依托咪酯对成年大鼠视神经切断后视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

目的:观察依托咪酯(ET)对成年大鼠视神经切断后视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)存活的作用.方法:成年雌性SD大鼠42只,眶内距视神经根部1mm处切断左侧视神经,残端留置浸有荧光金(50g/L)的明胶海绵逆行标记RGC.术后大鼠随机分为ET(4mg/kg,ip,1次/d)治疗组、1,2-丙二醇(PG)溶剂对照组、生理盐水对照组和正常对照组.再根据术后不同存活时间将前3组动物分为7d和14d两个亚组,正常对照组动物则存活2d.于相应存活时间点处死动物,取出各组大鼠左侧视网膜平铺后计数存活RGC并得出RGC的平均密度.结果:术后7dET治疗组存活RGC平均密度为1 307±55/mm2,显著高于PG对照组(1 128±75/mm2)和生理盐水对照组(1 068±75/mm2,P＜0.001).然而,未能在术后14d观察到ET的这种保护作用,因为ET治疗组存活RGC平均密度(210±36/mm2)与PG对照组(215±20/mm2)和生理盐水对照(208±19/mm2)间无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论:ET在视神经切断后一定时期内对RGC具有神经保护作用.     

地西泮对大鼠视神经切断后视网膜神经节细胞保护作用的研究

目的 探讨地西泮对成年大鼠视神经切断后视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGC)的保护作用及机制.方法 取雌性SD大鼠36只,随机平均分为2组,麻醉后于眶内距视神经根部1.5 mm处切断左侧视神经,眶侧残端留置浸有荧光金的明胶海绵以逆行标记RGC.术前30 min及术后每天腹腔注射地西泮(地西泮组)和生理盐水(对照组),分别手术后2 d、7 d及14 d各处死6只大鼠.根据上述实验结果,将另外24只大鼠平均随机分为2组,每天腹腔注射γ-氨基丁酸A型(GABAA)受体阻断剂荷苞牡丹碱(荷苞牡丹碱组)和荷苞牡丹碱+地西泮(联合应用组)以探讨地西泮的神经保护机制,2组在动物存活2 d及7 d后分别处死6只大鼠.动物处死后视网膜平铺,计数每只动物荧光金标记的存活RGC并得出存活RGC的平均密度.比较各组RGC密度.结果 地西泮组视神经切断后7 d RGC平均密度(1 730±75)mm-2显著高于同一时间点对照组RGC密度(1 095±94)mm-2.在此时间点,联合应用组RGC密度(1 120±63)mm-2明显低于地西泮组,而荷苞牡丹碱组与对照组RGC密度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),说明地西泮对RGC的保护作用可被荷苞牡丹碱拮抗.结论 地西泮可通过激活GABAA受体的途径在大鼠视神经切断后7 d促进RGC的存活.     

雪旺细胞源营养神经活性物质对大鼠视网膜节细胞损伤的作用

目的 观察雪旺细胞(Schwann cells,SC)源营养神经活性物质 (SC derived neurotrophic activity,SCNA)对Sprague-Dawly(SD)大鼠视神经损伤后视网膜节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGC)存活的影响。 方法 体外培养日龄3～5 d SD乳鼠SC,收集无血清条件培养液,经超滤浓缩后制成冻干粉。SD大鼠分为正常对照组,视神经夹伤对照组,视神经夹伤溶剂对照组,视神经夹伤SCNA 治疗组,每组20只眼。荧光金逆行标记RGC后7 d,除正常对照组外均行球后视神经夹伤,SCNA治疗组将100 ng SCNA注入大鼠玻璃体腔内。分别于视神经夹伤后第5、7、14、21、28 d 将动物灌注固定,做全视网膜铺片,行RGC计数。 结果 视神经夹伤后第7 d RGC开始减少,14 d时降至正常对照的70.2%,28 d时降至40.5%。SCNA治疗组7 d时RGC数开始减少,但14、21、28 d RGC数均明显多于视神经夹伤对照组及视神经夹伤溶剂对照组(P＜0.01)。 结论 在视神经夹伤后眼内注射SCNA能减少RGC的死亡对RGC损伤有保护作用。（中华眼底病杂志,2000,16：1-70）     

