超声内镜对胰神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断价值

目的 评价超声内镜对胰神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断价值.方法 回顾性总结26例行内镜超声检查术(EUS)和内镜超声引导下针吸活检术(EUS-FNA)检查且最终确诊为胰神经内分泌肿瘤病例的资料.结果 胰神经内分泌肿瘤在EUS下表现为内部回声均匀或不均匀、边界清晰的低回声肿块,血流信号丰富;肿瘤位于胰腺头部3例,钩突部2例,胰腺颈部2例,胰腺体部11例,胰腺尾部8例;其中有功能的胰神经内分泌肿瘤16例,瘤体平均直径9 mm,无功能的内分泌肿瘤10例,瘤体平均直径29 mm.EUS-FNA检查22例结果阳性,4例结果阴性.23例患者进行了外科手术治疗,其术前EUS定位准确率为100％.结论 EUS能对病变进行准确的术前定位,还可以通过EUS-FNA提供病变的病理学资料,在胰神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断中具有一定优势.     

谐波造影增强超声内镜在诊断胰腺癌中的作用

目的探讨谐波造影增强超声内镜（CH—EUS）在诊断胰腺癌中的作用。方法选择胰腺占位病变患者为研究对象,以超声内镜引导下细针穿刺（EUS-FNA）或组织病理学及随访结果作为最终诊断,与CH．EUS诊断比较,评价CH—EUS诊断胰腺癌的准确度,并分析CH—EUS在不同胰腺肿瘤中的图像特点。结果共76例患者入选,平均年龄（53．1±14．2）岁,其中胰腺癌35例,局灶肿块型炎症21例,胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤10例,囊腺瘤6例,胰管内乳头状产黏蛋白肿瘤4例。肿瘤最大直径平均（3．4±1．4）cm,〈2cm者18例。CH—EUS诊断胰腺癌的灵敏度97．1％,特异度92．9％,阳性预测值91．7％,阴性预测值97．5％。行EUS．FNA64例,CH-EUS联合FNA对胰腺癌检查的灵敏度达到100％。结论CH—EUS可安全、简便、准确地显示胰腺病变的血供情况,对于胰腺癌诊断的敏感度、特异度均较高,是EUS—FNA的有力补充,值得临床推广应用。     

内镜超声检查术对胰腺肿瘤早期诊断的价值

目的探讨内镜超声检查术（EUS）、管内超声检查术（IDUS）及超声内镜引导下细针穿刺术（EUS-FNA）对胰腺肿瘤早期诊断的价值。方法回顾性分析和比较188例胰腺小占位病灶的EUS、IDUS、EUS—FNA及其他影像学检查结果。结果（1）EUS诊断小胰腺癌的准确率是95．6％（44／46）,优于B超58．6％（27／46）、CT77．4％（24／31）、MRI76．2％（16／21）及内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）85．3％（29／34）。小胰腺癌EUS声像图主要表现为类圆形、边界清楚、边缘不规则的低回声肿块,内部回声多均匀。（2）25例胰腺小占位病灶行IDUS检查,其准确率是100．0％（25／25）,明显优于B超32．0％（8／25）、CT52．9％（9／17）及MRI57．9％（11／19）等检查。（3）18例胰腺小占位病灶行EUS—FNA,其准确率是66．7％（12／18）。（4）EUS诊断胰腺假性囊肿的准确率是100．0％（27／27）,明显优于13超52．0％（13／25）、CT66、7％（12／18）、MRI82．4％（14／17）及ERCP78．9％（15／19）;对胰腺囊性肿瘤分类鉴别诊断总的准确率是57．7％（15／26）,优于B超19．2％（5／26）、CT36．4％（8／22）、MRI37．5％（6／16）及ERCP50．0％（7／14）等检查。结论EUS、IDUS及EUS-FNA对胰腺肿瘤的早期诊断具有重要价值。     

