306例吸毒者吸毒行为及HIV/AIDS的KAB调查

目的 :了解吸毒者的吸毒行为及有关HIV AIDS的知识、态度和行为情况。方法 :采用自制问卷匿名填表方法于 1998年 6月对昆明市两戒毒机构的戒毒人员进行横断面调查。调查结果用SPSS10 .0版本进行统计分析。结果 :77.1%的吸毒者以静脉注射的方式吸毒 ,其中 ,6 8.3%的人共用过注射器 ,仅 6 .2 %人采用正确方法消毒注射器。吸毒者中 79.6 %的人有两个以上的性伴侣 ,经常或每次使用安全套的人仅占 16 .9%。大多数吸毒者能正确回答艾滋病的传播途径但缺乏预防艾滋病的知识。结论 :吸毒人群感染HIV AIDS的危险行为非常普遍 ,且知晓知识到行为改变仍有很大距离 ,建议开展减少伤害的干预项目。     

43例海洛因依赖者HIV感染情况分析

目的：了解海洛因滥用者HIV感染情况并分析其相关因素。方法：对我院2005年、2006年两年收治的4481例海洛因依赖者进行HIV血清抗体检测,初筛阳性者填写HIV／AIDS感染个案调查登记及流行病学调查表并上报上级防疫部门进行复查确诊。结果：4481例海洛因滥用者中HIV抗体阳性者43例占0.96％,其中2005年10例占0.42％（10／2367）,2006年33例占1.56％（33／2114）,两年比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）,所有感染者均为静脉注射吸毒者,其中42例有共用注射器情况。43例HIV感染者均有性乱行为。结论：静脉注射特别是共用注射器是造成HIV在吸毒群体中迅速传播的危险因素,性乱行为加速了HIV从吸毒人群到普通人群的蔓延。因此,加强对吸毒人群特别是注射毒品者进行教育和行为干预,改变吸毒者的认知及行为方式,拒绝共用注射器,拒绝性乱行为,能有效地避免HIV／AIDS的传播。     

60例海洛因依赖者HIV感染的调查分析

目的··:调查静脉注射毒品者(IVDUS)与非静脉注射毒品者(NIVDUS)在HIV感染中的比例及其原因。方法··:60例自愿戒毒者分为A组 (IVDUs)36例和B组 (NIVDUs)24例 ,采用ELISA法检测抗 -HIV ,统计分析方法为 χ2检验。结果·· :A组抗 -HIV阳性率为44.4 % ,其中男15例 (15/32) ,占46.9 % ,女1例 (1/4) ,占25.0 % ,16例中有14例共用过注射器 ,占87.5 % ;B组抗 -HIV阳性率为12.5 % ,其中男1例 (1/17) ,占5.9 % ,女2例 (2/7) ,占28.6 % ,均有性乱行为。结论·· :静脉注射毒品者和非静脉注射毒品者 ,尤其是静脉注射毒品者是HIV感染的高危人群。吸毒者感染HIV主要有以下因素 :(1)共用注射器 ;(2)性乱行为 ;(3)免疫损伤     

昆明市100例合成毒品滥用人群 HIV 感染现状分析

目的：了解昆明市滥用合成毒品人群 HIV 感染现状。方法：调查分析昆明市100例合成毒品滥用门诊病人。结果：（1）合成毒品滥用者年龄多在35岁以上,多药滥用情况严重;（2）各组间性别、对合成毒品认知、与谁一起使用及使用完后是否有性行为等方面没有显著性差异,但 HIV 感染率存在差异;（3）使用合成毒品后性行为中安全套使用率较低。结论：目前昆明市合成毒品使用问题严峻,HIV 感染率33%,不容忽视。     

新疆乌鲁木齐市劳教所部分吸毒者艾滋病知识知晓及行为调查

目的:了解乌鲁木齐市劳教场所中吸毒人员艾滋病知识知晓情况及行为特征。方法:在乌鲁木齐市劳教场所吸毒人员中抽查249名戒毒人员,调查其艾滋病知识知晓情况,人口学特征、吸毒方式和频率、口吸和静脉吸毒时间、共用注射器情况、性行为特征和安全套的使用情况等。结果:249名被调查者初次口吸吸毒年龄12-32(21.51±s4.18)a,初次静脉注射毒品的年龄为15-36(23.16±s4.25)a,口吸时间5.49a±s3.69a,从口吸到静脉注射的时间为1.57a±s2.79a;静脉注射毒品的时间为5.26a±s3.58a;分别有44.2%和59.8%的人在最初静脉注射毒品和调查前一个月未共用注射器注射毒品;性生活中全程使用安全套的仅占14.4%,从未使用安全套者多达62.4%。对艾滋病的知晓情况:88.0%认为艾滋病是一种严重致命的传染病;对艾滋病的血液及血液制品传播、共用注射器和针具、性传播及母婴传播这些基本传播途径正确认知率较高。结论:通过宣传教育活动共用注射器注射毒品情况减少;但注射毒品者中的安全套使用率很低,今后应加强这方面的宣传活动。     

