经皮微创F形置入空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的早期疗效观察

目的探讨经皮微创F形置入3枚空心钉内固定治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析35例采用经皮微创F形置入3枚空心钉内固定治疗的新鲜股骨颈骨折,无移位骨折12例,移位骨折23例。在牵引下复位骨折端,3枚空心钉呈F形交叉内固定,术后3个月开始部分负重。结果35例均获随访12～25个月,平均12．7个月。12例无移位骨折中未出现骨折不愈合及股骨头缺血坏死;25例移位骨折中2例出现骨折不愈合,1例出现股骨头坏死。末次随访时髋关节功能Harris评分：优16例,良14例,可3例,差2例,优良率85．7％。结论经皮微创F形置入3枚空心钉内固定治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折疗早期疗效理想,固定牢靠、并发症少,但长期疗效还需进一步观察。     

微创空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折手术适应证的选择

目的 探讨在C型臂X线机监视下应用微创技术加3枚空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的手术适应证.方法 对52例股骨颈骨折应用微创技术加3枚空心钉内固定治疗,其中无移位骨折13例,移位骨折39例.结果 随访14～84个月,13例无移位骨折均愈合,无股骨头坏死;39例移位骨折发生骨折不愈合3例,股骨头缺血坏死5例.结论 微创技术加3枚空心钉内固定是治疗无移位股骨颈骨折和部分移位骨折（成功闭合复位）的最佳适应证,该手术具有手术创伤小、操作简便、牢固可靠、可早期功能锻炼和并发症少等优点.     

空心钉微创内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨采用空心钉微创内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的方法及疗效。方法对59例股骨颈骨折采用空心钉微创内固定治疗。结果本组随访6~26个月,57例临床愈合,治愈率为96.61%。末次随访时Harris评分:优35例,良19例,可3例,差2例,优良率为91.53%。结论采用空心钉微创内固定治疗股骨颈骨折手术简便,创伤小,并发症少。     

闭合复位股骨近端空心钉锁定板内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效分析

目的观察并比较股骨近端空心钉锁定板和3枚空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012-01—2012-06诊治的年龄≥18岁且≤65岁的股骨颈骨折80例,采用股骨近端空心钉锁定板内固定治疗40例,采用3枚空心钉内固定治疗40例。观察手术时间、骨折愈合情况,退钉、断板、短期内股骨头坏死情况,以及髋关节功能恢复情况。结果空心钉锁定板组在骨折愈合率、退钉率、短期内股骨头坏死率以及髋关节功能Harris评分优良率方面明显优于3枚空心钉组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论股骨近端空心钉锁定板内固定技术是治疗股骨颈骨折较为理想的方法。     

前方小切口复位经皮空心钉内固定治疗GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折的疗效观察

目的 探讨前方微创小切口复位经皮空心钉内固定治疗GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折的治疗效果.方法 应用空心钉内固定治疗GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折28例,采用微创切口,直视下复位骨折,经皮空心钉内固定.结果 术后随访18～36个月,骨折均愈合,4例出现股骨头坏死.功能评定按Harris评分标准:优18例,良5例,可1例,差4例.结论 对于移位的GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折,经前方微创小切口将股骨颈解剖复位,可在直视下保证复位的确切性;并最大限度减少损伤髋关节周围的血管网,为骨折愈合创造有利条件.     

空心钉与空心钉钢板内固定治疗股骨颈骨折疗效比较

目的比较空心钉与空心钉钢板内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法将68例股骨颈骨折患者根据治疗方式分为空心钉组(37例)和空心钉钢板组(31例)。比较两组切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、并发症、骨折愈合率和术后6个月髋关节Harris评分。结果手术切口均一期愈合。切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量空心钉组均少(短)于空心钉钢板组(P<0.05)。两组患者均获得随访,时间6~41(21.7±10.8)个月。术后6个月,股骨头坏死及骨折不愈合例数空心钉组均多于空心钉钢板组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);股骨颈短缩及螺钉松动、退出例数空心钉组均多于空心钉钢板组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);髋关节Harris评分空心钉组低于空心钉钢板组(P<0.05)。结论空心钉和空心钉钢板内固定治疗股骨颈骨折均可获得较好的临床疗效,空心钉钢板内固定能获得更加稳固的支撑,对患肢早期功能锻炼更有利。     

闭合复位经皮空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折

目的 探讨闭合复位经皮空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的临床效果.方法 对26例股骨颈骨折采用闭合复位经皮空心钉内固定治疗.结果 26例均获随访12～36个月,平均26个月.骨折全部愈合.疗效按Harrs标准评价:优23例,可2例,差1例.结论 闭合复位经皮空心钉治疗股骨颈骨折具有创伤小、操作简便,固定可靠、术后恢复快、骨折愈合率高、功能恢复好等优点,是一种治疗股骨颈骨折的有效方法.     

空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效观察

目的 评价应用空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效.方法 笔者应用空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折35例,Garden Ⅱ型3例,Garden Ⅲ型29例,Garden Ⅳ型3例.受伤至手术时间为2～120 d,平均13 d,术后随访36～144个月,平均114个月.结果 所有患者骨折均愈合,但后期发生股骨头缺血性坏死9例、占25.7%.术后8～12个月伤口出现胶冻样坏死物2例,经换药,维持至取出内固定后痊愈.结论 空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折是一项较好的治疗措施,即使伤后超过3周,亦不失为一种有效的治疗方法.     

空心钉微创固定治疗股骨颈骨折的临床体会

目的探讨空心钉微创治疗股骨颈骨折的方法和疗效。方法对78例股骨颈骨折采用经皮空心钉微创治疗。对临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果经7～28个月,平均14.8个月随访,按黄公怡标准进行髋关节功能评价,优36例,良30例,差12例。结论空心钉微创治疗股骨颈骨折临床疗效良好。具有创伤小、固定牢靠、愈后优良率高等优点。     

三枚和四枚空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的比较研究

目的通过回顾性对照研究,比较3枚空心钉和4枚空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法共54例股骨颈骨折,3枚空心钉内固定组31例,4枚空心钉内固定组23例。统计分析两组间的并发症发生率和髋关节功能Harris评分。结果 54例均获平均35(14～72)个月随访。3枚空心钉内固定组有2例(6.5%)内固定失败和3例(9.7%)股骨头坏死,Harris评分平均(84±13)分,优良率74%;4枚空心钉内固定组有2例(8.7%)股骨头坏死,Harris评分平均(86±10)分,优良率78%。两组间并发症发生率及Harris评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论闭合复位空心钉内固定是治疗股骨颈骨折的有效方法,3枚或4枚空心钉内固定均可取得较好的治疗效果;4枚空心钉内固定可以较好地对抗剪切应力,避免早期内固定失败。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.