普罗布考自微乳化释药系统大鼠体内药动学研究

目的:考察普罗布考(Probucol,PB)自微乳化释药系统(Probucol self-microemulsifying drug delivery system,PB-SMEDDS) 在大鼠体内的药动学.方法:以大鼠为模型动物,PB混悬液为参比,按自身对照单剂量双周期交叉给药方案,对PB-SMEDDS进行药动学研究.采用高效液相色谱法检测血药浓度,3P97药动学软件处理数据.结果:PB-SMEDDS属于双隔室模型(权重系数为1/C2),Cmax为6.72μg/ml,tmax为8.58 h,AUC0~96h为253.98(μg·h)/ml,AUC0~96h为PB混悬液的19.08倍.结论:PB-SMEDDS可显著提高PB的口服生物利用度.     

美斯地浓磷脂复合物大鼠体内药代动力学研究

【摘要】 目的 研究美斯地浓磷脂复合物在大鼠体内药代动力学特征。 方法 健康SD雄性大鼠12只,分为2组,采用双周期交叉随机实验,分别灌胃给予美斯地浓磷脂复合物混悬液（含美斯地浓 1.5 mg/kg)和美斯地浓原料药（含美斯地浓1.5 mg/kg）,于不同时间点眼底静脉丛取血,采用高效液相色谱法测定各时间点血药浓度。采用DAS 2.1.1药动学程序对有关参数进行分析。 结果 美斯地浓磷脂复合物的药代动力学参数为:达峰时间(Tmax) 2 h,峰浓度(Cmax) 22.79 μg/mL, 药时曲线下面积(AUC0-∞) 7128.21 μg·min/mL,而美斯地浓原料药为:Tmax 2 h, Cmax 6.00 μg/mL, AUC0-∞ 1772.36 μg·min/mL,美斯地浓磷脂复合物相对生物利用度是原料药的410.98%。 结论 美斯地浓磷脂化后能明显提高其口服生物利用度。     

布洛芬缓释胶囊的药代动力学研究

目的　研究布洛芬缓释胶囊单剂量及多剂量给药的药代动力学。方法　用HPLC法测定 1 0名受试者口服 60 0mg布洛芬缓释胶囊后的血药浓度 ,经 3P87药动学计算程序处理 ,得药动学参数。结果　单剂量口服后的Cmax为 (2 7.0 5± 4 .94) μg/ml、Tmax为 (4.4± 0 .70 )h、AUC为 (1 70 .51± 35 .89)h·μg/ml。多剂量口服后的Cmax为 (30 .66± 4 .67) μg/ml、Tmax为 (3 .7± 0 .67)h、AUC为 (1 76 .0 8± 1 8.88)h·μg/ml。波动系数为 1 .49。 结论　布洛芬缓释胶囊具有缓释效果     

紫外-可见分光光度法测定利福平栓剂在家兔体内的血药浓度

[目的]测定自制的利福平栓剂在家兔体中的血药浓度.[方法]采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定自制的利福平栓剂和混悬液分别直肠和口服给药相同剂量后在家兔体中的血药浓度,用3P97程序处理求利福平的主要药动学参数.[结果]利福平浓度在1.0～25.0 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9996),其平均回收率为100.30%(RSD=0.29%).直肠给药的主要药动学参数为Cmax=(11.19±1.82)μg/mL,Tmax=(1.17±0.78)h;口服给药的主要药动学参数为Cmax=(10.34±1.85)μg/mL,Tmax=(2.33±0.82)h.[结论]该方法简单、快速,两种制剂中栓剂更快达到最大血药浓度.     

头孢拉定对黄芩苷大鼠体内药动学的影响

目的研究头孢拉定对黄芩苷在大鼠体内药动学的影响。方法用HPLC-ECD方法测定头孢拉定和黄芩苷合并给药组与黄芩苷单独给药组黄芩苷在大鼠体内的血药浓度,比较两者的药动学参数。结果头孢拉定和黄芩苷合并给药组黄芩苷Cmax为(782.63±469.37)ng/mL,AUC0~24h为(8407.86±3476.14)ng/mL·h;黄芩苷单独给药组黄芩苷Cmax为(2645.62±601.42)ng/mL,AUC0~24h为(28952.90±5731.42)ng/mL·h。结论两者药动学参数存在显著性差异(P<0.05),口服头孢拉定严重降低了黄芩苷的血药浓度。提示临床应合理用药。     

阿片类拮抗药纳美芬注射剂的单剂量和多剂量Ⅰ期临床药代动力学研究

目的 考察静脉推注盐酸纳美芬注射液后在健康人体内的药动学过程.方法 12名健康受试者随机交叉单剂量静脉推注给药2 mg后,分别于给药前和给药后5 min,0.25,0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,3,4,6,8,12,24,36和48 h采集血样,单剂量试验结束后进人多剂量试验.8名受试者静脉推注给药2mg,连续给药6d,并于给药后的第4,5,6天早上给药前采静脉血,于第6天给药后按设定时间点采集血样,用高效液相色谱-质谱法测定血浆中纳美芬的浓度,并采用PKS药动学程序对试验数据进行处理,求算有关药动学参数.结果 单剂量静脉推注盐酸纳美芬注射液2 mg后,其药-时曲线经拟合符合二室模型,12名健康受试者单剂量给药后其主要药动学参数Cmax,Tmax,T1/2,AUC0-48,AUC0-∞分别为(7.34±1.56)μg·L-1,0.08 h,(12.01±2.20)h,(30.29±9.84)μg·L-1·h,(32.23±9.94)μg·L-1·h,多次静脉推注2 mg后的主要药动学参数Cmax,Tmax,T1/2,AUC0-48,AUC0-∞分别(8.04±1.09)μg·L-1、0.08 h、(12.43±1.44)h、(33.64±9.15)μg·L-1·h和(35.98±9.23)μg·L-1·h,血药浓度波动系数、AUCss和Cav分别为(4.69±1.29)、(19.64±6.20)μg·L-1·h和(1.64±0.52)μg·L-1.结论 盐酸纳美芬注射液单剂量静脉推注2 mg和多次给药2 mg后人体内的药动学行为与国外文献报道基本一致.在连续多次给药时,并未出现蓄积现象,血药浓度第6天达稳态.     