地塞米松对兔视神经钳夹伤后视网膜神经节细胞存活及Nogo-A表达的影响

目的观察地塞米松对家兔视神经钳夹伤后视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cell,RGC)存活的影响及损伤视神经、视网膜Nogo-A表达的变化。方法采用兔球后视神经钳夹伤模型,健康成年家兔分为正常对照组、损伤组、治疗组。分别于损伤后3d、7d、14d处死动物,观察单位面积RGC存活数量及损伤后Nogo-A在视神经、视网膜的表达变化。结果视神经损伤后,治疗组RGC的存活数高于损伤组及对照组(P<0.01)。对照组、损伤组损伤后3d、7d、14d视神经、视网膜Nogo-A表达增强,至损伤后7d达高峰;治疗组视神经、视网膜表达亦增强,各时间点均弱于损伤组、对照组,差异有显著统计学意义(P<0·01)。结论视神经损伤后,地塞米松能够增加RGC的存活数量,能够下调No-go-A的表达,这可能是地塞米松治疗作用机制之一。     

视神经切断激活小胶质细胞后血-视网膜屏障的功能状态

目的观察视神经切断激活视网膜小胶质细胞后血-视网膜屏障(BRB)的功能状态。方法自眶内切断18只成年大鼠左侧视神经，12只近侧断端留置浸有50g／L荧光金的明胶海绵，分别于术后7d或14d(每时间点各6只)处死动物，取左眼视网膜后固定，荧光显微镜下观察小胶质细胞的反应。另外6只存活7d或14d(每时间点各3只)后，股静脉注射30g/L伊文思蓝。2h后，以温生理盐水灌注动物，立即摘除双侧眼球，行冰冻切片，荧光显微镜下观察；右眼球为内对照。结果视神经切断后视网膜节细胞层活化的小胶质细胞随时间逐渐增多，部分小胶质细胞位于视神经层。术后7d和14d均未发现伊文思蓝渗漏至手术侧视网膜。结论视神经切断后视网膜内增多的活化小胶质细胞尚不足以破坏BRB，BRB的功能性完整得以维持。     

蛇毒神经生长因子对鼠视网膜神经节细胞GAP-43表达的影响

目的通过对视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cell,RGC)生长相关蛋白-43(growth associated protein-43,GAP-43)的研究,观察蛇毒神经生长因子(venom nerve growthfactor,vNGF)在鼠视神经横断伤后对RGC的保护作用。方法将24只SD大鼠随机平均分为实验对照组、实验治疗组。各组右眼制作视神经横断伤模型,实验治疗组向玻璃体腔内注入0.8 g.L-1vNGF 0.025 mL,实验对照组向玻璃体腔内注入0.025 mL平衡盐液。左眼未做任何处理,作为正常对照组。于损伤后7 d、14 d取材,应用病理图像分析计数RGC及观察大鼠视网膜神经纤维层厚度变化,进行GAP-43免疫组织化学染色分析。结果光镜下,伤后7~14 d,实验治疗组大鼠RGC数目明显高于实验对照组,有非常显著性统计学差异(P<0.01),2组均比正常对照组RGC数目下降,有非常显著性统计学差异(P<0.01)。免疫组织化学结果:实验治疗组7 d时GAP-43表达明显,14 d时稍减弱;实验对照组7 d时有GAP-43表达,但较实验治疗组弱,到14 d时表达明显减弱。结论在视神经横断伤后,vNGF能增加并延长GAP-43的表达强度,提高RGC的存活数量,对RGC有明显的保护作用。     

银杏叶制剂EGb 761对外伤后视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

目的 探讨银杏叶提取物制剂EGb 761对大鼠视神经损伤后视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)存活的影响.方法 大鼠48只经荧光金逆行标记后制备视神经损伤的动物模型,随机分为治疗组和对照组,两组分别给予EGb 761 150 mg/kg·d和生理盐水灌胃.在视神经损伤后4d、7d及14d观察视网膜铺片,进行RGC计数.结果 大鼠视神经损伤后4d、7d及14d,RGC数量持续减少,但治疗组均高于对照组,各时间点的差异均有统计学意义(依次为P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.01).结论 EGb761可促进视神经损伤后RGC的存活,对RGC有保护作用.     

脑源性神经营养因子对大鼠视网膜节细胞损伤的保护作用

目的：观察脑源性神经营养因子（brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)对Sprague-Dawly(SD)大鼠视神经损伤后视网膜节细胞（retinal ganglin cells,RGC)存活的作用。方法：将SD大鼠分为正常对照组,夹伤对照组,溶剂对照组,BDNF治疗组4组,每组20只眼。荧光金逆行标记RGC后7天,除正常组外行球后视神经夹伤,将100ng BDNF注入BDNF治疗组大鼠玻璃体腔内,分别于5,7,14,21,28天行RGC计数。结果：视神经夹伤后第7天RGC开始减少,14天时降至正常对照的70．2％,28天时降至40．5％。与正常组相比BDNF治疗组14天时RGC数开始减少,但7、14、21、28天RGC数均明显多于夹伤组（P＜0．01）。结论：在视神经夹伤后眼内注射BDNF能减少RGC的死亡,对RGC损伤有保护作用。     

