Percutaneous closure of interatrial ostium secundum defects using the Amplatzer device. Apropos of the initial 5 Tunisian cases

We report our initial experience with percutaneous closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defect using Amplatzer device. Between september 2000 and July 2001, five devices were implanted in 5 patients, 4 female and 1 male. Age ranged from 18 to 66 years. A large atrial septal defect with significant shunting was diagnosed by trans thoracic echocardiography. Procedures were performed under general anesthesia with trans esophageal echocardiography guidance. Stretched diameter of atrial septal defects was determined by balloon sizing, ranged from 21 to 32 mm. Amplatzer devices of 20 to 32 mm were respectively deployed. No complications occurred during the procedure. Total occlusion of interatrial communication, was observed in one patient, immediately after the procedure, and in 3 patients 24 hours later. First 3 patients were controlled at months follow up were free of complications. Closure of atrial septal defect with Amplatzer device appears feasible and safe. However, long term results in comparison to surgery remain to be determined before definite conclusion regarding its use can be made.     

国产封堵器治疗边缘不足的房间隔缺损的效果观察

目的 探讨使用国产封堵器治疗边缘不足(<5 mm)的继发孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)的可行性及近期疗效.方法 27例边缘不足的继发孔型ASD患者术前经胸或经食管超声心动图测得缺损最大直径平均为(22.89±8.08)mm,根据ASD边缘不足分为前缘(主动脉缘)不足型、后缘(主动脉对侧缘)不足型、下缘(下腔静脉缘)不足型及复合不足型,分别制定封堵策略,用国产封堵器经导管或经右胸小切口进行封堵治疗.分别于术前、术后48～72h及3个月时经胸超声心动图观察封堵器位置及有无分流,同时测量右心大小以观察疗效.结果 本组中前缘不足型20例(0～4 mm),下缘不足型3例(1～4 mm),后缘不足型1例(2 mm),复合不足型3例(前缘、下缘均<5 mm).27例ASD患者中成功封堵26例,1例术后1 h发现封堵器脱落改行直视修补术,成功率96.3%(26/27).26例患者封堵后右房及右室内径较封堵前明显缩小(P<0.01),无介入操作相关并发症发生.结论 前缘、后缘或下缘<5 mm的继发孔型ASD可用国产封堵器封堵治疗,且安全、有效、并发症少、费用低.     

Trans-catheter therapy of Lutembacher syndrome: a case report

Lutembacher syndrome refers to the rare combination of a congenital atrial septal defect and acquired mitral stenosis. Traditionally, Lutembacher syndrome has been corrected by surgical treatment. We describe two patients treated percutaneouly with a combined Inoue balloon valvuloplasty and septal defect closure using the Amplatzer septal occlusion device.     

Percutaneous closure of a perimembraneous ventricular septal defect: the first 4 patients in The Netherlands

In four female patients, aged 30, 10, 8 and 2 years and 9 months (the latter with Down's syndrome), all with a perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD), percutaneous closure of the VSD was carried out using an Amplatzer endoprosthesis. These were the first 4 patients to undergo this procedure in The Netherlands. In 3 of the patients the procedure was without complications and complete occlusion of the defects was achieved. The last patient developed a left anterior hemiblock after implantation of the device and one week later an intermittent second degree atrioventricular block was detected, for which a pacemaker was implanted. A few days later the atrioventricular conduction time returned to normal. There was complete occlusion of the defect. Percutaneous closure of a perimembranous VSD using an Amplatzer prosthesis is a promising technique with good short-term results. In a selected group of patients this new technique can replace surgical treatment.     

经胸非体外循环下房缺微创封堵术的疗效评价

目的评价经胸非体外循环下房缺微创封堵术的疗效。方法15例患者,男7例,女8例,平均年龄5．5岁,平均体重20．8kg。经胸心脏超声显示Ⅱ度孔房间隔缺损,均为中央型。缺损直径8～26mm,平均14．5mm。气管插管全身麻醉后,经胸骨旁右第四肋间切口,长2～3em。在食道超声的引导下,经右房壁置人腰部直径12～32mm的国产房缺封堵器。结果15例患者均成功封堵,无中转体外循环病例。2例患者术后新发右束支传导阻滞。无Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞发生。患者术后住院时间3～8d,平均4．6d。随诊3～6个月,1例术后大量胸腔积液,经胸腔闭式引流后痊愈。余患者均恢复良好,无Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,无残余分流,无封堵器晚期移位,无瓣膜关闭不全加重。结论经胸非体外循环下房缺微创封堵术创伤小、安全性高、近期疗效满意。远期疗效仍须进一步观察。     

