Treatment outcome after two-stage palatal closure in unilateral cleft lip and palate: a comparison with Eurocleft.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate dental arch relationships of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated with a two-stage palatal closure and to compare them with the six centers from the Eurocleft study that used various treatment protocols. DESIGN: Repeated-measures study. SETTING: Cleft Palate Craniofacial Unit of Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. PATIENTS: Records of 9-year-old children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (n = 43) were included.Interventions: The dental arch relationships of these patients were assessed by applying the Goslon Yardstick and subsequently compared with the Goslon outcome of the six-center Eurocleft study. MEAN OUTCOME MEASURES: Statistics of intra- and interexaminer agreement. RESULTS: For the Nijmegen UCLP group, 9% of dental arch relationships had a Goslon score of 1, 52% had a score of 2, 30% has a score of 3, 9% had a score of 4, and none had a score of 5. The mean Nijmegen Goslon score showed no significant differences with Eurocleft centers A, B, and E, which achieved the best treatment results, but did significantly differ from Goslon outcomes of Eurocleft centers D (p < .001), C, and F (p < .01), which had relatively poor treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment outcome of the patients in the Nijmegen UCLP group treated with two-stage palatal closure was comparable with the results of the Eurocleft centers with the best outcome. Treatment protocol could not explain differences in the quality of treatment results.     

Photographs of study casts: an alternative medium for rating dental arch relationships in unilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reliability of using photographs of study casts as an alternative to casts for rating dental arch relationships. DESIGN: Repeated-measures study. SETTING: Cleft Palate Center of the University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. PATIENTS: Records of children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) (n = 49) at the age of 9 years were included. MEAN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Statistics of intra- and interexaminer agreement. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the rating of dental casts and photographs of dental casts, using the Goslon Yardstick. CONCLUSIONS: Photographs of dental casts provide a consistent, reproducible method for rating dental arch relationships in patients with UCLP at the age of 9 years and provide a reliable alternative to the application of the Goslon Yardstick on dental casts.     

Analysis of dental arch relationships in Swedish unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects: 20-year longitudinal consecutive series treated with delayed hard palate closure.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dental arch relationships for a consecutive series from Goteborg, Sweden, who had delayed hard palate closure. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden. PATIENTS: The dental study models of 104 consecutive unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects. The study cohort was born between 1979 and 1994. Longitudinal records were available at ages 5 (n = 94), 10 (n = 97), 16 (n = 59), and 19 years (n = 46). Five assessors rated models according to the GOSLON Yardstick on two separate occasions each. INTERVENTIONS: These patients had been operated upon according to the Goteborg protocol of delayed hard palate closure (at age 8 years). RESULTS: 85% of subjects were rated in groups 1 and 2 (excellent or very good outcome), 12% were rated in group 3 (satisfactory), and 3% were assigned to group 4 (poor). No patients presented in Group 5 (very poor). Weighted kappa statistics for double determination of Yardstick allocation for five assessors demonstrated values between .65 and .90 for interrater agreement (good/very good) and between .70 and .90 for intrarater agreement (very good). CONCLUSIONS: Delayed hard palate closure as practiced in Goteborg since 1979 has produced the best GOSLON Yardstick ratings in a consecutive series of patients ever recorded worldwide, since the Yardstick was first used in 1983. However, it is noteworthy that a new protocol has been introduced in Goteborg since 1994, in which hard palate closure is done at 3 years due to concerns regarding speech.     

Dental arch relationships in Yorkshire children with unilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the dental arch relationships of children with a complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), born consecutively between 1983 and 1987, who had undergone primary cleft repair in the West Yorkshire region of the United Kingdom. The treatment outcome of this UCLP sample was then compared with the results of a previously published intercenter European study. DESIGN: A retrospective study with standardized record collection and blind assessment. SETTING: Regional dental hospital providing secondary and tertiary health care to the local population. PATIENTS: 35 UCLP patients whose primary repair had been performed within West Yorkshire. INTERVENTIONS: Dental casts obtained for each subject within 12 months of their 10th birthday. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The West Yorkshire models were randomly mixed with an anonymous sample of 115 UCLP cases from other cleft centers in the U.K. The dental arch relationships of the 10-year-old models were assessed by applying the Goslon Yardstick. RESULTS: One-third of the West Yorkshire cleft sample were rated as belonging to Goslon group 2 (good result), another third to group 3 (fair result), and the remaining third to groups 4 and 5 (poor/very poor result). Numerically, the results were of a slightly higher standard than that previously published for other U.K. and European cleft centers but were inferior to the treatment outcome of two European centers. No statistically significant differences were found between the outcome results of the West Yorkshire group and the other cleft centers. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide useful baseline data against which progress in achieving improved treatment outcome for West Yorkshire UCLP children can be determined by future research.     