CNTF和Ad-BDNF对视神经夹伤后视网膜神经节细胞存活的影响

目的:观察大鼠视神经夹伤后玻璃体腔内注射睫状神经营养因子(CNTF)和腺病毒介导脑源性神经营养因子(Ad-BDNF)对视神经损伤后视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)存活的影响。方法:制作大鼠视神经定量夹伤模型,玻璃体腔内注射CNTF和Ad-BDNF,经上丘荧光金(FG)逆行标记RGC,计数视网膜铺片上的RGC并行统计学分析。结果:正常SD大鼠视网膜上RGC密度为2155±265个/mm2(n=12),视神经夹伤后RGC在1~2wk内下降速率最快,到3,4wk时RGC细胞数量虽仍有减少但下降速度已经明显减慢。CNTF组在视神经夹伤后1wk时视网膜RGC数显著高于对照组,但2~4wk的结果和对照组比较差异不明显。Ad-BDNF组视神经夹伤后1~4wk视网膜RGC数均显著高于对照组。结论:CNTF治疗组玻璃体腔内一次性注射CNTF可以在损伤早期2wk内为损伤的RGC提供神经营养因子,减少RGC的早期死亡。Ad-BDNF治疗组的这种保护作用可以持续到损伤后4wk,能够为RGC提供长时间地营养支持,但这种作用比较局限,可能与单一营养因子作用有关。     

视神经挫伤后视网膜形态学和Bcl-2/Bax表达

目的 研究大鼠视神经夹挫伤后视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）形态学改变及Bcl-2／Bax蛋白表达的变化，为了解视神经损伤的病理机制提供一定的依据。方法 建立大鼠视神经夹挫伤动物模型，伤后1d、3d、5d、7d、9d、2周、4周处死，HE染色观察RGC的动态变化，免疫组化方法检测RGC表达Bcl-2及Bax的水平。结果 视神经伤后RGC数目严重下降，2周内RGC快速减少，2周以后缓慢减少；伤后Bcl-2及Bax表达随时间而有不同程度的增加，Bax对损伤的反应较Bcl-2稍晚，两者表达均呈现先升后降的趋势，并维持一定的时间。Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达比与RGC存活数目有一定的相关性。结论 视神经损伤后RGC数目减少是其视功能下降的病理基础之一，Bcl-2和Bax在RGC死亡机制中起重要作用，Bcl-2／Bax比率与RGC的减少呈一定的相关性。     

Neuroprotective effect of inosine on axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult rats

PURPOSE: To explore the potential survival-promoting effect of inosine on axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of adult rats in vivo. METHODS: The left optic nerves (ON) in the subject rats were transected at 1.5 mm from the optic disc. Repeated intraperitoneal injections or single intraocular injection of inosine were administered. The RGCs were retrogradely labeled with a gold fluorescent dye and the density of surviving RGCs in number per square millimeter of retina was calculated in wholemounted retinas. The functional integrity of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) after ON transection was evaluated with an intravenous injection of Evans blue. RESULTS: In control animals, the mean density of surviving RGCs (number per square millimeter) of the whole retina was 2007 +/- 68 at 2 days (taken as the normal value), 927 +/- 156 at 7 days, and 384 +/- 33 at 14 days after surgery. Repeated intraperitoneal injections (75 mg/kg for each injection) of inosine significantly enhanced RGC survival at 14 days after ON transection (500 +/- 38), whereas no significant difference in the densities was detected at 7 days (974 +/- 101), even when the dosage of inosine was doubled (1039 +/- 61). At this time point, however, a single intraocular injection of inosine significantly increased the density of surviving RGCs (1184 +/- 156). Moreover, more RGCs around the optic disc were rescued when inosine, administered either intraperitoneally or intraocularly, showed a beneficial effect on RGC survival. No breakdown of the BRB after ON transection was detected with the method used in the study. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that inosine could protect axotomized RGCs in vivo after ON transection.     