先天性心脏病复合畸形的临床介入治疗策略探讨及评价

目的研究先天性心脏病复合畸形经心导管介入治疗的病例选择、手术方法、疗效、安全性及评价。方法选择2008年1月至2008年12月在本院接受同期介入治疗的11例复合型先天性心脏病患儿为研究对象。其中,男性患儿为3例,女性为8例,平均年龄为（4.08±2．64）岁,最小为5个月,最大为10岁。本组先天性心脏病复合畸形类型包括：3例室间隔缺损（ventricular septal defect,VSD）合并动脉导管未闭（patent ductus arteriosus,PDA）,3例房间隔缺损（atrial septal defect,ASD）合并肺动脉瓣狭窄（pulmonary stenosis,PS）,2例房间隔缺损合并动脉导管未闭,1例房间隔缺损合并室间隔缺损,2例动脉导管未闭合并主动脉缩窄（coarctation of aorta,COA）,其中1例为同期介入治疗。介入治疗复合畸形的顺序为：肺动脉瓣球囊扩张术或主动脉球囊扩张术、室间隔缺损封堵术、动脉导管未闭封堵术、房间隔缺损封堵术（本研究遵循的程序符合本院人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,取得受试对象的知情同意,并与试验患儿监护人签署临床研究知情同意书）。结果11例患儿均成功封堵,手术顺利。术后X射线心脏造影及彩超提示,封堵器成形好,未见残余分流。术中、术后均未见严重并发症。其中,1例室间隔缺损术后心电图提示不完全右束支传导阻滞,给予地塞米松治疗后,心电图复查正常。结论介入治疗单纯性先天性心脏病的技术目前比较成熟,成功率高,但复合型先天性心脏病同期进行介入治疗,其操作较复杂,技术难度较高。本研究证明,若掌握恰当手术指征,制定合理操作策略,手术过程仔细、谨慎,介入治疗的可行性、安全性是较肯定的。     

实时三维超声心动图在房间隔缺损介入封堵治疗中的临床价值

目的:评价实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)在房间隔缺损介入封堵术前术后的应用价值。方法:RT-3DE检测187例房间隔缺损患者,分析缺损口的空间位置、大小和形态,并于封堵术后RT-3DE评估封堵器的位置及距主动脉瓣、二尖瓣和三尖瓣等周围组织和血管的距离。结果:RT-3DE能实时动态的显示房间隔缺损及其封堵器的位置、形态及其周围组织的关系,其中25例缺损口的下腔静脉端未见残端回声,5例缺损口最大间距为45 mm以上,且缺损口的心房顶部端和下腔静脉未见明显残端回声,1例因缺损处为筛孔状改行外科手术。结论:RT-3DE在明确房间隔缺损的解剖位置、观察封堵器释放后的形态结构、明确残余分流的性质及原因等方面较二维超声心动图具有明显优势。     

超声检查胎儿心脏畸形漏诊原因分析

目的:分析产前超声检查胎儿心脏畸形漏诊的原因,探讨提高诊断准确率的方法。方法:回顾性分析该院44 391例经产前超声检查(包括彩超和黑白超)的胎儿资料。中晚孕期超声检查胎儿心脏采用"三切面法"即四腔心切面和左、右室流出道切面,晚孕期黑白超声仅观察四腔心切面。对超声检查发现可疑心脏异常的胎儿再进行详细的超声心动图检查。结果:出生后超声心动图发现产前漏诊胎儿心脏畸形50例,占受检胎儿的1.13‰。其中复杂性先天性心脏病11例(占0.25‰);房间隔、室间隔缺损等先天性心脏病39例(占0.88‰)。室间隔缺损的直径为(3.64±1.42)mm(1.6～6.7 mm),房间隔缺损的直径为(4.40±1.39)mm(2～7 mm)。结论:适宜的检查时间、获取标准的检查切面、仔细辨识图像特征、熟悉病变特点有助于减少漏诊。但由于胎儿先天性心脏病本身的复杂性和超声检查存在的局限性,不可能在产前检出所有的心脏畸形,应向孕妇及家属说明。     