胰腺导管内乳头黏液瘤术前细胞学和组织病理学诊断价值

胰腺导管内乳头黏液瘤(IPMT)特点是导管上皮腺瘤样增生，可累及主胰管和(或)分支胰管，包括从增生、不典型增生到浸润性癌等不同程度的病变。IPMT术前诊断应尽可能准确，因为可能有必要做胰腺大部分甚至全部切除。影像学检查，如CT、超声内镜、内镜逆行胰管造影等检查方法联合应用的阳性诊断率为90％，其中恶性病变诊断率为75％。乳头增生伴黏液分泌对诊断IPMT具有高度特异性，但仅见于30％左右的患者。术前经内镜取材行细胞学或组织病理学诊断的价值尚不清楚。本研究的目的是评价超声内镜引导下细针穿刺抽吸和(或)活检术、及内镜逆行胰管造影诊断IPMT并判断病变恶性程度的价值。     

胰腺肿瘤的超声诊断（附44例报告）

目的探讨超声检查对胰腺肿瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析44例经病理及免疫组化证实的胰腺肿瘤的超声表现,观察良恶性胰腺肿瘤的超声影像特点。结果胰腺恶性肿瘤的影像学特征为外向性生长、不均质肿块、中心部可有坏死和囊性变,周边部血运较丰富,多为病变不规则且呈现低回声。胰腺良性肿瘤后壁回声增强,内部回声可见多点强回声分隔带,部分可见少许中等强回声团块。结论胰腺肿瘤的超声表现无特异性,但超声检查能明确胰腺肿瘤的发生部位,且有助于胰腺肿瘤的良恶性鉴别。     

超声内镜对壶腹癌的诊断价值

报告超声内镜（ＥＵＳ）对１４例壶腹癌的诊断正确率、图象特征及术前进展度的诊断。结果表明：①ＥＵＳ对壶腹癌的病灶显示率为１００．０％，诊断正确率为７８．６％，高于体表超声和ＣＴ（Ｐ＜０．０５），与逆行胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）相似（Ｐ＞０．０５）。②壶腹癌ＥＵＳ表现呈低回声占８１．８％，高回声占１８．２％。③ＥＵＳ对术前壶腹癌的十二指肠壁、胆总管、胰管、胰头的浸润以及淋巴结转移诊断的正确率分别为８３．３％，６６．７％，５０．０％，３３．３％和１００．０％。     

内镜超声检查术对上消化道异位胰腺的诊治价值

目的探讨超声内镜对上消化道异位胰腺的诊治价值。方法总结近年来于消化内镜中心经超声内镜诊断为异位胰腺并行病理检查的52例患者的临床资料,回顾性分析其图像特征及诊断准确率。结果52例内镜超声诊断的异位胰腺者中41例患者经病理证实为异位胰腺,超声内镜诊断符合率为78．85％（41／52）,其余6例为间质瘤,4例为平滑肌瘤,1例为神经鞘瘤。超声内镜下上消化道异位胰腺均表现为隆起性病变,病变位于胃窦37例,十二指肠2例,胃体1例,胃底1例;表现为高回声1例,中等回声10例,低回声18例,混杂回声12例;累及至黏膜层2例,黏膜肌层8例,黏膜下层30例,固有肌层1例。对其中不超过黏膜下层的15例行内镜下切除,2例出血,余无并发症出现。随访半年以上,1例复发,余无复发且伤口愈合良好。结论超声内镜对上消化道异位胰腺有重要的诊断价值,并可根据超声内镜所显示的病变深度决定下一步治疗,内镜下治疗是安全有效的。     

ERCP对肝外胆管癌的诊断价值

目的对手术病理证实的３１例肝外胆管癌进行回顾性分析．方法３１例患者均行胰胆管造影，并和Ｂ超及ＣＴ检查进行对照．结果上段胆管癌１６例，下段胆管癌１３例，中上段胆管癌２例．１例为横纹肌肉瘤，２例为腺瘤癌变，其余均为腺癌．ＥＲＣＰ成功２８例（９０３％），Ｂ超诊断符合率为８０７％，而ＣＴ显示梗阻８５０％，能明确病因者仅７００％．结论ＥＲＣＰ在早期诊断肝外胆管癌方面明显优于Ｂ超及ＣＴ检查，并能清晰地显示胆道系统的全貌，对治疗及手术方案选择有重要价值．     

