室内空气甲醛污染危害与控制

室内空气甲醛污染严重危害人体健康.通过合理装修或其他合适的控制措施减少甲醛污染对人体健康的危害,国内外已有大量报道.该文从甲醛在体内的代谢、毒理学效应(眼、呼吸系统、致敏、免疫系统、神经毒性、致癌、生殖毒性)、污染源控制、室内空气净化技术等方面就室内空气甲醛污染的危害和控制措施进行综述.     

室内空气污染与健康

大气、水和土壤污染对人体健康的危害已逐渐为人们所认识,但室内空气污染也不能忽视。室内空气污染的种类多,污染源更广泛,影响因素更复杂,对人体健康造成的危害往往比室外污染更严重。二十世纪以来,专家的注意力逐渐转移到室内空气污染对人体健康的影响上。室内空气质量研究     

室内装修中危险化学物的污染问题

随着我国经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,室内装修越来越盛行.由此带来的室内环境污染也已成为严重危害人体健康的新的环境问题.论述了室内空气污染的现状、主要污染物的来源和对人体健康的危害,并提出了一些防治室内空气污染的措施及建议.     

郴州市社区居民对室内空气污染健康危害的认知现状调查

目的了解郴州市社区居民对室内空气污染及其健康危害的认知情况,进而提高居民对室内空气污染的防范意识,以便大力开展有针对性的健康教育及采取有效的防制措施提供理论依据。方法随机抽取郴州市两个社区,采用便利抽样的方法拦住过往的社区居民填写统一的调查问卷进行调查。结果社区居民对室内空气污染的知晓率为88%,对家庭装修会导致室内空气污染的知晓率为96.5%,室内装修空气污染对人体健康有害的知晓率为96.5%,分别有2.8%、19%的居民认为装修后立即入住、1~3个月入住是安全的;对室内装修主要空气污染物的知晓率为77.4%,31.4%的居民不知道室内空气污染物会导致癌症。结论社区居民对室内空气污染及对人体有危害认识较高,但对室内空气污染造成的疾病及如何防范的知识缺乏,应大力加强室内空气污染相关知识及其健康危害知识的宣传。最大限度减少或避免室内空气污染对人体健康的危害。     

装饰材料对居室空气污染的调查

由于目前我国对装饰材料的卫生质量和要求还没有实行有效的监督与管理,导致某些装饰材料中的有害、有毒物质对室内空气污染而危害人体健康,已成为一个突出的公共卫生问题.但对其污染和危害程度在国内还缺乏研究[1,2].为了分析装饰材料中的主要污染物质其对室内空气的污染和危害程度,我们2010年起进行了调研.现将结果报道如下.     

室内空气污染与管理现状

许多专家已较早地认识到了大气污染对人体健康的危害。20世纪中期，逐渐认识到室内空气污染有时比室外更严重，室内空气中污染物的浓度均为室外的2～5倍，少数情况下可高达100多倍。因为室内空气污染的种类多、污染源更广泛，影响因素也很复杂，对人体健康造成的危害也是多方面的。近几年，室内空气污染问题已经成为许多国家极为关注的环境问题之一，     

室内空气污染与防治措施

随着生活水平的提高,房屋装修已成为人们生活中的重要一部分,室内装饰成为人们新的消费热点。室内环境污染问题也越来越显得突出。世界卫生组织在《2002年世界卫生报告》中阐述了室内空气污染与人们健康的关系。本文主要从室内空气污染物的种类和来源,对室内空气污染现状及对人体健康的危害和室内空气污染的防治措施进行了综述。     

室内挥发性有机物的来源及其健康效应

挥发性有机物 (VOCs)作为一大类空气污染物 ,是近几年来室内空气污染的热点问题 ,现代人一天之中有 90 %的时间在室内度过 ,所以VOCs对人体健康有着极大的危害 ,本文主要综述了VOCs的来源、种类及其对人体健康的影响。     

新建未装修楼房室内TVOC的调查

世界卫生组织在《2002年世界卫生报告》中将室内空气污染列为影响公众健康的世界十大危害之一[1].TVOC(总挥发性有机物)是室内空气污染的重要因素.长期吸入TVOC会影响人体健康,引起机体免疫水平失调,影响中枢神经系统功能和消化系统,严重时可损伤肝脏和造血系统,使人体出现变态反应等[2].     