Tei指数对房缺患者修补术与封堵术前后右心功能的评价

目的比较继发孔房间隔缺损(ASD)患者经皮Amplatzer伞片封堵术和外科修补术两种术式手术前后右心室的心肌做功指数(Tei指数)的改变。方法继发孔ASD患者行外科修补术10例和经皮伞封堵术10例分别于术前、术后30天行超声心动图检查、右心室Tei指数测定。结果继发孔ASD患者均成功行经皮Amplatzer伞片封堵术以及外科修补术,两组患者的右室Tei指数在术前和术后30天相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论修补术和封堵术对右心室Tei指数不产生明显影响。     

超声心动图在介入封堵房缺术中的应用

目的：评价经胸超声心动图（TTE）与经食管超声心动图（TEE）在继发孔型房间隔缺损（ASD）介入封堵术中的应用价值。方法：对52例继发孔型ASD患者术前均行TTE或TEE检查,根据检查结果选择封堵器型号,术中应用TTE或TEE引导监测封堵器的释放。根据引导方式,分为A组30例,使用TTE引导监测;B组22例,使用TEE引导监测。术后使用TTE随访。结果：A组29例在TTE引导下介入封堵治疗成功,1例因下腔静脉缘较薄未封堵成功,成功率96.67%;B组21例在TEE引导下介入封堵治疗成功,1例因ASD过大未封堵成功,成功率95.45%。A组TTE术前检查ASD直径3~27mm,实际用封堵器大小8~36mm,B组TEE术前检查ASD直径4~36mm,实际用封堵器大小8~40mm,A组ASD直径小于B组,两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;A组封堵器大小小于B组,两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;两组ASD直径与封堵器大小间相关性均较好。50例随访3~6个月以上,效果良好,均无并发症。结论：依靠TTE或TEE选择封堵器、术中引导监测ASD介入封堵治疗可以顺利完成。TTE及TEE是引导ASD介入封堵治疗必不可少的手段。     

Severe pulmonary hypertension in ostium secundum atrial septal defect

Between 1969 and 1999, 149 patients underwent cardiac catheterization for ostium secundum atrial septal defect, in hemodynamics department. Age average was 21.5 +/- 16 years (2-67). Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure average was 35 +/- 15.6 mm Hg (15-140). The atrial septal defect was closed in 108 patients (by surgery in 107 cases, and by interventional catheterization in one case). Mean follow-up was 8 +/- 7 years (1-20). Overall mortality rate was 2.7%. Severe pulmonary hypertension (systolic pressure > or = to 50 mm Hg) was seen in 13.4% of cases. It was present at all ages, but more frequent above 20 years. Obstructive pulmonary vascular disease was noticed in 2% of patients. Clinical and haemodynamic data analysis showed that, severe pulmonary hypertension is a frequent, and unpredictible complication of secundum atrial septal defect; it might occur at any age and worsen considerably the cardiac disease prognosis. Because of atrial septal defect hemodynamic profile, and current rise of percutaneous closure technics, invasive investigation should be more and more routinely performed, in order to define the best therapeutic option. Early and systematic closure of secundum atrial septal defects, should prevent, or at least minimize pulmonary vascular lesions.     

经导管介入封堵术治疗儿童室间隔缺损36例临床分析

目的探讨经导管治疗儿童先天性心脏病室间隔缺损封堵术的可行性及安全性,进行多方面综合疗效评价。方法通过经胸超声心动图（TTE）选择适合封堵术的先天性心脏病室间隔缺损（VSD）患儿36例,术前常规检测心电图（ECG）,胸部X线等,房间隔缺损（ASD）合并VSD 1例。在TTE及X线引导下行介入封堵术,术后通过胸片、心电图和TTE进行动态的随访观察。结果35例患儿封堵成功,技术成功率为97.2%,1例（2.8%）手术失败,改为体外循环下矫正畸形。术后5例病人有少量残余分流,2例出现房室传导阻滞（AVB）,1例出现完全性右束支传导阻滞（RBBB）,1例出现不完全性左束支传导阻滞（iLBBB）,封堵器脱落1例,心包填塞（PT）1例。VSD术前TTE测量值与术中X线测量值比较,差异无统计学意义。术后75%以上病人接受了3~6个月随访,35%以上病人接受了12个月随访,X线及TTE检查：全部显示肺血流量减少,右心房、右心室缩小,心电图提示无明显心律失常发生。结论经导管先天性心脏病封堵术治疗VSD具有很高的成功率及安全性;介入封堵术疗效好,并发症少,术后恢复快;TTE和X线可以准确地应用于先天性心脏病封堵术中。     

