超声引导经皮肺穿刺活检在肺外周型病变诊断中的价值

目的探讨超声引导下经皮肺穿刺活检对肺外周型病变定性诊断的应用价值。方法在超声引导下对80例胸部影像学检查显示的肺周边型肿块需明确诊断者行超声引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术。结果 80例病人均穿刺成功,成功率100%。病理诊断结果:恶性肿瘤64例,其中鳞癌38例,腺癌20例,大细胞癌2例,小细胞癌2例,恶性淋巴瘤1例,恶性间皮瘤1例;良性病变16例,其中良性错构瘤1例,结核8例,炎症7例。并发气胸、咯血各1例,并发症发生率为3%。结论超声引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术具有定位准确、操作简便、安全性好、并发症少及重复性强等优点,可作为肺外周型病变定性诊断的首选诊断方法。     

超声引导下经皮Nd－YAG激光治疗肝癌的临床研究

超声引导下经皮穿刺肿瘤导入光纤激光凝固治疗肝癌２２例。结果激光引起的肿瘤变性、坏死范围与声像图上回声的改变有良好的相关性。治疗后表现为肿块回声增强，肿瘤内及周边血流信号显著减少，１０例ＡＦＰ（甲胎蛋白）升高者，９例明显下降，６例降至正常，７例治疗后再次活检，５例肿瘤呈完全性坏死，２例呈大部分坏死。本研究结果表明，超声引导下激光治疗肝癌对于小肝癌（直径＜３ｃｍ）可达到肿瘤完全性坏死的较好疗效。     

超声引导下经皮Nd—YAG激光治疗肝癌的临床研究

超声引导下经皮穿刺肿瘤导入光纤激光凝固治疗肝癌２２例，结果激光引起的肿瘤变性，坏死范围与声像图上回声的改变有良好的相关性。治疗后表现为肿块回声增强，肿瘤内及周边血流信号显著减少，１０例ＡＦＰ（甲胎蛋白）升高者，９例明显下降，６例降至正常。７例治疗后再次活检，５例肿瘤呈完全性坏死，２例呈大部分坏死。本研究结果表明，超声引导下激光治疗肝癌对小肝癌（直径〈３ｃｍ）可达到肿瘤完全性坏死的较好疗效。     

超声引导肺周围型肿块穿刺活检的临床应用

目的:探讨在超声引导下周围型肺肿块穿刺活检的临床应用价值。方法:B超引导下以BARD弹射式活检枪及18G切割式活检针,对67例周围型肺部肿块进行穿刺活检。结果:58例一次确诊,为86.7%(58/67),二次穿刺确诊,总确诊率为97.01%(65/67),并发症2例,其中1例为少量咯血,1例气胸,并发症发生率为3.00%(2/67)。结论:B超引导下肺周围型肿块穿刺活检,安全、方便、廉价,成功率高,对肿瘤临床诊治有着重要的意义     

CT引导经皮肺穿刺活检术对肺门肿块的诊断价值

目的 研究CT引导经皮肺穿刺活检术对肺门肿块的诊断价值.方法 76例纤维支气管镜检查失败或没有明确病理结果的肺门肿块患者行CT引导经皮肺穿刺活检术.结果活检阳性率为100％.结果 获鳞癌32例,小细胞癌13例,腺癌27例,大细胞癌3例,淋巴瘤1例.其中58例行EGFR突变位点检测,突变率为46.6％(27/58).结论 CT引导经皮肺穿刺活检术对肺门肿块诊断阳性率高,可提供可靠的病理诊断指导临床治疗.     