室内空气污染对人体健康危害及防治研究综述

室内污染的空气中可检出300多种污染物,室内有害气体浓度可高出室外数十倍,人体所患疾病中68％与室内空气污染有关。“室内”主要指住宅居室内部环境,但从广义上已经包括了室内办公场所和各种室内公共场所,人一生中有2／3以上的时间是在室内度过,室内空气质量的好坏,直接影响人体的健康。开展对室内空气污染问题的研究,普遍受到人们的重视。现将近年来国内外关于装修装饰后室内空气污染、居室尘螨、大气细颗粒物（PM2.5）等对人体健康危害及防治的研究综述如下。     

室内氡的危害研究进展

阐述了人类赖以生存的环境中氡的来源、性质、进入人体的途径及致病机制和主要危害。同时介绍了世界各国在氡研究领域中的现状和最新进展情况。资料表明：随着经济的发展，住宅的条件逐步得到改善，特别是家庭空调的使用，以及不适当建筑材料或装饰材料的使用，已经使室内氡的问题成为人人都要面临的普遍性问题。介绍了过去10年各国对氡的研究情况，包括室内空气中氡的浓度，它给人们带来的内照射剂量，以及为减少氡所带来的危害要采取的补救措施和降低室内氡的主要技术方法。     

Indoor air pollution from biomass fuels: a major health hazard in developing countries

Background

Nearly 3 billion people live without electricity today. This energy poverty means that they have to resort to biomass fuels for their household energy needs. When burned, these fuels release a mixture of toxic chemicals in their smoke, which is often over twenty times greater than World Health Organization (WHO) and Environmental Protection Agency recommended guideline limits.

Aim

This review details factors that contribute to indoor air pollution, its effects on health, and discusses corrective measures to consider when planning intervention strategies to stem the high morbidity and mortality trend.

Methods

The term developing countries is defined using the 2008 United Nations Conferences on Trade and Development Handbook. PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases from 1990 to 2011 were searched using the key terms: indoor air pollution, biomass fuel, particulate matter, health risks, and developing countries. Bibliographies of all relevant articles were also screened to find further eligible articles. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed articles and technical reports from global health organizations such as the WHO and United Nations Development Program. Exclusion criteria were articles focused on modern energy, developed countries, and non-English publications.

Results

The review discusses the extent of indoor air pollution related to use of biomass for cooking and assesses its impact on various health and social problems, including lung diseases, adverse pregnancy outcomes and human development, especially in vulnerable populations. It also offers strategies to mitigate problems related to indoor air pollution.

Conclusions

Biomass fuel is a major cause of indoor air pollution and is a significant health hazard in developing countries. A thorough understanding of the connection between choice of fuel for household needs and health impact of long-term exposure to pollutants from smoke generated during use of biomass for cooking is required so that appropriate intervention strategies and policies can be established to protect vulnerable populations.     

Household air pollution from coal and biomass fuels in China: measurements, health impacts, and interventions

OBJECTIVE: Nearly all China's rural residents and a shrinking fraction of urban residents use solid fuels (biomass and coal) for household cooking and/or heating. Consequently, global meta-analyses of epidemiologic studies indicate that indoor air pollution from solid fuel use in China is responsible for approximately 420,000 premature deaths annually, more than the approximately 300,000 attributed to urban outdoor air pollution in the country. Our objective in this review was to help elucidate the extent of this indoor air pollution health hazard. DATA SOURCES: We reviewed approximately 200 publications in both Chinese- and English-language journals that reported health effects, exposure characteristics, and fuel/stove intervention options. CONCLUSIONS: Observed health effects include respiratory illnesses, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, weakening of the immune system, and reduction in lung function. Arsenic poisoning and fluorosis resulting from the use of "poisonous" coal have been observed in certain regions of China. Although attempts have been made in a few studies to identify specific coal smoke constituents responsible for specific adverse health effects, the majority of indoor air measurements include those of only particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and/or nitrogen dioxide. These measurements indicate that pollution levels in households using solid fuel generally exceed China's indoor air quality standards. Intervention technologies ranging from simply adding a chimney to the more complex modernized bioenergy program are available, but they can be viable only with coordinated support from the government and the commercial sector.     

大气污染暴露对肝功能指标影响的流行病学研究进展

随着全球环境污染问题日趋严峻,大气污染对健康的影响已受到广泛关注。越来越多的证据表明,大气污染物可能通过直接或间接作用影响肝脏功能,改变肝功能指标水平。流行病学研究是评价大气污染健康效应的重要方法。目前国内外已逐渐开展大气污染暴露对肝功能指标影响的流行病学研究,但不同研究的结论不一致。本文从长期暴露和短期暴露两方面综述了大气污染对肝功能指标影响的流行病学研究进展,并指出现有研究存在的不足,为今后开展此类研究提供建议。     