Effect of glatiramer acetate on primary and secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in the rat

PURPOSE: After crush injury to the optic nerve, elevated intraocular pressure, and glutamate toxicity, the immune modulator glatiramer acetate (GA, Cop-1; Copaxone; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Pitach Tikva, Israel) has been shown to reduce the delayed cell death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). This study was undertaken to confirm the protective effect of GA on secondary degeneration of RGCs in the rat, by using a spatial, rather than temporal, model. METHODS: A total of 131 Wistar rats divided into 10 groups underwent bilateral stereotactic injection of fluorescent tracer (Fluorogold; Fluorochrome, Denver, CO) into the superior colliculus to label RGCs. They received a concurrent subcutaneously injection of (1) GA mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), (2) CFA alone, or (3) saline. One week later, the superior one third of the left optic nerve was transected in animals in the six partial transection groups. Optic nerves in four additional groups underwent full transection. Rats were killed and retinas harvested from both eyes 1 or 4 weeks after partial transection and 1 or 2 weeks after full transection. RGC densities were calculated from retinal wholemounts, and differences between right (control) and left (transected) eyes were compared across treatment groups. RESULTS: Among the partial transection groups, differences in the mean percentage of RGC loss in the inferior retinas were not significant at 1 or 4 weeks (ANOVA; P = 0.20, P = 0.12, respectively). After full transection, there was significantly more RGC loss in the GA group than in the CFA group when comparing whole retinas at 1 week, but not at 2 weeks (two-tailed t-test; P = 0.04, P = 0.36, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence that GA has a neuroprotective effect after optic nerve transection, either for primarily injured or secondarily involved RGC.     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对大鼠视神经钳夹伤后视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

　　目的　观察绿茶提取物表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)对大鼠视神经钳夹伤视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）是否具有保护作用。方法　72只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组（A组）、假手术+EGCG组（B组）、视神经钳夹+生理盐水组（C组）、视神经钳夹+EGCG组（D组）等4组,每组各18只。B、D组在视神经钳夹或假手术前2 d起给予腹腔注射EGCG  25 mg/（kg·d）,直至手术后2 d,共5 d;随后改为口服2 mg/（kg·d）。C组以生理盐水替代EGCG。每次每组取6只大鼠,采用3%荧光金经上丘逆行标记RGC方法,比较各组视神经钳夹伤后7、14、28 d RGC的存活数量;采用免疫组织化学染色及蛋白免疫印迹方法检测各组视神经组织神经丝蛋白（NF-L）的表达。结果　视神经钳夹伤后7 d,C、D组RGC存活数量分别为（943.61±85.06）、（1 134.45±117.85） 个/mm2;14 d时分别为（812.76±172.07）、（1 021.67±94.02） 个/mm2;28 d时分别为（766.94±171.45）、（1 009.72±126.40）个/mm2。各时间点D组RGC存活数量均显著高于C组（t=3.216,2.609,2.792;P=0.009,0.026,0.019）。各时间点A、B组间RGC存活数量差异无统计学意义（t=0.749,0.403,0.254;P值均＞0.05）;视神经钳夹后7、14、28 d,D组视神经组织NFL表达均高于C组（t=9.847,5.731,2.868;P=0.001,0.005,0.045）。结论　EGCG对大鼠视神经钳夹伤后RGC具有一定的保护作用。      

Neuroprotective effect of sulfhydryl reduction in a rat optic nerve crush model

PURPOSE: The signaling of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death after axotomy is partly dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen species. Shifting the RGC redox state toward reduction is protective in a dissociated mixed retinal culture model of axotomy. The hypothesis for the current study was that tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), a sulfhydryl reductant, would protect RGCs in a rat optic nerve crush model of axotomy. METHODS: RGCs of postnatal day 4 to 5 Long-Evans rats were retrogradely labeled with the fluorescent tracer DiI. At approximately 8 weeks of age, the left optic nerve of each rat was crushed with forceps and, immediately after, 4 muL of TCEP (or vehicle alone) was injected into the vitreous at the pars plana to a final concentration of 6 or 60 microM. The right eye served as the control. Eight or 14 days after the crush, the animals were killed, retinal wholemounts prepared, and DiI-labeled RGCs counted. Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin (BSL-1) was used to identify microglia. RESULTS: The mean number of surviving RGCs at 8 days in eyes treated with 60 microM TCEP was significantly greater than in the vehicle group (1250 +/- 156 vs. 669 +/- 109 cells/mm(2); P = 0.0082). Similar results were recorded at 14 days. Labeling was not a result of microglia phagocytosing dying RGCs. No toxic effect on RGC survival was observed with TCEP injection alone. CONCLUSIONS: The sulfhydryl-reducing agent TCEP is neuroprotective of RGCs in an optic nerve crush model. Sulfhydryl oxidative modification may be a final common pathway for the signaling of RGC death by reactive oxygen species after axotomy.     