腭裂修复术对不同年龄患者上下颌牙弓关系影响的研究

目的 通过回顾性研究探讨接受腭裂修复术的年龄对患者上颌牙弓相对于下颌牙弓位置关系的影响. 方法 年龄>10岁、腭裂术后2年以上的单侧完全性唇腭裂患者103例,根据接受腭裂修复手术时的年龄分为3组,A组:≤3.0岁手术组(n=38)、B组:≤6.0岁手术组(n=36)和C组:>6.0岁手术组(n=29).用上下颌牙弓石膏模型,对其牙弓关系行Goslon Yardstick等级评价,并对不同手术年龄组间的Yardstick等级进行统计学检验. 结果 统计学检验显示Yardstick等级在A组与B组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),A组与C组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),B组与C组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 6.0岁以下行腭裂手术的两组患者的上颌牙弓相对于下颌牙弓的后缩程度无差异,6.0岁以上行腭裂手术患者的上颌牙弓相对后缩程度要明显小于3.0岁以下手术者,稍小于6.0岁以下手术者,上颌牙弓相对后缩程度随手术年龄的增大有减小的趋势.     

The effects of active infant orthopedics on occlusal relationships in unilateral complete cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of active infant orthopedic treatment on dental arch relationships and determine the effect on maxillary growth in children born with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCCLP). DESIGN: The GOSLON Yardstick was used to assess dental models taken on patients treated with and without active infant orthopedics. PATIENTS: Two groups of nonsyndromic Caucasian children born with UCCLP (total n = 40), all treated by the same surgeon and ranging from 5 to 10 years of age, were evaluated. INTERVENTIONS: One group had a Latham dentomaxillary alignment (DMA) appliance inserted at 5 to 6 weeks of age, after which a lip-nasal adhesion was performed at an average age of 3.5 months. This was followed by more definitive nasolabial repair at the average age of 5.9 months. Those patients treated without preoperative orthopedics underwent a lip-nasal adhesion at average age 1.5 months followed by nasolabial repair at average age 5.1 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Randomized assessments using the GOSLON Yardstick were done independently at two separate times by three different examiners. Differences in GOSLON scores between the active orthopedic group and nonorthopedic group were evaluated by both categorical and continuous statistical analyses. RESULTS: The mean GOSLON score was 3.30 for the orthopedic group and 3.21 for the nonorthopedic group. There was no significant group difference in the modal scores of the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that active infant orthopedics does not affect the dental arch relationships in preadolescent children with repaired UCCLP, compared with a similar group treated without orthopedic intervention at this center.     

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??Objective    To evaluate the dental arch relationship of patients with unilateral complete cleft lip palate??UCLP??by comparing them with previous study and to provide theoretical basis on diagnosis??treatment plan design and team approach for patients with UCLP. Methods??Totally 52 UCLP patients treated in the Department of Orthodontics in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University during March 2013 to March 2014 were selected. The dental models of UCLP patients were categorized using Great Ormond Street??London and Oslo Yardstick??Goslon Yardstick??index. Compare the results with the Goslon Yardstick scores of Chang Gung Craniofacial Center??Hospital of Tokyo University and 6 Eurocleft centers reported in previous studies and make statistical analysis. Results??Mean Goslon Yardstick score of UCLP treated in Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University was 3.75±0.93??36.5% patients had a Goslon Score of 4??and 59.6% patients were classified into poor and very poor categories. The results of our center showed significant differences from those of Eurocleft centers A??B??C??E and F??P < 0.05????but did not differ significantly from those of Eurocleft center D??Chang Gung center or Hospital of Tokyo University??P > 0.05??. Conclusion??Dental arch relationship in patients with UCLP in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University is poor??which is similar to that in Chang Gung Craniofacial Center??Hospital of Tokyo University and Eurocleft center D??but is poorer than the other fove Eurocleft centers.     