南宁市新装修居室空气污染状况及其对人群健康的影响

目的了解南宁市新装修居室空气污染状况及其对人体健康的影响。方法按照GB/T18883—2002《室内空气质量标准》对南宁市2002—2006年130户新装修居室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和放射性水平进行检测;对25户室内空气中甲醛浓度超标的居室进行跟踪检测,并对居民健康状况进行问卷调查。结果130户新装修居室空气样本甲醛浓度合格率为25.6%,氨浓度合格率为27.1%,平均浓度超标倍数分别为3.88倍和1.35倍;而放射性水平及苯、甲苯、二甲苯浓度合格率分别为99.6%,97.6%,89.5%,91.9%。25户室内空气甲醛浓度超标居室入住6～12个月后空气甲醛浓度低于人住时(P<0.01)。健康状况问卷调查结果显示,居民入住时均有不同程度的不良反应出现,其中以咽喉疼痛的发生率最高,达92%。结论甲醛和氨是南宁市新装修居室环境中最主要的污染物,新装修居室空气污染已对人体健康产生一定程度的影响。     

装修后居室空气中甲醛和总挥发性有机物污染现状

目的了解目前室内装修后空气中挥发性有机物（TVOC）污染水平、特征、原因和所致健康效应。方法于2003年6-9月在上海市徐汇区选取23户新装修居民住宅,分为有家具和无家具2组,另外选9户为对照组,进行室内空气中甲醛和TVOC浓度监测,同时进行居民主观症状问卷调查。结果新装修后有家具住宅空气中甲醛超标率为47．1％,最大超标5．56倍;TVOC超标率为76．5％,最大超标4．03倍;新装修后无家具住宅空气中甲醛无超标,TVOC超标率为100％。装修后空气中甲醛和TVOC浓度均以储藏室最高,其中甲醛浓度分别是客厅和卧室的7．2倍和3．6倍。装修后3个月后甲醛和TVOC浓度都大大降低,其中TVOC超标率从最初的76％下降到0％。主观症状中仅异嗅发生率差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论本研究发现目前装修所致TVOC污染水平有所下降,但装修后室内甲醛污染仍比较严重和普遍,污染原因主要在于不合格板材的使用。居民在入住新装修住房后眼睛和上呼吸道刺激症状发生率增加。     

Indoor air pollution in rural China: cooking fuels, stoves, and health status

Solid fuels are a major source of indoor air pollution, but in less developed countries the short-term health effects of indoor air pollution are poorly understood. The authors conducted a large cross-sectional study of rural Chinese households to determine associations between individual health status and domestic cooking as a source of indoor air pollution. The study included measures of health status as well as measures of indoor air-pollution sources, such as solid cooking fuels and cooking stoves. Compared with other fuel types, coal was associated with a lower health status, including negative impacts on exhaled carbon monoxide level, forced vital capacity, lifetime prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, and health care utilization. Decreasing household coal use, increasing use of improved stove technology, and increasing kitchen ventilation may decrease the short-term health effects of indoor air pollution.     

办公室装修后的空气污染及其健康危害

目的 调查办公室装修后的空气污染及其健康危害.方法 于2005年5-9月选择装修竣工时间在<2个月、2个月～、5个月～、9个月～、12～18个月、＞5 a的办公室共200间(≤18个月为装修组,＞5 a为对照组),测定室内空气中甲醛、苯、氨、氡浓度,并对符合条件的617名工作人员(装修组478人,对照组139人)进行健康效应问卷调查.结果 装修后2个月内甲醛、氨、苯的超标率最高,分别为100%,87.3%,83.9%.随着装修竣工时间的延长,甲醛、氨、苯的浓度随装修后竣工时间的延长而下降,约在竣工1 a后达到GB/T18883-2002<室内空气质量标准>的要求.办公室装修后工作人员不良反应发生率(76.4%)明显高于对照组(30.9%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),装修组眼刺激、流泪、咽刺激、鼻刺激、嗅味异常、咳嗽、哮喘、皮肤干燥、头痛、四肢红斑疼痛症状均重于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).工作人员不良反应评分与空气中甲醛、氨、苯的浓度均呈正相关,与装修完工时间呈负相关(P＜0.01).结论 办公室装修后对工作人员健康可造成一定损害,且损害程度与办公室内甲醛、氨和苯污染物浓度呈正相关,与装修完工时间呈负相关.     

室内空气污染与人体健康关系研究进展

该文对近20年来室内空气污染与人体健康关系研究领域的进展进行了评述,着重讨论了环境污染危险度评价方法的研究,室内空气污染所致的重大健康影响,室内空气污染所致的轻微、有限的健康影响以及其他需要重点关注的问题。