Model of endothelin-1-induced chronic optic neuropathy in rat

PURPOSE: To describe a model of chronic endothelin (ET)-1 administration to the optic nerve and evaluate its effect on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) and axon survival in rat. METHODS: Osmotic minipumps were surgically implanted in one eye of 113 Brown Norway rats to deliver 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, or 0.40 microg ET-1 per day (3.3, 6.7, 13.4, and 26.8 microM, respectively), or balanced salt solution (BSS) to the immediate retrobulbar optic nerve; the fellow untreated eye served as the control. Before pump implantation, RGCs were retrogradely labeled with fluorochrome. Animals were killed at 21, 42, or 84 days. RGC survival was expressed as the ratio of RGC counts in experimental versus control eyes in wholemounted retinas, whereas axon survival was expressed similarly from electron micrographs of the optic nerves. Serial optic disc changes were evaluated using scanning laser tomography. The effect of ET-1 (3 microL topical application of 10(-5) M) on blood flow in the surgically exposed optic nerve was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry in a separate group of five animals. RESULTS: ET-1 led to a mean reduction in optic nerve blood flow of 68%. There were no significant differences in RGC survival among the four ET-1 doses used in this study. Pooled across all ET-1 doses, RGC survival decreased incrementally at 21, 42, and 84 days (P < 0.001; mean +/- SD, 0.77 +/- 0.25, 0.60 +/- 0.27, and 0.50 +/- 0.26, respectively) and was statistically significantly lower at each time point than in the BSS-treated animals. The axon survival data also showed a similar time-dependent loss. Only one of 21 animals showed significantly increased disc cupping, and there was no relationship between RGC survival and change in cupping. CONCLUSIONS. Chronic administration of ET-1 to the rat optic nerve results in a time-dependent loss of RGCs and their axons without apparent change in optic disc topography.     

银杏叶提取物对兔视神经夹伤后视网膜视神经节细胞的保护作用

目的:研究EGb761对视神经夹伤后兔视网膜视神经节细胞(RGC)的保护作用。方法:大白兔24只,右眼为实验组,左眼为对照组,制作视神经夹伤模型。右眼球后注射EGb761(60mg/kg),左眼球后注射等容量平衡盐液BSS。于伤后4,7,14d取材,应用病理图像分析仪计数RGC;并进行髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)的免疫组化染色分析。结果:伤后3~14d,两组RGC数目均下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);实验组RGC数目明显高于盐水组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);伤后两组均有MBP阳性表达,BSS组表现为强阳性;实验组MBP表达呈下降趋势,14d表达呈弱阳性;BSS组表达也随时间有所减弱,但14d时表达仍明显;不同时间点实验组RGC阳性率均低于BSS组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:EGb761能降低视神经夹伤后MBP的含量,提高RGC的存活数量。     

Retinal ganglion cell death induced by retinal ischemia. neuroprotective effects of two alpha-2 agonists

We have investigated in adult Sprague-Dawley rats the neuroprotective effects of two alpha-2-selective agonists [AGN 191,103 (AGN) and brimonidine tartrate (BMD)] on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival after transient retinal ischemia. RGCs were labelled with Fluorogold (FG) applied to both superior colliculi. Seven days later, 90 min of retinal ischemia were induced in the left eyes by ligature of the ophthalmic vessels (LOV). In one group of animals, vehicle or AGN (0.01 mg/kg) were administered systemically 1 hr before ischemia. In another group of animals, two 5 microl drops of vehicle, AGN (0.05%) or BMD (0.1%) were administered topically in the left eye 1 hr before ischemia. The animals were processed 7 or 21 days later. RGC survival was estimated by counting FG-labelled cells in 12 standard areas of each retina. In control retinas of systemically pretreated animals, mean densities of labelled RGCs were 2372 +/- 49 cells/mm(2) (mean +/- SEM; n = 6). In experimental retinas of systemically pretreated animals, mean RGC densities had decreased 7 days after ischemia to 53% (n = 6) or 81% (n = 6) of control in the groups treated with vehicle or AGN, respectively. Twenty-one days after ischemia, mean RGC densities had decreased to 38% (n = 6) or 79% (n = 6) of control in the groups treated with vehicle or AGN, respectively. In control retinas of topically pretreated animals, mean densities of labelled RGCs were 2208 +/- 29 cells/mm(2) (n = 6). In experimental retinas of topically pretreated animals, mean RGC densities had decreased 7 days after ischemia to 54% (n = 6), 95% (n = 6) or 96% (n = 6) of control in the groups treated with vehicle, AGN or BMD, respectively. These results indicate that pretreatment with a single systemic or topical dose of AGN or BMD can prevent completely the early rapid phase of RGC loss and abolish the delayed RGC loss observed after 90 min of retinal ischemia induced by ligature of the ophthalmic vessels.