艾滋病合并卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎分型影像学特点及鉴别诊断

目的探讨艾滋病（AIDS）合并肺孢子虫肺炎（Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia,PCP）各型的影像学特点及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析35例经临床及病理证实的AIDS合并PCP患者的CT表现,总结各型的影像学特点。结果 35例AIDS患者合并肺孢子虫肺炎磨玻璃型17例,CT表现为双侧基本对称磨玻璃样改变;网状或网织结节型9例,CT表现为双肺弥漫网格状或网织结节状影;间质实变型5例,CT表现为兼有间质病变和实质病变;斑片-大片型4例,CT表现为双肺野内斑片状,大片状实变影,14例合并肺气囊。结论 AIDS合并PCP各型的影像学表现不同,结合临床本病可明确诊断。     

艾滋病合并卡氏肺囊虫肺炎69例影像学诊断分析

目的 通过分析艾滋病(AIDS)患者卡氏肺囊虫肺炎(pneumocystis carinii pneumonia,PCP)的放射影像学表现特点,提高对影像学诊断水平.方法 搜集69例PCP患者,全部病例均行胸部X线检查.血液HIV抗体检查均为阳性.结果 双肺弥漫性渗出性病变,分布于肺门周围,由肺门向周围肺野发展,呈毛玻璃样改变,为典型的影像学表现.临床症状主要为干咳、胸痛、进行性呼吸困难和发热等.结论 认识艾滋病患者肺部卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的影像学表现和临床特征,对于PCP的早期诊断及早期治疗有重要意义.     

肾移植术后相关性卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的影像学表现

目的探讨肾移植术后相关性卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的影像学表现。方法对18例经实验室证实的卡氏肺囊虫肺炎患者的胸部X线及CT片进行回顾性分析。结果X线表现：胸部X线14例呈弥漫性改变，其中12例磨玻璃样改变，10例磨玻璃样改变中见网格样改变，2例伴有片状渗出或融合实变，另2例仅表现网状或网织结节状影。CT表现：18例中16例表现为磨玻璃密度，10例同时伴有网状或网织结节状影，2例同时伴有小淡片影。另2例表现为间质改变，1例合并肺囊肿。18例患者治疗后，病情明显好转。结论肾移植术后PCP的影像学表现具有一定的特征，为临床准确诊断和及时治疗提供了良好的依据，对提高肾移植患者的生存时间和生活质量具有十分重要意义。     

艾滋病合并卡氏肺囊虫肺炎16例CT表现

目的探讨艾滋病合并卡氏肺囊虫肺炎(PCP)的CT表现及诊断价值。方法收集临床确诊的艾滋病患者卡氏肺囊虫肺炎胸部CT检查资料16例。分析其不同病理时期的螺旋CT表现及治疗后的CT随访。结果典型CT表现为以两肺实质弥漫性渗出性改变为主的磨玻璃型,以间质改变为主的网格状影,弥漫性小结节影或网织结节型。非典型表现为:局部气囊性改变,胸膜下"月弓征",肺门和/或纵膈淋巴结肿大,胸腔积液,小片实变。结论螺旋CT(SCT)特别是高分辩力CT(HRCT)可以充分地显示PCP的病变征象,对本病的临床诊断及观察、治疗效果有显著的价值。     

艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉菌肺炎的临床与影像观察

目的探讨艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉菌肺炎的临床及胸部影像学特征。方法回顾性分析16例艾滋病马尔尼菲青霉菌肺炎的临床及影像学资料。结果 16例中,单侧肺病灶1例,双肺病灶15例;多发小结节状、粟粒状病灶8例,片状、磨玻璃样病灶5例,肺内占位性改变3例;6例淋巴结肿大;4例胸膜改变。结论艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉菌肺炎具有一定影像学及临床特征。     

艾滋病合并卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的临床影像分析

目的：探讨艾滋病患者合并卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的胸部影像表现。方法：归纳2001-2004年5例艾滋病患者合并卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的胸部影像资料，结合临床和实验室检查结果进行分析。结果：卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的典型影像表现为渗出性病变，分布均匀或不均匀，双肺多呈磨玻璃样改变。结论：正确认识艾滋病患者肺部卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的影像表现，对于艾滋病的诊断与治疗有重要意义。     