低频小探头超声内镜对胰腺内分泌肿瘤术前定位诊断的价值

目的 评价低频小探头超声内镜检查(LFMPS)在胰腺内分泌肿瘤术前定位诊断中的临床价值。方法 2000年6月至2002年6月期间21例临床拟诊为胰腺内分泌肿瘤的患者术前行腹部 B超、螺旋 CT、磁共振(MRI)及 LFMPS探查(Fujinon 7.5 MHz低频小探头超声及超声系统),检查结果与外科术中定位和病理结果对照,评估LFMPS对胰腺内分泌肿瘤的术前定位诊断价值。结果21例患者中17例经外科手术及术后病理证实为内分泌肿瘤,4例未手术。其中胰岛素瘤16例(头部9例、体部 3例、尾部4例),胰腺外血管活性肠肽瘤1例,检出病灶的平均直径 2.02 cm。LFMPS确诊14例(82.4％),B超确诊9例(52.9％),螺旋CT确诊15例(88.2％),MRI确诊12例(70.6％),其中LFMPS对位于胰腺头、体部肿瘤以及直径<1cm病灶的确诊率优于其他常规影像方法。结论LFMPS对胰腺内分泌肿瘤的术前定位诊断准确率较高,且与肿瘤的位置与大小有关。     

胰腺囊性病变的内镜诊治

随着影像学技术的进展,胰腺囊性病变诊断率逐年增高。胰腺囊性病变是一组异质性的疾病,主要包括导管内乳头状黏液肿瘤、黏液性囊性肿瘤、浆液性囊性肿瘤和其他罕见的囊性病变,不同类型的胰腺囊性肿瘤具有不同的生物学行为,恶变率也完全不同。对胰腺囊性肿瘤患者进行精准诊断,进而决定部分患者行手术治疗,而另一部分患者可行随访观察。超声内镜和超声内镜引导下细针穿刺囊液分析对胰腺囊性疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断发挥着重要作用。超声内镜引导下的胰腺囊性疾病消融治疗,虽然已经开展了十多年,仍处于起步阶段。但该手术安全有效,可作为外科手术的替代疗法,是一项颇具前景的治疗手段。     

Efficacy of endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration for the diagnosis and grading of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Background and aim: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are histologically categorized according to the WHO 2010 classification by their mitotic index or Ki-67 index as G1, G2, or G3. The present study examined the efficacy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) in the diagnosis and grading of pNET. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 61 pNETs in 51 patients who underwent EUS between January 2007 and June 2014. All lesions were pathologically diagnosed by surgical resection or EUS-FNA. We evaluated the detection rates of EUS for pNET and sensitivity of EUS-FNA, and compared the Ki-67 index between EUS-FNA samples and surgical specimens. EUS findings were compared between G1 and G2/G3 tumors. Results: EUS showed significantly higher sensitivity (96.7%) for identifying pNET than CT (85.2%), MRI (70.2%), and ultrasonography (75.5%). The sensitivity of EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of pNET was 89.2%. The concordance rate of WHO classification between EUS-FNA and surgical specimens was 69.2% (9/13). The concordance rate was relatively high (87.5%, 5/6) in tumors?<20?mm but lower (57.1%; 4/7) in tumors?≥20?mm. Regarding EUS findings, G2/G3 tumors were more likely to be large (>20?mm), heterogeneous, and have main pancreatic duct (MPD) obstruction than G1 tumors. Multivariate analysis showed large diameter and MPD obstruction were significantly associated with G2/G3 tumors. Conclusions: EUS and EUS-FNA are highly sensitive and accurate diagnostic methods for pNET. Characteristic EUS findings such as large tumor size and MPD obstruction are suggestive of G2/G3 tumors and would be helpful for grading pNETs.     

