肝移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的防治研究

目的 探讨肝移植术后患者巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染的诊治经验。方法回顾分析我科2001年1月至2002年12月期间进行的96例同种异体肝移植病例的临床资料。结果发生巨细胞病毒感染19例,均检测到CMV抗原IE-E和CMV抗原PP65,其中CMV-IgM( )8例。在CMV感染的患者中,出现呼吸窘迫3例,发热4例,黄疸2例,14例无明显症状。经更昔洛韦治疗后18例患者血CMV抗原IE．E和CMV抗原PP65转变为阴性,1例患者死于间质性肺炎。结论肝移植后CMV感染与多种因素有关,积极预防、早期治疗肝移植术后患者CMV感染至关重要,CMV抗原检测的应用能够对CMV感染患者作出早期诊断并且指导治疗,更昔洛韦能够有效治疗CMV感染。     

肝移植术后巨细胞病毒再感染的预防与治疗

目的　探讨肝移植术后巨细胞病毒(CMV)再感染的预防、诊断及治疗。方法　回顾性分析44例原位肝移植患者的临床资料。结果　44 例中,术前43 例(97.7 %)有CMV潜伏性感染,其中6例(14.0 %)术后发生CMV再感染。6例CMV再感染患者的CMV pp65抗原均为阳性,3例CMV IgM阳性,均为无临床症状的CMV活动性感染,其中5例治愈,无一例发展为CMV病,1 例因上消化道大出血死亡。43例中,仅有7例CMV再感染高危病例接受了抗CMV感染的预防性治疗,患者在生存期内未发生CMV再感染。结论　在我国,肝移植患者术前CMV潜伏性感染的发生率较高,测定CMV pp65抗原可以早期诊断CMV再感染;对CMV再感染的高危患者进行预防性治疗可以降低术后CMV再感染的发生率;对无临床症状的CMV再感染者进行及时、规范的治疗是防止CMV病发生的关键。     

肝移植术后肺部感染34例诊治

目的探讨肝移植术后早期肺部感染的防治方法。方法对我院62例肝移植术后肺部感染34例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果痊愈27例，死亡7例。病原菌分析：痰培养有细菌、念珠菌阳性结果者27例，其中革兰氏阴性杆菌占51．9％，革兰氏阳性球菌占29．6％；真菌感染占18．5％，巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染1例，EB病毒感染1例，病原菌不明5例。结论革兰氏阴性杆菌是肝移植术后肺部感染的常见病原菌，术后第1周是肺部感染的高危时段。重视围手术期呼吸道管理及合理选用抗生素，是肝移植术后肺部感染防治的关键。     

肝移植术后感染并发症的防治

目的　探讨肝移植术后感染并发症的防治。方法　2003年9月-2005年12月连续施行42例原位肝移植术。术后应用了一系列预防细菌、病毒、真菌感染和乙型肝炎再感染的措施。结果 42例中发生胆道感染1例，CMV感染1例，乙型肝炎复发1例。其中胆道感染及CMV感染2例分别于术后3周和6个月死亡；乙肝复发患者经治疗后HBsAg及HBV-DNA转阴。结论 合理、有效的治疗措施是预防肝移植术后感染的关键。     

肝移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的防治

目的: 探讨肝移植术后巨细胞(cytomegalovirus,CMV)病毒感染的诊断和防治方法.方法: 回顾分析119例肝移植患者的临床资料,并结合文献进行讨论.结果: 共有8例病人术后发生活动性巨细胞病毒感染,发生率6.7%,其中2例出现发热,病人经治疗后全部治愈.结论: CMV抗体测定和FQ-PCR法测定CMV-DNA是诊断活动性巨细胞病毒感染的有效手段,更昔洛韦能够有效地防治巨细胞病毒的感染.     

更昔洛韦对肝移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的预防和治疗作用

目的研究更昔洛韦在预防和治疗肝移植术后巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染和CMV性肺炎中的作用和疗效。方法回顾性分析2003年10月至2005年9月完成的480例肝移植患者的临床资料，总结分析更昔洛韦在预防和治疗肝移植术后CMV感染和CMV性肺炎中的临床效果。结果肝移植术后有402例患者使用国产更昔洛b（丽科伟）预防CMV感染，其中53例术后发生CMV感染；47例患者使用进口更昔洛韦预防CMV感染，其中6例术后发生CMV感染。480肝移植患者术后有6例确诊为CMV性肺炎，使用国产更昔洛韦治疗4例，用进口更昔洛韦治疗2例；经治疗后，5例痊愈，1例出现呼吸功能衰竭死亡。结论更昔洛韦可以有效预防肝移植术后CMV感染；使用以更昔洛韦为主要抗病毒药物的综合治疗对CMV肺炎有较好疗效。     