紫花地丁中芹菜素在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的：建立 HPLC 法测定大鼠血浆中芹菜素的浓度,研究紫花地丁中芹菜素在大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法以乙腈：0.2%磷酸水溶液（65：35）为流动相,血浆样品经乙酸乙酯萃取后,采用 HPLC 法测定芹菜素的血药浓度,检测波长340nm。采用 DAS3.0软件计算主要药动学参数。结果芹菜素在0.03～9.00μg/ mL 范围内线性关系良好（r =0.9992）,方法回收率为（97.36%～101.69%）,日内和日间 RSD 均〈13%。主要药动学参数 Cmax为（220.59±58.65）μg/ mL,t 1/2为（6.785±2.833）h,AUC （0-18）为（11.42±3.587）μg/（mL·h）,AUC （0-∞）为（22.84±6.572）μg/（mL·h）。结论芹菜素在大鼠体内过程符合一室模型,其药动学研究结果为紫花地丁进一步体内研究奠定了良好基础。     

2,3-吲哚醌在大鼠体内的药代动力学研究

目的考察单次静脉注射和口服给予大鼠2,3-吲哚醌后的药代动力学,为该药的新药开发提供依据。方法大鼠给药后经眼眶静脉采大约0.25 ml血液,采集时间点为：给予受试物前（0hr）和给予受试物后5 min,15min,30 min,1 h,2 h,4 h,6 h,8 h和24 h。血液样本采集后置于冰上,并立即取出50μl全血采用甲醇蛋白沉淀进行预处理,奎硫平作为内标。预处理后样品采用LC/MS/MS法进行测定,并用药动学处理软件WinNonlin 5.2采用非房室模型计算相关药代动力学参数。结果 Sprague Dawley大鼠静脉注射和口服两种制剂的药动学参数（平均值±标准偏差）如下。静脉注射：Tmax为0.83±0.29 hr,Cmax为141.53±10.99μg/L,T1/2为1.68±0.84 hr,AUC0-t为1068.15±389.06μg.hr/L,AUC0-∞为1211.19±469.18μg.hr/L,Vz为4.13±1.41 L/kg,CLz为1.89±0.94 L/hr/kg;口服：Tmax为0.05±0.00 hr,Cmax为1725.53±469.70 ng/ml,t 1/2为4.21±2.78 hr,AUC0-t为7711.21±2533.12μg.hr/L,AUC0-∞为7986.07±2623.38μg.hr/L,以AUC0-t计算,生物利用度平均为57.75±18.97%。结论 2,3-吲哚醌大鼠体内消除较快,可能存在非线性消除,口服吸收较好。     

板蓝根总生物碱中表告依春在发热大鼠体内的药动学-药效学结合模型研究

目的应用药动学与药效学结合模型,研究板蓝根总生物碱中主要成分表告依春在酵母致热大鼠体内的药动学和药效学之间的关系。方法给大鼠ig板蓝根总生物碱,不同时间取血并对体温进行观察,采用高效液相法测定血浆中表告依春的浓度,用一房室模型计算药动学参数,采用3种药动学与药效学拟合模型,分别对药效学参数进行拟合。结果表告依春在正常大鼠和发热大鼠体内的主要药动学参数t1/2、Cmax、AUC分别为:(4.94±0.84)h、(4.01±0.21)μg/mL、(28.37±2.42)μg.h/mL和(5.71±0.91)h、(4.15±0.25)μg/mL、(30.35±2.58)μg.h/mL。药理效应与效应室浓度之间的关系用间接反应中的药效产生抑制模型拟合较好,相应的药效学参数分别为Kin为(0.70±0.10)h-1,Kout为(0.54±0.12)h-1,R0为1.33±0.16,IC50为(0.94±0.66)mg/L。结论板蓝根总生物碱中表告依春在正常大鼠和发热大鼠体内的药动学行为无明显差异,表告依春在发热大鼠体内药动学与药效学间符合间接反应中的药效产生抑制模型。     

葛根芩连汤配伍黄芩苷在犬体内药动学研究

目的测定葛根芩连汤剂和黄芩单煎剂灌胃后犬血中黄芩苷的含量,分析配伍对其体内过程的影响。方法采用高效液相色谱法,测定不同时间点犬血浆黄芩苷的含量,WinNonlin软件计算药动学参数。结果葛根芩连汤全方及黄芩单煎剂中黄芩苷在犬体内过程均符合一室模型,主要药动学参数分别为:AUC(单)=(18.44±0.53)h·μg/ml,AUC(全)=(17.25±0.13)h·μg/ml,Tmax(单)=(8.92±0.02)h,Tmax(全)=(8.95±0.36)h,Cmax(单)=(1.01±0.03)μg/ml,Cmax(全)=(1.02±0.01)μg/ml。CL(单)=(130.47±2.5)L/h,CL(全)=(93.97±0.96)L/h。结论葛根芩连汤配伍后黄芩苷入血的Cmax、t1/2(K01)及t1/2(K10)没有明显变化,而AUC降低、清除速率减慢。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.