单侧完全性唇腭裂上下牙弓关系评价研究

目的　评价单侧完全性唇腭裂（UCLP）患者上、下颌牙弓关系的协调性,并与亚洲和欧洲几大著名唇腭裂治疗中心的研究结果进行比较,为唇腭裂继发牙牙合畸形的诊断、矫治设计和序列治疗提供依据。方法　回顾性分析2013年3月至2014年3月于青岛大学附属医院口腔正畸科就诊的52例UCLP患者治疗前的记存模型,按照Goslon Yardstick 评价系统和Eurocleft三分类法进行牙弓协调性评价。与中国台湾长庚医院、日本东京大学医院及欧洲6所唇腭裂治疗中心（A～F）的同类研究结果相比较,并进行统计学分析。结果　本中心UCLP患者Goslon Yardstick平均等级为3.75 ± 0.93,Goslon Yardstick等级为4的患者最多,占36.5%,59.6%患者属于差及较差的等级。与台湾长庚医院、东京大学医院及欧洲唇腭裂D治疗中心的结果相接近（P＞0.05）,比其他5所欧洲唇腭裂治疗中心患者的牙弓协调性差（P＜0.05）。结论　UCLP患者上、下牙弓协调性差。青岛大学附属医院接受正畸治疗的UCLP患者,上下牙弓协调性与台湾长庚医院、东京大学医院、欧洲唇腭裂D治疗中心接近,比其他5所欧洲唇腭裂治疗中心牙弓协调性差。     

Palate height: another indicator of surgical outcome in unilateral cleft lip and palate?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether palate height and maxillary arch depth are systematically related to the surgical center at which primary repair in unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) was carried out. DESIGN: A retrospective comparison based on study casts of consecutive cases of UCLP obtained at age 9 years from six different centers. The observer who conducted measurements was blinded to the source of individual records. SETTING: The patients whose records were analyzed received all their surgical care in a national health service setting in six different northern European centers and regions. PATIENTS: Patients were consecutively treated Caucasian children with non-syndromic complete UCLP born in the period 1976 to 1979. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures for the original study were craniofacial form, dental arch relationships, nasolabial appearance, and speech. This report focuses on measurements of anterior maxillary arch depth and palate height. Results: Anterior arch depth and anterior palate height showed some variation among the centers. There was a tendency for anterior arch depth and palate height to also be reduced at centers at which patients showed unfavorable dental arch relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior arch depth and palate height might be considered in future studies of surgical outcome and in their possible relationship to problems of articulation.     

单侧完全性唇腭裂患者上下颌牙弓关系的评价

目的：用Goslon Yardstick评价系统来评价替牙列期和恒牙列期单侧完全性唇腭裂患者上、下颌牙弓协调性的差异,为继发牙畸形的诊断、矫治设计和序列治疗提供依据。方法：对40例患者取牙模型并根据牙列情况分为两组,替牙列期组（n=18）和恒牙列期组（n=22）。用石膏模型,对其牙弓关系行Goslon Yardstick等级评价,并对不同牙列期组间的Yardstick等级进行统计学检验。结果：替牙列期组中,22.2%患者上下颌牙弓协调性差,属于GoslonYardstick等级4和5;Goslon Yardstick均值为2.72。恒牙列期组中,40.9%患者上下颌牙弓协调性差,属于GoslonYardstick等级4和5;Goslon Yardstick均值为3.46。结论：单侧完全性唇腭裂患者恒牙列期比替牙列期上下颌牙弓协调性差,治疗难度更大。     

The Eurocleft study: intercenter study of treatment outcome in patients with complete cleft lip and palate. Part 3: dental arch relationships.

OBJECTIVE: To compare dental arch relationships up to age 17 in individuals with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated at five European centers. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study, where results were previously reported at 9 years and follow-up measurements were obtained for 12 and 17 years. SETTING: Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe. SUBJECTS: 127 consecutively treated individuals with repaired UCLP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Panel rating of dental arch relationship. RESULTS: The results revealed that at 17 years of age three of the centers had better ratings in dental arch relationship (means scores: 1.7, 1.9, and 2.2, respectively) than the other two centers (3.3, 3.4) at statistically significant levels ( p < .01 to p < .001). CONCLUSION: The results confirm that systematic differences in dental arch relationships may occur between different cleft centers, but do not allow specific causal factors to be identified.     

Dental arch relationships after two-flap palatoplasty in Taiwanese patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate

The authors evaluated the dental arch relationships of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate treated with two-flap palatoplasty at the Chang Gung Craniofacial Center, Taipei, Taiwan, and compared them with the 6 centers from the Eurocleft study. Intraoral dental photographs of 60 consecutively treated Taiwanese patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate were used. The dental arch relationships were rated with the Goslon yardstick and compared with the Goslon outcome of the 6 center Eurocleft study. The strength of agreement of rating was assessed with quadratic-weighted kappa statistics. Inter- and intra-examiner agreements were high. 75% of patients were classified into poor or very poor categories, and the mean Goslon score was 3.92. These results showed no significant difference with Eurocleft center D, which had relatively poor treatment outcome. These data suggest that intraoral dental photographs provide a reliable method for rating dental arch relationships. Dental arch relationships in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate at Chang Gung Craniofacial Center were unfavorable. This seemed to be attributable to the surgical procedures and racial differences in craniofacial morphology.     

