematic evidence-based review. Specific criteria were used for searching the published medical literature and for grading the quality of the evidence, the strength of the evidence, and the strength of the treatment recommendations. Treatment recommendations based on the evidence presented in the review were made unanimously by a panel of MM experts. Recommendations for SCT as an effective therapy for MM include the following: SCT is preferred to standard chemotherapy as de novo therapy; SCT is preferred as de novo rather than salvage therapy; autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) is preferred to bone marrow transplantation (BMT); and melphalan is preferred to melphalan plus total body irradiation as the conditioning regimen for autologous SCT. Recommendations that SCT is not effective include the following: current purging techniques of bone marrow. Recommendations of equivalence include the following: PBSCT using CD34+ selected or unselected stem cells. No recommendation is made for indications or transplantation techniques that have not been adequately studied, including the following: SCT versus standard chemotherapy as salvage therapy, tandem autologous SCT, autologous or allogeneic SCT as a high-dose sequential regimen, allogeneic BMT versus PBSCT, a preferred allogeneic myeloablative or non-myeloablative conditioning regimen, and maintenance therapy post-autologous SCT with interferon alpha post-SCT. The priority area of needed future research is maintenance therapy posttransplantation with nothing versus interferon alpha versus other agents such as corticosteroids or thalidomide or its derivatives.     

Donor T Cells Administered Over HLA Class II Barriers Mediate Antitumor Immunity without Broad Off-Target Toxicity in a NOD/Scid Mouse Model of Acute Leukemia

Alloreactive (allo)-HLA–directed T cell responses after HLA-mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and donor lymphocyte infusion are typically considered detrimental responses mediating graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Allo-HLA-reactive T cells with beneficial and selective graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reactivity, however, can also be identified within an HLA-mismatched context. We investigated whether allo-HLA class II–directed T cells with beneficial GVL reactivity induced in NOD/scid mice engrafted with human chronic myelogenous leukemia in lymphoid blast crisis after treatment with donor lymphocyte infusion – mediated detrimental xenogeneic GVHD as a result of broad off-target cross-reactivity. The results demonstrate that beneficial GVL reactivity and xenogeneic GVHD are mediated by separate T cells. GVL reactivity was mediated by human T cells recognizing allo-HLA class II molecules, whereas xenoreactivity was exerted by human T cells recognizing H-2 molecules. Taken together, our data indicate a limited risk for detrimental off-target effects by allo-HLA class II–directed T cells and thereby provide a basis for the development of strategies for selecting allo-HLA–restricted T cells with selective GVL reactivity for adoptive transfer after HLA-mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.     

Increased Risk of Cervical Dysplasia in Long-Term Survivors of Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation—Implications for Screening and HPV Vaccination

As more women survive allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT), the development of genital human papilloma virus (HPV)-related squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) warrants study. Thirty-five of 38 females followed prospectively long-term after SCT for hematological malignancies (median: 7 years posttransplant) were adults and had cervical cytology testing. Acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGVHD) occurred in 9 and chronic (cGVHD) in 34 patients. Six (17%) continued receiving systemic immunosuppressive therapy (IST) for cGVHD >3 years after SCT. Of 15 (43%) with abnormal cytology, 12 (34%) patients had HPV-related SIL (median time to SIL 51 months, range: 22-108) including high-grade SIL in 7 (20%). Patients requiring continued IST had the highest risk (odds ratio [OR] 4.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-16.4; P = .019). This high incidence of SIL in long-term SCT survivors underscores the importance of gynecologic assessment after transplantation, especially in those requiring IST. This may portend an increased risk of genital or other HPV-related malignancies.     

PR1 vaccination in myeloid malignancies

The graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect following allogeneic stem cell transplantation is testament to the effectiveness of the immune system in recognizing and eliminating leukemia cells. The successful identification of a range of leukemia-associated antigens (LAAs) that drive the GVL response in recent years has stimulated research in the development of vaccines to treat hematological malignancies. Here, we review the current experience with the PR1 vaccine. PR1 is a nine amino acid, HLA-A(*)0201-restricted peptide, shared by two myeloid LAAs, proteinase (PR)3 and neutrophil elastase (NE). PR3 and NE are found in the primary (azurophil) granule proteins of normal granulocytes and are overexpressed in myeloid leukemia cells. PR1 induces powerful HLA-A(*)0201-restricted CD8+ T-cell responses that selectively kill myeloid leukemia cells in vitro. The detection of low frequencies of PR1-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and at higher frequencies in patients entering molecular remission after allogeneic stem cell transplantation supports the concept that there is natural immunity to PR1, which can be boosted further by vaccination to enhance immunity to leukemia. Preliminary reports indicate that PR1 peptide vaccination induces significant increases in PR1-specific CD8+ T cells, with rapid and durable remissions in some patients with myeloid leukemia. These promising early results point the way to optimizing the administration of peptide vaccines to improve the treatment of otherwise refractory myeloid leukemias.     

Fifty Years of Melphalan Use in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Melphalan remains the most widely used agent in preparative regimens for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). From its initial discovery more than 50 years ago, it has been gradually incorporated in the conditioning regimens for both autologous and allogeneic transplantations because of its myeloablative properties and broad antitumor effects as a DNA alkylating agent. Melphalan remains the mainstay conditioning for multiple myeloma and lymphomas, and it has been used successfully in preparative regimens of a variety of other hematological and nonhematological malignancies. The addition of newer agents to conditioning, such as bortezomib or lenalidomide for myeloma or clofarabine for myeloid malignancies, may improve antitumor effects for transplantation, whereas melphalan in combination with alemtuzumab may represent a backbone for future cellular therapy because of reliable engraftment and low toxicity profile. This review summarizes the development and the current use of this remarkable drug in hematopoietic SCT.     

Differential graft-versus-leukaemia effect by CD28 and CD40 co-stimulatory blockade after graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis

Co-stimulatory blockade may be a promising strategy for tolerance induction in transplantation. In allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for leukaemia treatment, however, preservation of the graft-versus-leukaemia (GVL) effect is another critical requirement for clinical application. In this study, we have compared the effect on GVL of using CD28 and CD40 co-stimulatory blockades as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis in a murine allogeneic BMT model with simultaneous transfer of BCL1 leukaemia. Despite the relative improvement of GVHD as assessed by survival and body weight in both treatment regimes, treatment with anti-CD154 moAb clearly diminished the GVL effect, whereas treatment with anti-CD80 and CD86 MoAbs maintained this effect. Although T cell-mediated effector function at 14 days post-BMT assessed by IFNgamma expression and cytotoxicity against host alloantigen was comparable between both co-stimulatory blockades, IL-12 mRNA expression was preferentially reduced by CD40 blockade. Our results suggest the differential involvement of the CD28 and CD40 co-stimulatory pathways in the development of GVHD and GVL effects. CD28 blockade may be a favourable strategy for tolerance induction in leukaemia patients undergoing BMT.