内镜超声检查对胰腺癌可切除性的评估

目的：应用内镜超声检查术(EUS)对胰腺癌的可切除性进行前瞻性评估。方法：对初步诊断为胰腺癌的患者进行术前EUS，由2位内镜超声专家进行术前可切除性评估，以手术结果作为金标准进行对比，并与CT、MRI、B超诊断结果进行比较。结果：38例接受了手术治疗，其中10例术前EUS认为可切除，实际术中切除8例，EUS评估胰腺癌可切除性的准确度为80．0％；28例术前EUS评估为不可切除，实际手术无法切除27例，EUS评估不可切除准确度为96．4％。提示EUS术前评估结果与手术结果一致性较好。EUS诊断胰腺癌准确率为97．4％，CT为94．6％，MRI为89．5％．B超为73．7％。结论。应用EUS评估胰腺癌的可切除性是一种有效的方法。     

ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND AND FINE‐NEEDLE ASPIRATION FOR PANCREATIC CANCER

Background: Accurate staging of pancreatic cancer is essential for surgical planning, and identification of locally advanced and metastatic disease that is incurable by surgery. Advances in EUS, CT, and PET have improved the accuracy of staging and reduced the number of incomplete surgical resections. Tissue acquisition is necessary in non‐surgical cases when chemo‐radiotherapy is considered. The complex regional anatomy of the pancreas makes cytologic diagnosis of malignancy at this region difficult without exploratory surgery. Although CT‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is used for this purpose, reports of an increased risk of peritoneal dissemination of cancer cells and a false negative rate of nearly 20% makes this a less than ideal choice. The ability to position the EUS‐transducer in direct proximity to the pancreas by means of stomach and the duodenum, combined with the use of FNA, increases the specificity of EUS in detecting pancreatic malignancies. Methods: The current literature regarding the accuracy of EUS with FNA in the evaluation of pancreatic cancer is reviewed. Results: EUS accuracy for tumor (T) staging ranges from approximately 78–94% and nodal (N) stage accuracy between 64 and 82%. EUS also enables FNA of lesions that are too small to be identified by CT or MRI, or too close to vascular structures to safely allow percutaneous biopsy. The accuracy for detecting invasion into the superior mesenteric artery and vein is lower than that for detecting portal or splenic vein invasion, especially for large tumors. EUS permits delivery of localized therapy such as celiac plexus neurolysis for pain control and direct intralesional injection of antitumor therapy. Conclusions: EUS in combination with FNA is a highly accurate method of preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer especially those too small to characterize by CT or MRI, and has the ability to obtain cytological confirmation.     

内镜超声对胰腺癌的诊断

目的 探讨内镜超声（EUS）检查对胰腺癌的诊断价值。方法 对116例胰腺癌患者行EUS检查，其中16例经管内超声（IDUS）检查并与体表B超（B超），CT，磁共振成像（MRI），内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查结果进行比较。结果 EUS（IDUS)诊断胰腺癌的敏感性与准确性均明显高于B超，与CT，MRI及ERCP相当，EUS诊断准确率为98．2％（114／116），IDUS为100％（16／16）；CT为85．3％（99／116）；MRI为87．0％（54／62）；ERCP为80．6％（79／98）；B超为73．2％（85／116）。结论 EUS对胰腺癌有较大的诊断价值。     

Preoperative detection of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors using endoscopic ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE: Almost 30% of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEPET) escape preoperative identification using standard imaging techniques. The goal of this retrospective study is to present our cumulative experience in the assessment of GEPET by preoperative endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), and to compare it with a literature review. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with suspected specific hormonal syndromes were sequentially examined with US, CT, MRI, angiography, OctreoScan, and radial and sectorial EUS. Sixteen were males (43%) and 21 were females (57%), with a mean age of 61 years (interval: 40-84 a). Of all 37 patients, 27 had 19 endocrine tumors in the pancreas and 14 tumors in their gastrointestinal tract. No tumors were demonstrated in 10 patients, hence they were used as a control group. Of all 37 patients, 24 were operated on or had histological samples collected, with the presence of 26 GEPET (10 carcinoids) being confirmed in 22 patients. RESULTS: EUS sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy were 81% and 78%. Specificity was 80%. All these values were similar to the mean values obtained from the literature review. Three pancreatic rumors smaller than or equal to 1 cm (insulinomas) were detected, which had escaped diagnosis with previous US, CT, and MRI studies. An echoendoscopic examination of the pancreas could not be completed in two cases (5%), a pancreas carcinoid and an already gastrectomized double pancreatic gastrinoma. CONCLUSION: EUS is a good preoperative technique for GEPET detection, and may likely be superior to other imaging techniques in the assessment of small tumors. The usefulness of EUS as a primary exploration after US or HCT has been posited for tumor diagnosis and localization before surgery.     