The effects of palatoplasty and pre-surgical infant orthopedic treatment on occlusion in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients

PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-surgical infant orthopedic treatment (Hotz plate) and type of palatoplasty on the dental arch relationship and the dental arch morphology of unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients.Materials and methodsSeventy-four children with UCLP were divided into three groups. One group had undergone one-stage palatoplasty without Hotz plate (OSP w/o H), the second had undergone one-stage palatoplasty with Hotz plate (OSP w/H), and the third had undergone two-stage palatoplasty with Hotz plate (TSP w/H). We evaluated the dental models which were taken during initial examination at our orthodontic clinic, using the Goslon Yardstick, the 5-year-old index, and dental model analysis.ResultsRegarding both indices, there were no significant differences among the three groups. However, the dental arch width between maxillary deciduous canines in OSP w/H and TSP w/H was significantly greater than that of OSP w/o H. The dental arch width at the maxillary deciduous second molars in TSP w/H was significantly greater than in OSP w/H and OSP w/o H.ConclusionDental arch relationship in UCLP patients was not influenced by the type of palatoplasty and the use of pre-surgical infant orthopedic treatment. Our results suggest that pre-surgical infant orthopedic treatment results in the increase of anterior dental width, whereas two-stage palatoplasty is significantly effective for increasing posterior dental width in UCLP patients.     

A comparison of craniofacial form in Northern Irish children with unilateral cleft lip and palate treated with different primary surgical techniques.

OBJECTIVE: The quality of outcomes in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) was compared between two senior plastic surgeons. One surgeon carried out a one-stage Wardill-Kilner palate repair. The other surgeon employed a vomer flap hard palate repair followed by a von Langenbeck soft palate closure (Oslo protocol). DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. PATIENTS: Thirty-four children (mean age 9.7 years) born with complete skeletal UCLP in Northern Ireland from 1983 to 1991 who received primary repair surgery from one of the two surgeons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cephalometric analysis was used to determine the craniofacial form and soft tissue profile. The quality of the dental arch relationships was independently assessed using the Goslon ranking system. RESULTS: Twenty-nine of the 34 subjects had good or satisfactory arch relationships. Comparison between the surgeons revealed that the Wardill-Kilner group had a greater proportion of Goslon grades of greater than 3, indicating poor arch relationships. However, this difference failed to reach statistical significance. There were no significant cephalometric differences between patients treated by the two surgeons. CONCLUSIONS: Although the difference was not statistically significant, the highest proportion of patients likely to require orthognathic surgery was found in those treated using the Wardill-Kilner technique.     

The Slavcleft: A three-center study of the outcome of treatment of cleft lip and palate. Part 2: Dental arch relationships

PurposeOur aim was to evaluate the dental arch relationship in a preadolescent Slavic population with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) by using the Goslon Yardstick.Materials and methodsPatients treated in Warsaw, Poland (n = 32), Prague, Czech Republic (n = 33) and Bratislava, Slovakia (n = 30) were included in this retrospective study. Each cleft center used a unique surgical protocol. Three raters scored blindly the dental arch relationship on plaster models. Intra- and inter-rater agreement were assessed with kappa statistics, and differences between the groups were evaluated with one-way analysis of variance. Intra-rater agreement was very good (k > 0.825), while inter-rater agreement was either good or very good (kappa >0.703).ResultsWe found that patients treated in Warsaw showed a more favorable dental arch relationship (Goslon score = 2.58, SD = 0.77) than patients treated in Prague (Goslon score = 3.21, SD = 1.04). Patients treated in Bratislava showed an intermediate Goslon score (3.07; SD = 0.99).ConclusionThis study showed that the dental arch relationships in patients treated in Warsaw with a one-stage repair were more favorable than in patients treated in Prague and Bratislava with a two-stage protocol and comparable to the best results obtained in the Eurocleft and Americleft studies.     

The Goslon Yardstick: a new system of assessing dental arch relationships in children with unilateral clefts of the lip and palate

The Goslon (Great Ormond Street, London and Oslo) Yardstick is a clinical tool that allows categorization of the dental relationships in the late mixed and or early permanent dentition stage into five discrete categories. Cases are allocated to these categories on a value judgment basis by reference to the anchor groups of the Goslon Yardstick. The categorization was sufficiently sensitive to distinguish the treatment results at different centers in this study. It is proposed that the Goslon Yardstick should facilitate cross-center studies.     