超声心动图在评价房间隔缺损经皮介入封堵术中的应用

目的应用超声心动图系统评价房间隔缺损（ASD）经皮介入封堵术前后右心形态及功能的改变。方法对实施ASD经皮介入封堵术患者术前术后进行超声心动图检查,评价患者手术前后的右心几何形态及血流动力学、三尖瓣环运动速度方面的改变。结果患者手术前后右心几何形态、血流动力学、三尖瓣环运动速度均有明显变化,术后1 d与术前1 d比较及术后3个月与术后1 d和术前1 d各测定值比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论经皮介入封堵为中央型ASD有效的根治方法。     

液氮深低温保存同种带瓣血管的临床应用

目的报告应用液氮深低温保存的同种带瓣血管（valved homograft conduit,VHC）纠治复杂心脏畸形的经验。方法患者男27例,女19例,年龄1.9～31（9.5±5.1）岁,体质量10～64（29.5±13.2）kg。病种包括右室双出口15例,矫正性大动脉转位9例,共同动脉干7例,肺动脉闭锁5例,法乐氏四联症4例,完全性大动脉转位3例,先天性主动脉瓣关闭不全2例,法乐氏四联症术后肺动脉瓣重度关闭不全1例。合并畸形包括肺动脉狭窄、房间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭、多发室间隔缺损等。手术均在全麻低温体外循环下进行。结果无手术死亡。早期死亡2例,分别为术后低心排综合症和呼吸道出血。存活44例,随访（32/44）3～96（30±19.5）月,死亡2例,1例右室双出口患者术后26个月死于感染性心内膜炎,另1例为矫正性血管转位患者术后8个月死亡,死因不明。其余30例患者心功能明显改善,超声心动图检查显示吻合口无狭窄,VHC管腔通畅,瓣膜无明显返流。结论液氮深低温保存的VHC是理想的人工材料,用于纠治复杂心脏畸形可获得较好的治疗效果。     

成人房间隔缺损封堵术后右心结构和功能的变化

目的评价成人房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵术后及随访中右心结构和功能的变化。方法全组96例患者，男41例。女55例。均使用房间隔封堵器治疗。于封堵术前、术后1、6及12个月分别行超声心动图检查。结果术后1个月心电图PR间期、QRS时限、V1导联R波振幅，超声心动图右室横径、右室流出道直径、右房长径、室间隔矛盾运动（PsM）发生率、肺动脉收缩期峰压均较术前明显改普。差异有统计学意义。术后6个月上述指标较术后1个月进一步改善。差异均有统计学意义。术后12个月上述指标与术后6个月时相近，差异无统计学意义。结论ASD封堵术后及短期随访中。右心结构进行性改善，主要表现在右房长径、右室横径、右室流出道直径均进行性改善。右心室的高动力循环状态术后明显减轻。自术后6个月开始，右心保持了正常的结构和功能。     

Good results after closure of a arterial septal defect during heart catheterisation instead of surgery

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the first results in the Netherlands of percutaneous and transvenous closure of an ASD II in children with an Amplatzer Septal Occluder (ASO). DESIGN: Prospective. METHOD: Data were collected from children with an ASD II prior to, during and up to 24 months after the insertion of an ASO during heart catheterisation in Leiden University Hospital, the Netherlands. RESULTS: Between 1 January 1998 and 29 February 2000, 28 patients (12 girls, 16 boys; mean age: 74 months (range: 15-198 months)) underwent heart catheterisation to close an ASD II with an ASO. In 26 patients an ASO could be placed without significant complications. The size of the device varied from 9-34 mm (median 16 mm). In one patient ASD closure was not attempted because of multiple ASDs. In another patient the procedure was stopped after air embolism into the coronary arteries had occurred during preparation of ASO implantation. In 23/26 patients with an implanted ASO, no residual shunt was present after 24 hours. One child, in whom the defect was found to be closed after 24 hours and after three weeks, returned abroad and was lost to follow-up. After one year all defects (n = 22) were completely closed. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous transvenous closure of an ASD II with an ASO was possible, was not associated with any significant complications and had a high success rate, even in relatively young children with large defects.     