肝移植病人术后巨细胞病毒感染的预防和治疗

目的 分析肝移植术后病人巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染的诊断、预防和治疗。方法 采用回顾性分析的方法，分析我科2000年8月至2002年1月期间进行的同种异体原位肝移植病例。结果 共进行同种异体原位肝移植36例。术后8例发生巨细胞病毒感染，其中2例出现腹泻，发热2例，1例为黄疸，4例无明显症状。在CMV感染的病人中，检测到CMV—IgM( )或(和)CMV-DNA( )，其中CMV—IgM( )5例，CMV-DNA( )6例。病人经更昔洛韦治疗后血清CMV-DNA变为阴性。全部治愈。结论 对病人CMV—IgM和CMV—DNA(FQ-PCR方法)联合检测应用能够对CMV感染病人作出诊断并且指导治疗。更昔洛韦能够有效的治疗CMV感染。     

肝脏移植后巨细胞病毒感染的预防与治疗

自1964年报道第1例人类巨细胞病毒（cyto—megalovirus，CMV）感染以来，CMV感染日益受到重视。实体器官移植后有7％-32％的受者会出现CMV感染相关问题，这是移植后受者最常见的病原感染类型。CMV疾病通常出现在移植术后或终止抗病毒预防治疗后1～4个月。器官移植受者接受免疫抑制剂治疗后，CMV感染发生率可增加1倍，感染后的病死率可达25％，这也是肝移植术后导致移植物失功能和受者死亡的主要原因之一。因此，对肝移植后CMV感染的防治应充分重视。     

肾移植患者术前活动性巨细胞病毒感染对术后感染的影响

移植后早期活动性巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染高达60％～80％，被认为不仅是肾移植术后近期死亡的重要原因，而且可能与急性排斥反应和慢性移植物肾病有关。肾移植后能否有效、及时地防治CMV感染是影响移植效果的关键。鉴于肾移植前活动性CMV感染的发生状况、移植前活动性CMV感染对移植后的影响目前尚不清楚，本研究旨在通过检测CMV-pp65抗原血症，探讨移植前活动性CMV感染对移植后活动性CMV感染的严重程度及发生CMV病的影响，为临床防治CMV感染提供依据。     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的早期诊断与治疗

目的:提高肾移植术后巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染的早期诊断率和治愈率.方法:1999年3月～2003年12月共收治152例次肾移植患者,对其中所发生的16例CMV感染患者资料进行回顾性分析.结果:根据外周血CMV IgM阳性和(或)外周血巨细胞病毒抗原(CMV-Ag)阳性诊断为巨细胞病毒活动性感染.16例肾移植术后CMV感染患者的早期临床表现不典型,一旦出现高热、干咳等症状则很快出现呼吸衰竭,对上述患者进行多次痰细菌培养及血巨细胞病毒抗体检查,结果均呈阴性5例,单纯CMV感染4例,CMV并发细菌感染6例,CMV并发真菌感染3例,CMV并发寄生虫感染1例,胸片提示为肺间质性病变12例.经治疗后治愈11例,5例死亡.结论:①CMV感染为肾移植患者术后的主要死亡原因之一.②及早诊断与早期联合治疗可提高CMV感染的治愈率.③肾移植术后CMV感染在早期抗病毒、抗细菌、抗真菌治疗同时,减少或暂停免疫抑制剂,有利于提高感染的治愈率.     

肝移植术后巨细胞病毒感染

目的 探讨肝移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的诊断和防治方法。方法 回顾分析10例肝移植患者临床资料,并结合文献进行讨论。结果 共有6例患者发生巨细胞病毒感染,6例均为无临床症状的巨细胞病毒感染,其中5例治愈。结论 荧光探针定量基因检测技术是诊断巨细胞病毒感染的一种快速、敏感性和特异性很高的方法。重视术前、术后巨细胞病毒感染的监测、积极预防及早期治疗是关键。更昔洛韦能有效治疗巨细胞病毒感染。     

肝移植术后巨细胞病毒感染(附31例临床分析)

目的 探讨肝移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的诊断和防治。方法 回顾分析１９９３年４月至１９９９年６月我科所进行的３１例肝移植病人临床资料,并结合文献进行讨论。结果 共有５例病人发生活动巨细胞病毒感染,发生率为１６．１％,其中１例发生巨细胞病毒性肺炎,其余４例为无临床症状的活动性巨细胞病毒感染。４例治愈,１例死亡。与巨细胞病毒感染相关的病死率为３．２％。结论 外周血巨细胞病毒抗原血症测试是诊断巨细胞病毒感染     