经直肠超声对前列腺癌诊断的价值

目的：本文观察前列腺癌部位声像图特点并与病理对照，以便帮助对前列腺癌诊断及穿刺点的正确选择，提高前列腺穿刺活检阳性率。方法：总结64例经病理证实为前列腺癌的112个部位的经直肠超声声像图，观察有无异常回声肿块和异常血流区域。结果：112个前列腺癌部位其经直肠超声(TRUS)检查发现异常的有90个，占80．4％；TRUS检查未发现可疑之处的为22个，占19．6％。结论：TRUS可作为诊断前列腺癌和前列腺穿刺活检穿刺点选择的重要方法。     

胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤肝转移超声表现及穿刺活检价值

目的 探讨胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤肝转移的常规超声声像图特点、超声造影表现及穿刺活检的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院第五医学中心53例胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤肝转移患者的超声表现及穿刺活检结果,其中6例行超声造影。结果 53例中,原发灶胰腺来源42例,胃肠来源11例。原发灶与肝转移同时诊断39例（73.6%）。胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤肝转移超声表现主要为多发、不均的高或低回声实性占位,与病灶最大径>3 cm组相比,≤3 cm组肝转移灶在血流信号检出率上显著不同,两组在病灶的形态、边界、回声、均匀性方面均无明显差异。超声造影特点多为动脉期整体高增强,门脉期及延迟期低增强。超声引导下1次穿刺活检成功率100%,无严重并发症,均可提供明确病理诊断及组织学分级。结论 不同大小的胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤的肝转移灶超声声像图表现差异不大,较大的肿瘤更易检测出血流信号,而超声引导下穿刺活检简单、安全、准确、微创。     

乳腺叶状肿瘤的超声诊断(附33例分析)

目的探讨乳腺叶状肿瘤的声像图特点和超声诊断价值,以提高诊断水平。方法回顾分析33例经手术病理证实的乳腺叶状肿瘤患者,观察其超声的声像图表现:病变的部位、大小、形态、边界、内部回声与后方回声、有无液化和钙化,利用彩色多普勒超声观察肿块内部及周边的血流分布情况。结果 33例乳腺叶状肿瘤中,良性12例,交界性12例,恶性9例。乳腺叶状肿瘤的二维声像图表现:体积较大的分叶状肿块,边界清晰、规则,内部以实性低回声为主,回声大部分均匀,部分可见散在的无回声区,无或少有钙化,后方回声增强,所有肿块的内部和/或周边均可探及血流信号。结论超声对乳腺叶状肿瘤的定性诊断具有较高的临床应用价值。     

高频彩色多普勒超声诊断与鉴别诊断阴囊肿块的价值

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声对阴囊肿块的诊断与鉴别诊断价值.材料和方法:对34例阴囊肿块行彩色多普勒超声检查,恶性病变23 例,良性病变11例,分析恶性病变及良性病变的超声声像图特征.结果:恶性病变声像图特征是睾丸形态失常,体积增大,肿瘤呈低回声(15/23)或不均匀混合回声(8/23),边界不清楚,CDFI显示肿块周边和内部血流丰富,呈条状或树枝状血流.良性病变声像图特征是睾丸大小形态常正常,病变多呈低回声,边界清楚,形态规整,CDFI显示病变内血流信号较少(8/11)或无血流信号(3/11).超声对阴囊肿块性质的诊断准确率88.2%(30/34),与手术和穿刺病理结果无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:彩色多普勒超声对阴囊肿块诊断与鉴别诊断有较高的临床应用价值.     

甲状腺肿瘤39例声像图与病理对照分析

目的　探讨甲状腺肿瘤的声像图特点 ,以提高超声对甲状腺肿瘤的诊断准确性。方法　对经病理证实的 9例甲状腺肿瘤的声像图进行回顾分析。结果　甲状腺腺瘤内部以混合回声为主 ,周边大都有声晕 ;甲状腺乳头癌以低回声为主 ,并伴不规则形态的液化、钙化 ,边界失落 ,后方常有衰减 ;良性肿块内部和恶性肿瘤一样 ,在彩色多普勒上也显示有丰富的血流信号 ,RI也可较低。结论　甲状腺肿瘤的声像图有其自身特征 ,通过对形态、边界、内部回声、后方回声、肿块血供等的分析对鉴别良、恶性肿块有重要意义     

Power Doppler sonography with and without echo-enhancing contrast agent and contrast-enhanced MRI for the evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis of the shoulder joint: differentiation between synovitis and joint effusion