遂宁市船山区吸毒人群艾滋病相关行为特征及血清学分析

目的：了解遂宁市船山区吸毒人群HIV感染率和艾滋病相关行为特征,为制定遂宁市船山区艾滋病防治措施提供科学依据。方法：2006～2008年在船山区吸毒人群进行行为监测和HIV血清学监测。结果：HIV抗体阳性率0．5％,均有注射吸毒史,吸毒人员存在与别人共用注射器,吸毒者安全套使用率不高,吸毒人员接受过针具交换、美沙酮治疗、艾滋病咨询等相关干预服务的比例较低。结论：吸毒人群存在HIV感染流行加快的潜在因素,应加强健康教育和实施行为干预。     

广州市某监所HIV哨点监测结果报告

目的通过对收押人员的监测,掌握广州市收押人员HIV感染状况,为制定防治对策提供依据。方法对在押犯人和新收犯人进行抽血检查并现场调查HIV阳性犯人的基本情况。结果2005年6月～2005年9月检测860例犯罪嫌疑人,HIV阳性50例,检出率5.81%。其中静脉吸毒人员占80%,共用注射器比例占82.50%。静脉吸毒者性生活中,约84%的人有临时性伴,有多个性伴者占78%,安全套的使用率仅35%。结论HIV在吸毒人群中易扩散传播。共用注射器和多性伴为吸毒者的双重高危行为。必须采取有效措施对该类人群进行相关知识的宣传和高危行为的干预。     

吸毒人群HIV感染情况分析

目的 :了解吸毒人群中HIV AIDS感染情况 ,寻求减少HIV AIDS传播的途径。方法 :采用金标快速初筛法对2 12 3例吸毒者进行初筛 ;阳性者进行复查并报上级防疫部门进行复查确诊。结果 :2 12 3例海洛因依赖者中抗 -HIV阳性者 2 1例 ,占 0 .98% ,其中男性 18例 ,女性 3例。静脉注射毒品者 19例 (男 18例 ,女 1例 ) ,烫吸者 2例 (男女各 1例 )。注射时间最短者为 0 .2a ,最长者为 8.0a。其中 8例来自同一地区。结论 :吸毒人群是HIV AIDS的易感人群 ;静脉注射毒品是感染HIV AIDS的主要途径 ,加强毒品滥用和HIV AIDS的预防工作有利于遏止HIV AIDS的蔓延。     

广西河池市美沙酮门诊海洛因依赖人群HIV、HCV、TB、梅毒感染情况调查

目的獉獉:了解河池市美沙酮门诊海洛因依赖人群的特征,HIV、HCV、TB和梅毒感染情况及其危险因素。方法獉獉:对参加美沙酮维持治疗的388名海洛因依赖者进行治疗前的问卷调查,HIV、HCV、TB、梅毒血清学检测及胸部X线摄片检查。结果獉獉:87.11%的海洛因依赖者采用静脉注射方式吸毒,46.15%的静脉吸毒者共用注射器。HIV抗体阳性率7.99%(31/388),其中静脉注射吸毒HIV抗体阳性率8.88%(30/338)。HCV抗体阳性率72.16%(280/388),其中静脉注射吸毒HCV抗体阳性率74.85%(253/338)。TB抗体阳性率0.26%(1/388),梅毒抗体阳性率13.66%(53/388)。结论獉獉:河池市美沙酮门诊海洛因依赖人群,尤其是静脉吸毒者中HCV和梅毒感染较高。在海洛因依赖人群中推广针具交换、安全套免费发放和相关知识的健康教育、行为干预尤为重要。     