Late cytomegalovirus disease following liver transplantation

The widespread use of antiviral prophylaxis or preemptive therapy among orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) recipients has reduced the occurrence of early cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease. Late disease is increasingly reported. Little is known about CMV disease occurring beyond the first year after transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of CMV disease two or more years after OLT and to determine its risk factors and clinical features. Eighty-one consecutive OLT recipients followed for 2 years or longer after transplantation were included in the study. Data were collected on demographic and clinical variables, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of late CMV disease. Late CMV disease occurred in 7/81 liver recipients (8.5%) at a mean time of 5.9 years after OLT (range: 3.5--9.3, median: 6.3 years). All seven patients were women, with a mean age of 47.7 years (range: 26--60, median: 59 years). There was no association between the development of late CMV disease and the occurrence of rejection episodes, treatment with corticosteroids, or the early use of antiviral prophylaxis. Clinical presentation included fever and disturbed liver functions in all patients, one patient had concurrent CMV pneumonitis and one CMV retinitis. Though all patients responded to ganciclovir, two had recurrent disease episodes and one patient died of secondary bacterial sepsis. Late-onset CMV disease can occur several years after OLT. Although it manifests classic clinical features of early disease, it is not associated with traditional risk factors and its pathogenesis may differ from that of early disease.     

Cytomegalovirus Infection After Liver Transplantation Incidence, Risks, and Benefits of Prophylaxis

Background

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and related disease is a feared complication after liver transplantation. Antiviral prophylaxis is recommended in clinical practice guidelines depending on the CMV status of both donor and recipient as well as the individual risk profile.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 211 liver transplant recipients with respect to the incidence of CMV infection after transplantation, the influence of donor and recipient CMV status, and the effect of antiviral prophylaxis. In addition, the underlying liver disease and immunosuppressive regimen were compared with the incidence of CMV infection. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to CMV donor/recipient (D/R) profile: group A (D−/R−) 28 patients (13.3%), group B (D−/R+) 64 patients (30.3%), group C (D+/R+) 79 patients (37.4%), and group D (D+/R−) 40 patients (19.0%).

Results

CMV infection was observed in 17.9%, 29.7%, 24.1%, and 22.5% of the patients, respectively, with no significant difference in infection rates between the groups. CMV infection occurred in 5 patients (17.9%) in the presumed low-risk profile (group A), despite an antiviral prophylaxis in 4 out of these 5 patients. In contrast, CMV infection occurred in only 9/40 patients (22.5%) in the presumed high-risk profile (group D). The most frequent infection rates were found in groups B and C (R+ groups). After successful treatment of CMV infection, no recurrence was detected. Underlying liver disease or immunosuppressive protocol had no influence on CMV infection.

Conclusion

Approximately one fourth of patients will acquire CMV infection after liver transplantation independent of donor/recipient status. Surprisingly, antiviral prophylaxis does not seem to be sufficient to reduce this proportion of patients, either in presumed high-risk or in presumed low-risk situations.     

Late cytomegalovirus disease following liver transplantation

The widespread use of antiviral prophylaxis or preemptive therapy among orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) recipients has reduced the occurrence of early cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease. Late disease is increasingly reported. Little is known about CMV disease occurring beyond the first year after transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of CMV disease two or more years after OLT and to determine its risk factors and clinical features. Eighty-one consecutive OLT recipients followed for 2 years or longer after transplantation were included in the study. Data were collected on demographic and clinical variables, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of late CMV disease. Late CMV disease occurred in 7/81 liver recipients (8.5%) at a mean time of 5.9 years after OLT (range: 3.5--9.3, median: 6.3 years). All seven patients were women, with a mean age of 47.7 years (range: 26--60, median: 59 years). There was no association between the development of late CMV disease and the occurrence of rejection episodes, treatment with corticosteroids, or the early use of antiviral prophylaxis. Clinical presentation included fever and disturbed liver functions in all patients, one patient had concurrent CMV pneumonitis and one CMV retinitis. Though all patients responded to ganciclovir, two had recurrent disease episodes and one patient died of secondary bacterial sepsis. Late-onset CMV disease can occur several years after OLT. Although it manifests classic clinical features of early disease, it is not associated with traditional risk factors and its pathogenesis may differ from that of early disease.     

Early detection of primary cytomegalovirus infection after heart and kidney transplantation and the influence of hyperimmune globulin prophylaxis

A randomized study of prophylaxis with hyper-immune globulin (HIg) was performed in 28 cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seronegative heart and kidney recipients with CMV-seropositive donors who were extensively monitored for active CMV infection and CMV disease. Detection of CMV antigen in peripheral blood granulocytes (antigenemia) was the first sign of primary CMV infection, generally occurring several weeks before IgM or IgG anti-CMV antibodies were detected and before positive cultures appeared. A correlation was found between rejection treatment with OKT3 or ATG, severity of CMV disease, and graft loss. Rejection treatment had no influence on incidence of CMV transmission. Primary CMV infection occurred most often in older patients with older donors. No beneficial effects were seen with HIg prophylaxis, which was administered from week 1 until week 7 after transplantation. Incidence of primary CMV infection was equal in both groups (50%) and no influence on the severity of primary CMV infection was seen. The only effect that was seen was on the time from transplantation to detection of active CMV infection, which was prolonged by HIg prophylaxis.