胎儿心脏四腔心观对胎儿房间隔异常的诊断价值

目的胎儿心脏四腔心观对胎儿房间隔异常诊断的临床价值。方法对孕24～40W的胎儿常规行胎儿超声心动图检查,尤其是具有先天性心脏病高危因素者,以四腔心观观察胎儿心脏。结果检出胎儿房间隔异常29例,房间隔缺损8例(上腔型1例,中央型4例,Ⅰ孔型房缺3例),单心房5例,心内膜垫缺损6例(其中,不完全型心内膜垫缺损2例,完全型心内膜垫缺损4例),房间隔膨出瘤7例,三房心2例,房间隔早闭1例,产前诊断房间隔异常者均被证实;另有2例房间隔缺损生后复查确诊,缺损分别为6mm及7mm,诊断的特异性为100%,准确性93.5%。结论胎儿心脏四腔心观诊断胎儿房间隔异常的特异性、准确性高,是胎儿期诊断先天性心脏病最重要的检查手段。     

Large ostium secundum atrial septal defect discovered after severe mitral regurgitation. A case report

Mitral regurgitation is associated with ostium secundum atrial septal defect in about 22% of cases. mitral valve prolapse induced by atrial shunt is the main cause of this regurgitation. Ususually, atrial septal defect discovery precedes that of mitral regurgitation. The aim of this paper is to focus on clinical, hemodynamic and evolutive details of atrial septal defect and mitral regurgitation association. We report the case of large atrial septal defect in 37 years old girl referred for hemodynamic investigation of mitral regurgitation. The divergence of clinical data, electrocardiogram and echocardiography findings has led to atrial septal defect discovery. Hemodynamic data showed severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (medium pulmonary arterial pressure: 45 mmhg). Hence, mitral valve substitution by mechanical prosthesis and closure of atrial septal defect have been carried out. Ten hours after surgery, death occurred because of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and heart failure. CONCLUSION: Association of severe mitral regurgitation and large ostium secundum atrial septal defect is an original anatomo-clinic entity caracterized by mitral valve lesions diversity and severe secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension. Danger of such a hypertension is due to progressive and infra clinical rise of pulmonary resistances and association of increased pulmonary blood flow and capillary pulmonary hypertension.     

偏心型封堵器介入治疗嵴内型室间隔缺损临床应用及中期疗效

目的 探讨国产偏心型封堵器介入治疗嵴内型室间隔缺损(VSD)的安全性及中期疗效.方法 2005年1月至2008年7月采用国产偏心型封堵器对26例嵴内型VSD患者行介入治疗.经胸超声心动图提示VSD破口直径3～9mm,平均(4.7±4.5)mm.距肺动脉瓣>2mm,距主动脉瓣>1 mm,并分别于术后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月及12个月进行随访.结果 26例患者中21例封堵成功,5例失败,成功率为80.8%.术后即刻左室造影示少量残余分流2例,微量残余分流3例,均在术后1 d至3个月消失,术后即刻新发完全性左束支传导阻滞(LBBB)1例,余无其他严重并发症发生.封堵术后1周左房内径、左室舒张末期内径即明显缩小(P<0.01),左室收缩末期内径无明显变化,术后1个月及以上各项指标与术后1周比较差异无统计学意义.所有患者均获得随访,随访时间12～48个月.术前合并8例右束支传导阻滞(RBBB),3例LBBB,5例在术后2～14d恢复正常,6例在出院时未恢复正常,包括4例RBBB,2例LBBB.随访1个月时,1例RBBB恢复正常;随访3个月时,1例RBBB恢复正常,余在随访期间持续存在.结论 应用国产偏心型封堵器治疗嵴内型VSD是安全有效的,近中期效果良好,远期疗效尚需进一步临床观察.     

微创切口小儿心内直视手术56例临床分析

目的 报告一组小儿先天性心脏病采用微创切口手术治疗的经验。方法 全组56例病儿中继发孔房间隔缺损（ASD）25例,室间隔缺损（VSD）26例,右室双腔心（DCRV）2例,肺动脉狭窄（PS）3例。右前外侧小切口不停跳、不阻断主动脉心内直视手术23例,胸部正中小切口33例。结果 除1例因术中显露差改作常规切口,全组56例无手术死亡,无严重并发症。病儿术后恢复快,平均住院时间8d。结论 微创切口小儿心内直视手术创新小、美观、痛苦少、恢复快、住院时间短、安全有效,尤其适应于继发孔房缺及膜部或膜周室缺修补手术。