4873例吸毒者中HIV感染情况分析

目的 :了解吸毒人群HIV感染在我省的地区分布 ,吸毒行为与HIV感染率的关系 ,吸毒者对艾滋病的认识情况。方法 :对我所 1999年 - 2 0 0 1年累计收容的 4 873例吸毒劳教人员进行HIV血清抗体检测 ,采用自行设计的“吸毒方式调查表”和“艾滋病知识调查表”进行问卷调查。结果 :4 873例吸毒人员中HIV阳性者 81例 ,检出率 1 6 6 %。其中阳江市HIV阳性者 4 6例 ,占总感染者的 5 6 79% (46 / 81)。揭阳市、汕尾二市未检测出HIV感染者 ;HIV AIDS感染多的阳江与上述两市相比 ,在共用注射器注射毒品的人数 (P <0 0 0 1) ,对艾滋病传播途径的认识 (P <0 0 1) ,对共用注射器能否传播艾滋病的认识 (P <0 0 5 )等差异有显著性。结论 :广东HIV AIDS患者的地区分布存在差异 ,这可能与吸毒者共用注射器注射毒品以及对艾滋病的传播途径认识上的差异有关     

Distributive syringe sharing among young adult injection drug users in five U.S. cities

Blood-borne pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are transmitted most commonly among injection drug users (IDUs) through the sharing of needles and syringes. Distributive syringe sharing (DSS) (i.e., passing on a used needle/syringe to another IDU) poses the potential risk of transmitting HIV and viral hepatitis to others. We studied the prevalence and correlates of DSS among IDUs enrolled in a randomized behavioral intervention trial designed to reduce behaviors associated with HIV and HCV transmission in five U.S. cities. Among 3129 IDUs ages 15-30 years who completed the baseline visit, 1432 (45.8%) engaged in DSS during the 3 months prior to baseline. Significant correlates of DSS were perception that peer norms condone needle sharing, frequent injection, not obtaining most syringes from needle exchange programs or pharmacies, injecting most frequently in shooting galleries and with sex partners, low perceived risk of HIV from sharing syringes, increased anxiety, low self-esteem, and having unprotected sex. Restricting to only those IDUs who reported not injecting with previously used syringes, similar independent correlates of DSS were found. These findings suggest that interventions to reduce ongoing transmission of blood-borne infections should focus on altering peer norms among networks of young IDUs.     

云南和四川部分地区吸毒人群的性病艾滋病防治需求评估的定性研究

目的 :了解目标地区吸毒人群的性病艾滋病防治需求 ,为制定符合当地的有效干预措施提供科学依据和建议。方法 :2 0 0 1年 3月 - 2 0 0 2年 4月 ,采用《性健康需求评估》实施方案中的定性访谈方法 ,分别在云南、四川选取大、中、小 6个试点地区 ,对当地吸毒人群进行深入访谈。每个地区分别对 5名市 /县 /区 /社区公安部门的关键人物进行定性访谈 ,每个点对 10名吸毒者的家庭成员进行个别访谈。结果 :(1)两省部分地区的吸毒者绝大部分使用的毒品为海洛因 ,其中有相当一部分人合并多药滥用 ,大城市较中、小城市严重 ;(2 )在注射毒品者中普遍存在共用注射器的状况。但不同地区共用注射器的比例有所不同 ;(3)注射器来源主要是私人诊所和药店 ;(4 )相当数量的注射毒品者不知道如何正确消毒注射器 ;(5 )不同地区的吸毒者均有不同程度的不安全性行为 ;(6 )社会歧视和耻辱感是导致戒毒后复吸率高的重要因素之一 ,也是阻碍开展降低危害工作的重要社会文化因素。结论 :通过开展针对目标人群的性健康需求评估 ,可为当地开展有针对性的干预工作提供方向、方法以及接触目标人群的方法与途径。性健康需求评估为研究与干预搭建桥梁。     

Rise in needle sharing among injection drug users in Pakistan during the Afghanistan war

The war in Afghanistan in 2001 may have had direct or indirect effects on drug users' behaviors in nearby Pakistan. We studied drug use patterns and correlates of needle sharing among injection drug users (IDUs) in Lahore, Pakistan, before and after the beginning of the Afghanistan war. Between August and October 2001, 244 drug users registering for needle exchange and other services underwent an interviewer-administered survey on sociodemographics, drug use and HIV/AIDS awareness. chi(2)-tests were used to compare drug use behaviors among subjects interviewed before and after October 6th, 2001, coinciding with the start of the Afghanistan war. Correlates of needle sharing among IDUs were identified using logistic regression. Comparing IDUs interviewed before and after October 6th, 2001, levels of needle sharing were significantly higher after the war (56% versus 76%, respectively; P=0.02). Factors independently associated with needle sharing included registering after the war began (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=3.76 (95% CI: 1.23-11.48)), being married (AOR=0.36), being homeless (AOR=3.91), having been arrested (AOR=6.00), and re-using syringes (AOR=6.19). Expansion of needle exchange, drug treatment and supportive services is urgently needed to avoid an explosive HIV epidemic in Pakistan.     