Assessment of dental arch relationships in Japanese patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the dental arch relationships of Japanese patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) from the orthodontic clinic of the University of Tokyo Hospital (UTH) compared with patients treated by the Oslo Cleft Team, Norway. DESIGN: Retrospective study and comparison with previous reports. MATERIALS: Dental models of 24 patients with UCLP in UTH taken before orthodontic treatment and before alveolar bone grafting were included. Surgeons in many hospitals performed primary surgeries. These models were matched for age and gender with 24 models from a consecutive series of patients treated by the Oslo Cleft Team as part of the Eurocran Good Practice Archive. A total of 48 models were evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Dental arch relationship was rated with the Goslon Yardstick. The strength of agreement of rating was assessed with weighted kappa statistics. RESULTS: Intra- and interexaminer agreements evaluated by weighted kappa statistics were high, indicating good reproducibility. Almost 60% of the patients in UTH were classified into poor or very poor categories, and the mean Goslon score was 3.50. These results show a contrast to those in Oslo and were the poorest in comparison with previous reports. CONCLUSION: Dental arch relationships in patients with UCLP in UTH were poor. This seemed to be attributable to surgical procedures, but a factor of racial difference in the craniofacial morphology was also considered. Further intercenter research is required to clarify this point.     

A multicenter outcomes assessment of five-year-old patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: Compare 5-year-old dental arch relationships of patients from three centers with differing primary protocols. DESIGN: Retrospective study of treatment outcomes using blinded evaluation of dental study casts. SETTING: Three major cleft-craniofacial centers; one (center A) is a free-standing institution, and two (centers B and C) are university hospitals. PATIENTS: 118 (A = 41; B = 33; C = 44) consecutively treated 5-year-old patients with complete, nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate. INTERVENTIONS: Centers A and C completed primary repair without presurgical orthopedics by 18 months (center A in three surgeries and center C in two surgeries). Center B used passive presurgical orthopedics with lip/soft palate repair at 6 months and gingivo-alveoloplasty/hard palate repair at 18 to 36 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Averaged ratings of dental casts using the 5-year yardstick were computed for each patient. The Wilcoxon two-sample test was used to compare means; a chi-square test was used to compare distributions. RESULTS: Intra- and interexaminer reliability tests showed excellent reliability (>.90). Mean scores were not significantly different. Distribution of scores differed significantly. Center A had the highest percentage of good scores and the lowest percentage of poor scores (72% versus 6.5%), followed by center B (63% versus 6.6%) and center C (59% versus 16.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Centers A and B had comparable scores and completely different protocols in surgical technique, timing, sequencing, and nonuse/use of appliances. Center C's results were slightly lower than those of 1 and 3, but the center had the protocol with the least burden of treatment (only two surgeries, without use of appliances).     

A six-center international study of treatment outcome in patients with clefts of the lip and palate: Part 4. Assessment of nasolabial appearance.

One hundred and fifteen frontal and profile photographs of the nasolabial area of subjects with complete unilateral clefts of the lip and palate from six European centers were assessed. Four components of the nasolabial area were rated separately by a panel of judges using a five-point scale of attractiveness. The Tukey multiple comparison test showed significant differences between the centers. The relative position of the six centers in this study followed a similar pattern to their respective positions in the cephalometric and dental cast studies.     

Photographs of dental casts or digital models: rating dental arch relationships in bilateral cleft lip and palate

Yardsticks have been developed to measure dental arch relations in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients as diagnostic proxies for the underlying skeletal relationship. Travelling with plaster casts to compare results between CLP centres is inefficient so the aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of using digital models or photographs of dental casts instead of plaster casts for rating dental arch relationships in children with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (CBCLP). Dental casts of children with CBCLP (n=20) were included. Plaster casts, digital models and photographs of the plaster casts were available for all the children at 6, 9, and 12 years of age. All three record formats were scored using the bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) yardstick by four observers in random order. No significant differences were found for the BCLP yardstick scores among the three formats. The interobserver weighted kappa scores were between 0.672 and 0.934. Comparison between the formats per observer resulted in weighted kappa scores between 0.692 and 0.885. It is concluded that digital models and photographs of dental casts can be used for rating dental arch relationships in patients with CBCLP. These formats are a reliable alternative for BCLP yardstick assessments on conventional plaster casts.