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patients with clinically active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of the shoulder for joint effusion and synovitis using conventional sonography, power Doppler (PD) sonography with and without echo-enhancing contrast agent, and contrast-enhanced MRI. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Twenty-four patients (mean age 64 years) with known RA had one symptomatic shoulder evaluated by conventional gray-scale sonography and PD sonography before and after intravenous administration of the echo-enhancing contrast agent Levovist (300 mg/ml, 2.5 g). The degree and extent of the altered echo pattern in the subacromial bursa, axillary recess and glenohumeral joint seen by conventional gray-scale sonography and the intensity of vascular signals of PD sonography were compared with the findings of MRI obtained with T2-weighted turbo spin-echo sequences and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted fat-saturated spin-echo sequences. MRI was evaluated by two readers in consensus without knowledge of the sonographic findings. RESULTS: MRI, which was used as the reference examination, detected joint effusion in 71% (17/24) and synovitis in 92% (22/24) of the patients. Conventional sonography revealed an abnormal articular echo pattern in 96% (23/24) of the patients, especially in the axillary recess and subacromial bursa, but failed to attribute the altered echo pattern to either fluid or specific synovitis. PD sonography allowed a specific diagnosis of synovitis in 33% (8 patients), which increased to 50% (12 patients) after administration of an echo-enhancing contrast agent. In 42% (10/24) of the patients, the findings of synovitis demonstrated by MRI corresponded to an altered echo pattern by conventional sonography, but vascular signals were absent by PD sonography with or without echo-enhancing contrast agent. CONCLUSIONS: Using MRI as the "gold standard," PD sonography with and without echo-enhancing contrast agent cannot reliably identify synovitis or distinguish synovial inflammation from effusion in the shoulder joint.     

Percutaneous ablation therapy guided by contrast-enhanced sonography for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: The newly developed contrast-enhanced harmonic gray-scale sonography technique enables us to improve the real-time detectability of viable tumor tissue in hepatocellular carcinoma lesions. We evaluated the usefulness of real-time percutaneous ablation therapy under guidance with this method for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma that is not depicted on conventional sonography. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We examined 30 patients with 56 hepatocellular carcinomas using real-time contrast-enhanced harmonic gray-scale sonography after injection of a galactose-palmitic acid contrast agent and compared the results with the findings of contrast-enhanced helical CT. We performed percutaneous ablation therapy guided by this modality for treatment of viable hepatocellular carcinoma lesions that could not be detected using conventional sonography. RESULTS: High detection rates of viable hepatocellular carcinoma lesions were obtained using real-time contrast-enhanced harmonic gray-scale sonography (52/56 lesions, 93%); these rates were comparable to those of helical CT (54/56 lesions, 96%). Nine (90%) of the 10 lesions that were not detected on conventional sonography but were depicted on real-time contrast-enhanced harmonic gray-scale sonography (incomplete local treatment, n = 4; small new lesion, n = 6) were successfully treated with percutaneous ablation therapy guided by this method. CONCLUSION: Real-time contrast-enhanced harmonic gray-scale sonography improved the sensitivity for the detection of viable hepatocellular carcinoma lesions. Percutaneous ablation therapy guided by this modality may be useful in patients with hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma lesions that cannot be detected using conventional sonography.     

Sonographic characteristics of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma

Our purpose was to determine the characteristics findings of recurrent hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) on sonography. We reviewed sonographic findings of 85 recurrent tumors in 57 patients with prior partial hepatectomy for HCCs. Of 57 patients, 47 (82.5%) had localized recurrence; one or two tumors in a segment (44 patients) and a recurrent tumor near the resected hepatic stump (3 patients). Of 85 tumors, 58 (68.2%) were less than 2 cm, and 82 of 85 tumors (96.5%) were less than 4 cm. A total of 49 tumors (57.6%) were seen as hypoechoic, and 20 tumors (23.5%) as hyperechoic. Posterior echo enhancement was seen in 36 tumors (42.4%), hypoechoic halo in 24 tumors (28.2%), lateral shadow in 21 tumors (24.7%), and mosaic pattern in 6 tumors (7.1%). Recurrent HCC can be detected at an early stage by sonography. Hypoechoic pattern and posterior echo enhancement are commonly seen. These findings suggest recurrent HCCs. Correspondence to: T. Shibata     