瑞丽市中国与缅甸静脉吸毒人员高危行为及干预现状比较研究

目的:比较中国与缅甸静脉吸毒人员(IDUs)高危行为及干预现状,为后续跨境综合干预活动提供依据。方法:2009-2010年瑞丽市为调查点,戒毒所缅甸注射吸毒人员整群抽样,结合社区中缅IDUs滚血球抽样。问卷调查收集艾滋病相关知识、共用针具、接受干预服务、高危性行为等方面的情况。SPSS 18.0软件包数据分析,秩和检验和χ2检验。结果:缅甸及中国IDUs中HIV感染率分别为35.6%及41.6%。缅甸籍IDUs新检测为阳性的比例27.6%,远高于中国籍的比例3.5%。中国IDUs最近1年接受过干预服务得分高于缅甸籍吸毒人员。缅甸、中国IDUs上个月注射时都使用新针具的比例为40.6%和46.2%,上个月使用别人用过的针具比例为33.3%和33.8%。上一次付费的性交易中没有使用安全套的比例,缅甸为91.0%,中国为57.8%,而最近一次发生性行为时没有使用安全套的比例缅甸(87.2%)高于中国(59.6%)。结论:边境区域中缅IDUs高危行为明显,应采用多种方法加大对中国缅甸籍IDUs减少伤害综合服务力度。     

四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染情况研究

目的：了解四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染情况及其影响因素。方法l于2005年10月至11月在西昌市对静脉吸毒人群进行问卷调查，调查内容包括社会人口学、毒品使用、共用注射器具静脉吸毒以及性行为情况等，同时采集血样进行HCV抗体检测。结果：在招募的325名静脉吸毒者中，HCV感染率为61．8％（201／325）。多因素Logistic回归模型分析结果显示，无业（OR，1．90；95％CI，1．11．3．24）、近3个月共用针头或注射器（OR，2．40；95％CI，1．164．99）以及近6个月以性交为条件接受性伴提供的钱物、毒品或住处（OR，8．96；95％CI，1．15-69．58）与静脉吸毒人群HCV感染的关系有统计学意义。结论：四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群中HCV感染率仍在升高，应该在该地区进一步加大干预工作的力度以控制HCV的传播。     

Social Context of Needle Selling in Baltimore,Maryland

Although much of the debate surrounding the distribution of sterile syringes to injection drug users (IDUs) has focused on needle exchange programs (NEPs), IDUs acquire their syringes from three major sources: NEPs, pharmacies, and secondary exchangers or needle sellers. The purpose of the present study is to examine types and frequencies of social interactions among drug injectors who sell needles, most of which come from NEPs, compared with individuals who do not sell needles. Specifically, we compared engagement in drug-related behaviors, roles in the drug economy, and social network membership. Data were collected as part of the SHIELD study, an HIV prevention intervention targeted at drug users and their social networks (n = 910) from February 2001 through September 2003 in Baltimore, Maryland (USA). In this sample, 56 participants reported selling needles. Needle sellers had higher levels of engagement in drug-related social interactions, including using drugs with others, giving or receiving drugs from others, and buying drugs with other users. Participants who sold needles had a significantly higher number of roles in the drug economy. Also, they had more social network members who were injectors, with whom they talked about risky drug behaviors, gave needles to, and shared cookers and bleach with. Compared with nonselling injectors, needle sellers engage in HIV risk-related behaviors, such as injecting daily and sharing injection equipment, more frequently. The study's findings may be useful to determine whether secondary exchangers should be targeted for HIV prevention activities both to reduce their own risk and to diffuse risk reduction information throughout the drug using community.     

Social context of needle selling in Baltimore, Maryland

Although much of the debate surrounding the distribution of sterile syringes to injection drug users (IDUs) has focused on needle exchange programs (NEPs), IDUs acquire their syringes from three major sources: NEPs, pharmacies, and secondary exchangers or needle sellers. The purpose of the present study is to examine types and frequencies of social interactions among drug injectors who sell needles, most of which come from NEPs, compared with individuals who do not sell needles. Specifically, we compared engagement in drug-related behaviors, roles in the drug economy, and social network membership. Data were collected as part of the SHIELD study, an HIV prevention intervention targeted at drug users and their social networks (n=910) from February 2001 through September 2003 in Baltimore, Maryland (USA). In this sample, 56 participants reported selling needles. Needle sellers had higher levels of engagement in drug-related social interactions, including using drugs with others, giving or receiving drugs from others, and buying drugs with other users. Participants who sold needles had a significantly higher number of roles in the drug economy. Also, they had more social network members who were injectors, with whom they talked about risky drug behaviors, gave needles to, and shared cookers and bleach with. Compared with nonselling injectors, needle sellers engage in HIV risk-related behaviors, such as injecting daily and sharing injection equipment, more frequently. The study's findings may be useful to determine whether secondary exchangers should be targeted for HIV prevention activities both to reduce their own risk and to diffuse risk reduction information throughout the drug using community.     