超声内镜对胰腺癌诊断及评估价值

目的：探讨EUS诊断胰腺癌的敏感性，准确性及其评估肿瘤特征的价值。方法：以126例经病理确诊并在确诊前半月内先后接受EUS、US、CT检查的胰腺癌患者为研究对象，回顾性分析三种成像方法及EUS对于不同类型胰腺癌的检查结果，应用t检验或u检验评估这些检查结果的差异有无显著性，结果：EUS诊断胰腺癌准确性较US高，尤其对于小胰腺癌准确性更高，二者差异有显著性（P＜0．05）；EUS诊断敏感性，准确性与CT比较差异无显著性，联合应用EUS及CT检查，则诊断敏感性及准确性大为提高，与单独应用US、EUS或CT相比，差异均有显著性（P＜0．05）；EUS与CT显示肿瘤间接征象的准确性无显著性差异，结论：EUS对于胰腺癌是一种较好的检查方法，尤其对于怀疑为小胰腺癌者应作为常规检查，联合应用EUS和CT检查胰腺癌值得推广。     

Endoscopic ultrasonography in diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer

The accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for diagnosis of pancreatic cancers was evaluated in consecutive 232 patients with possible pancreatic cancer, and that for assessment of their locoregional spread was evaluated in 28 patients with pancreatic cancer subjected to pancreatectomy, in comparison with the accuracies of transabdominal ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT). EUS was found to be significantly more accurate than US or CT and was especially useful for detecting small pancreatic cancers of less than 2 cm in diameter. With EUS, pancreatic cancers could be detected as a hypoechoic mass with a relatively unclear margin and irregular internal echoes. EUS was also more sensitive than CT and US for detecting venous and gastric invasions: it was more useful for detecting direct invasion of pancreatic cancers when the tumors were less than 3 cm in diameter. These findings indicate that EUS is an accurate method for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and assessment of their locoregional spread and is particularly useful for detecting small tumors.     

The detection and prognosis of small pancreatic carcinoma

During a period of 16 years, 203 proven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas were studied. Tumor size was measured on either the resected or the autopsy specimen. Four tumors were smaller than 1 cm, and 17 tumors were between 1.1 and 2 cm. ERCP has been found to be the most accurate in the diagnosis of small pancreatic carcinoma. Followup of 44 patients in whom the tumor was resected showed that survival depended on tumor size. In four patients with tumors smaller than 1 cm without parenchymal invasion, the postoperative 5-yr cumulative survival rate was 100%. Pancreatic carcinoma smaller than 1 cm limited to duct epithelium is considered as early cancer. Various diagnostic imaging modalities are now available to evaluate patients in whom pancreatic carcinoma is clinically suspected. These include ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and angiography. More recently magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), and peroral pancreatic ductal biopsy also have been used. This report compares diagnostic modalities for pancreatic carcinoma in order to provide a data base for their rational use in the diagnosis of small resectable pancreatic carcinomas.     

胰腺癌的超声内镜诊治现状

胰腺癌是我国常见肿瘤之一,5年生存率不到5％。由于胰腺癌早期缺乏典型临床表现,待明确诊断时90％患者已出现局部浸润及远处转移而无法行根治性切除。随着超声内镜（EUS）的出现,EUS在胰腺癌的诊断和治疗方面起着重要的作用。本文仅就EUS对胰腺癌的诊断和治疗进展作一综述。