不典型肝脓肿超声诊断的应用(附32例分析)

目的:探讨不典型肝脓肿的超声表现及超声诊断技术临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析32例不典型肝脓肿的超声表现,其中3例超声造影检查。全部病例经临床随访及穿刺活检后经病理证实。结果:不典型肝脓肿随病理过程的变化超声表现各不相同,可表现为实性低回声、等回声及偏高回声,与周围肝组织分界不清,内回声强弱不等,分布极不均匀,可见形态不规则的小片状液区。部分病灶内可见正常肝内门脉血管穿行。注射对比剂后整个过程病灶内部未见增强,均呈低回声,病灶边界较造影前清晰。结论:不典型肝脓肿声像图复杂多变,超声检查仍为可靠方法,超声造影更具诊断意义。     

经阴道三维超声结合透明成像诊断宫腔内疾患

目的：探讨经阴道三维超声与透明成像在诊断宫腔内疾患的临床价值。方法：对我院疑有宫腔内赘生物67例住院患者行经阴道超声检查,并取其三维及透明成像（三维血流成像）,并与病理诊断结果进行对照分析。结果：三维超声可更清晰显示黏膜下肌瘤周边的子宫内膜中断,透明成像对子宫黏膜下肌瘤周边环形血流比彩色多普勒血流显示更敏感,呈现一种特征性的＂火球＂样图像,与二维超声相比有极显著优势（P〈0.01）。三维超声可更清晰显示息肉的内部结构及内膜周边的完好连续性,透明成像显示其内血流信号不甚丰富。三维超声可更清晰显示早期内膜癌患者内膜边缘的状态及内部回声的变化,易于观察肌层侵润的深度,病变区丰富及走形紊乱的血流信号,较二维超声有显著优势（P〈0.05）。结论：经阴道彩色多普勒三维超声结合透明成像能更精确显示宫腔内疾患形态特征、团块与宫腔关系及其内部血流情况,较普通经阴道超声有明显优势,更利于早期诊断宫腔内疾患。     

Impact of the continuous infusion of Levovist on color Doppler sonography in portal hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to investigate to what extent continuous infusion of a galactose-based microbubble contrast agent (Levovist) allows evaluation of the portal vascular system in patients with portal hypertension and for whom baseline unenhanced color Doppler sonography was nondiagnostic. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed color Doppler sonography at baseline and during IV Levovist infusion (4 g, 300 mg/min). First, we measured the duration of portal vein visualization during Levovist infusion in 15 patients in whom unenhanced color Doppler sonography failed to show the portal confluence from a subcostal view. This duration of improved portal conspicuity was termed "diagnostic window." We then compared in 30 patients enhanced color Doppler sonographic findings with conventional imaging methods, including portography (n = 14), helical CT (n = 4), or gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography (n = 12), and we recorded the investigator's confidence in the color Doppler sonographic result before and after Levovist infusion. RESULTS: The diagnostic window achieved by the Levovist infusion was 13.6 +/- 0.9 min. At baseline, color Doppler sonography was nondiagnostic in 19 patients. The diagnostic confidence level was low in all the remaining 11 patients. During Levovist infusion, color Doppler sonography remained nondiagnostic only in two of 30 patients. The confidence level was low in five patients and high in 23 patients. In 26 of these 28 patients, echo-enhanced color Doppler sonographic findings were confirmed by reference methods. CONCLUSION: The continuous infusion of Levovist achieved a sufficient echo enhancement from the portal vascular bed and allowed a valid diagnostic color Doppler sonographic examination in portal hypertensive patients for whom color Doppler sonography would otherwise be nondiagnostic.     