四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群药物滥用及其行为特征调查

目的:了解四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群药物滥用及行为特征情况,为采取有针对性的戒毒干预措施预防艾滋病病毒的传播提供数据.方法:以社区为基础招募了379名静脉吸毒人员,调查其人口学特征,艾滋病病毒感染情况,药物滥用的种类、吸毒方式和频率,口吸和静脉吸毒时间,共用注射器具情况等.结果:静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染率为11.3%(43/379).379名被调查者全部为海洛因滥用者,其中247人(65.2%)单独使用过海洛因,297人(78.4%)混合注射过海洛因与安定,滥用过的其他药物有安定(8.2%)和鸦片(1.3%).300人(79.2%)每天静脉注射吸毒一次及以上;曾经共用注射器具静脉吸毒的为247人(65.2%),87人(35.2%)首次静脉注射吸毒即与他人共用注射器具;初次口吸吸毒和静脉注射吸毒的平均年龄分别为22.37岁和25.35岁,口吸吸毒和静脉注射吸毒的平均时间分别为6.41年和3.42年.结论:加强青少年、吸毒人员关于毒品危害和拒绝毒品的健康教育活动,以及开展美沙酮或丁丙诺啡口服治疗海洛因依赖者,降低静脉注射吸毒行为,控制艾滋病病毒的传播.     

HIV prevalence and correlates of receptive needle sharing among injection drug users in the Mexican-U.s. border city of Tijuana

Injection drug use is a growing but understudied problem in Tijuana, a city situated on the northwestern Mexico-U.S border. The authors studied factors associated with receptive needle sharing in an effort to inform prevention activities. In 2003, street-recruited injection drug users (IDUs) in Tijuana underwent interviews on injection risk behaviors and rapid HIV antibody tests. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of receptive needle sharing at the last injection episode. Of 402 IDUs, 87.6% were male; the median age was 34. HIV prevalence was 4.01% (95% CI: 2.29-6.51). One third reported receptive needle sharing at last injection. Factors independently associated with receptive needle sharing were years living in Tijuana (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AdjOR]= 0.97 per year, 95% CI: 0.96-0.99), being bisexual/homosexual (AdjOR=2.12; 95% CI: 1.30 - 3.44), unemployed (AdjOR=2.5; 95% CI: 1.52-4.10), never having an HIV test (AOR: 4.02; 95% CI: 2.44-6.60), having friends who placed importance on avoiding HIV (AdjOR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.19-0.68) and last injecting in a shooting gallery (AdjOR=1.98; 95% CI: 1.21-3.24). These results underscore the need to increase access to voluntary HIV testing and counseling to IDUs and migrants in Tijuana, as well as expand access to sterile syringes in an effort to avert widespread HIV transmission.     

南宁市吸毒人群婚外性行为现状及影响因素分析

目的:了解南宁市吸毒人群婚外性行为现状,分析其影响因素。方法:采用匿名填写问卷的方式,对来自社区和戒毒所的781名吸毒人员进行艾滋病预防知识和行为调查。结果:当地吸毒人群最近一年与临时性伴、商业性伴发生性关系的比例分别达到了40.1%和15.0%。男性、低年龄组、非在婚状态的吸毒者发生婚外性行为的水平较高;有共用针具行为的吸毒者与临时性伴、商业性伴发生性关系的水平均明显高于不共用针具者。分别有47.6%、37.6%的吸毒人员在与临时性伴、商业性伴发生性关系时从不使用安全套。对与临时性伴发生性关系的多因素Lgistic回归分析显示,性别、年龄、婚姻状况、是否与他人共用过注射器、艾滋病预防知识得分是具有统计学显著意义的影响因素。对与商业性伴发生性关系的多因素Lgistic回归分析显示,性别、首次注射吸毒年龄、是否与他人共用过注射器是具有统计学显著意义的影响因素。结论:稳定的婚姻关系有助于减少吸毒人员与临时性伴发生性关系,但是无助于减少与商业性伴的性行为;共用注射器是增加吸毒人群与临时性伴、商业性伴发生性关系的影响因素;掌握艾滋病预防知识并不能减少吸毒人群的婚外性行为,在加强艾滋病防治知识宣教的同时,更加要侧重于行为的干预。