彩色多普勒超声在剖宫产切口处妊娠诊治中的价值

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声在剖宫产术后子宫前壁峡部切口处早期妊娠(cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析12例CSP的超声声像图特征,包括病灶周边的血流分布、RI等。12例采用全身药物治疗后配合超声引导下绒毛植入区注射甲氨蝶呤(MTX)和米非司酮或从孕囊内抽吸囊液再注射MTX,其中4例在超声引导下行清宫术,治疗后对子宫前壁下段切口处的血流分布和RI等进行对比分析。结果:12例中,4例经超声引导下清宫后病理证实,8例经超声和临床明确诊断;9例超声显示为单纯孕囊型,3例为不均质团块型。12例治疗前后病灶长径、宽径差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05),子宫前壁下段肌层厚度增加(P0.000 1),病灶回声减低、周边及内部血流信号减少,RI升高(P0.000 1)。结论:超声是诊断CSP的首选方法,保守治疗者可在超声引导下局部注射MTX。超声同时可指导选择清宫治疗时机,评价治疗效果。     

130例乳腺癌彩超表现与病理相关性的研究

目的 探讨乳腺癌彩色多普勒超声与病理组织学分类的关系，并寻找其诊断要点。方法 应用高频彩色多普勒超声检查了130例乳腺癌共计136个肿块，根据其超声声像图表现从形态、边界、回声、钙化灶，与周围组织的关系、血流显像等要素对病灶的超声图像与病理结果进行回顾性分析。结果 130例乳腺癌中，超声诊断112例，误诊18例，超声与病理结果的符合率为86．15％。假阴性率13．85％。结论 对乳腺癌声像图的特征与病理检查结果对照分析有利于系统观察肿瘤组织学改变的多样性及复杂性，确诊要点以肿瘤的边界、回声特征最为关键。对恶性肿瘤滋养血管的血流特性，用彩色多普勒血流显像技术显示有助诊断。     

Diagnostic and therapeutic use of chest sonography: value in critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVE. Portable chest radiography, used for critically ill patients, often fails to depict thoracic disease clearly. Chest sonography allows good characterization of pleural diseases, mediastinal lesions, and pulmonary consolidations, and provides accurate and safe guidance for interventional procedures. Accordingly, we evaluated its usefulness in the diagnosis and management of critically ill patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Sonography was used prospectively to evaluate 41 critically ill patients, when portable chest radiographs were difficult to interpret and failed to explain the clinical findings. An initial diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical and radiologic information. The final diagnosis was confirmed by thoracentesis (n = 15), image-guided aspiration biopsy (n = 7), surgery (n = 3), and clinical follow-up (n = 16). All 41 sonographic examinations were performed by a sonographer who had no knowledge of the initial diagnosis. The sonographic findings were recorded and analyzed. The usefulness of sonography in diagnosis and management was then evaluated according to the following criteria: diagnostic value--(1) made diagnosis, (2) changed diagnosis, (3) additional information, (4) no benefit; and management aid--(1) affected decision, (2) affected decision and guided thoracentesis, (3) affected diagnosis and guided aspiration, (4) no benefit. RESULTS. Chest sonography was helpful in diagnosis in 27 (66%) of 41 patients and in treatment in 37 (90%) of 41 patients. A significant influence on treatment planning occurred in 17 (41%) of 41 patients. A diagnostic aspiration biopsy under sonographic detected sonographically. Thoracentesis were attempted in 25 of 29 patients with pleural effusion and were successful in 24 patients (96%); a minimal pneumothorax developed in one patient (4%). CONCLUSION. Chest sonography is a useful diagnostic tool for critically ill patients with chest diseases. This technique can be particularly helpful when CT is not available or when critically ill patients cannot be moved.     

Diagnosis of peritoneal mesothelioma: computed tomography, sonography, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy

The diagnosis of peritoneal mesothelioma was made prospectively and noninvasively in four patients with the use of sonography, computed tomography, and sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The imaging methods revealed information similar to the operative findings, with clear superiority of computed tomography over sonography. These noninvasive methods may be used as screening tools, especially among groups or in regional areas with a high risk for asbestos exposure. The findings included soft-tissue masses with invariable involvement of the omentum; small intraperitoneal nodules; thickened peritoneum, mesentery, and bowel wall; pleural plaques; and usually minimal, if any, ascites. Since the differential diagnosis from peritoneal carcinomatosis may be difficult, sonographically (or CT) guided aspiration biopsy is needed to produce diagnostic cytologic specimens. The use of this type of biopsy should obviate surgical exploration.