18例AIDS合并肺部感染的CT检查分析

回顾性分析18例经确诊的艾滋病合并肺部感染病例的CT表现。结果艾滋病合并肺部感染的卡氏肺泡孢子虫肺炎3例、合并感染肺结核15例。卡氏肺泡孢子虫肺炎典型表现为,双肺自肺门开始,呈弥漫性网状结节样,间质病变并以两肺门对称分布,部分呈毛玻璃样改变。较少累及到肺尖和肺底。AIDS合并肺结核其主要CT表现为多种性质病灶共存,渗出性较多见,增殖、钙化、纤维化及肿块样改变较少见,血行播撒型多见,病灶范围广,与单纯性肺结核有很多不同之处。CT检查是AIDS患者合并肺部机会性感染重要的影像学检查方法,能更好地显示病变的部位、形态以及细微病变。AIDS合并PCP或合并肺结核各具有特征性,但不具有特异性,CT结合病原学一般可以做出诊断。但需要同其它肺部感染相鉴别。     

艾滋病相关性卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎误诊分析

目的:探讨艾滋病相关性卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)的影像学误诊原因.方法:回顾性分析15例艾滋病合并PCP患者的临床表现、影像特征等临床资料.结果:该病影像学改变以双肺呈弥漫性渗出性病变或网格状改变,肺门、纵隔淋巴结肿大为主;还可见肺部局限性渗出性病变、胸腔积液等.结论:对本病的影像表现缺乏认识是造成误诊的根本原因.接诊有上述主要影像表现的患者,仔细询问与PCP有关的病史,并行相关的实验室检查是减少误诊的关键.     

获得性免疫缺陷综合征合并肺孢菌肺炎的CT表现与鉴别诊断

目的:分析获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并肺孢菌肺炎的CT表现,提高对其影像诊断的识别能力。方法收集200例经临床检测人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)抗体阳性及肺孢菌阳性证实的AIDS合并肺孢菌肺炎患者及其临床资料。所有病例行胸部CT扫描。分析其胸部CT影像特征。结果 186例胸部CT主要表现为双肺弥漫性的磨玻璃影及网格影,其中9例肺内同时见多发肺气囊。14例表现不典型,影像诊断错误。结论 AIDS合并肺孢菌肺炎胸部CT表现较典型的特征为双肺对称性、弥漫性分布的磨玻璃影、网格影及部分病例见多发肺气囊。但也有少数患者表现不典型,须结合临床症状及其他资料与表现类似胸部CT特征的疾病鉴别,以免误诊。     

AIDS合并肺囊虫肺炎的影像学观察

目的　分析艾滋病 (AIDS)合并卡氏肺囊虫肺炎 (PCP)的影像学特征。方法　收集 11例血液HIV抗体阳性 ,且临床诊断为PCP患者 (并经病理证实 )的临床资料。影像学观察采用X线胸片 ,其中 9例行CT检查。结果　 11例患者的肺部均表现为弥漫性病变。其中 ,9例肺呈小叶浸润 ,病变肺叶为毛玻璃状 ,双肺可见广泛分布的网结节状影 ,其结节直径≤1cm ,沿小叶中心分布 ,病变由肺门向肺外带发展 ,自下肺逐渐向上肺蔓延。大叶实变 2例 ,表现为一叶或多叶实变 ,伴有肺气囊改变。结论　卡氏肺囊虫肺炎具有特征性影像学改变 ,影像学检查可达到鉴别诊断的目的 ,可代替病原学检查     

艾滋病肺部改变的影像学诊断

目的：分析艾滋病患者肺部改变的影像学特征。材料与方法：收集经病理证实的26例肺部有阳性发现的艾滋病患者的临床及影像学资料（X线胸片及CT），临床症状有干咳，胸痛，发热等。结果：卡氏肺囊虫感染11例（41.9%)，均为双肺弥漫性病变，其中9例呈肺小叶浸润，表现为沿小叶中心分布≤1cm结节影；2例为大叶实变，卡波氏肉瘤3例(11.5%)，表现为直径≥1cm的结节，沿支气管血管周围分布，小叶间隔增厚，可伴淋巴结肿大，肺结构6例（23%），其中血型播散型肺结核2例，浸润型肺结核4例（15.4%)，影像学改变为双肺纹理增多，伴网结节状改变。结论：影像学对鉴别艾滋病患者肺部改变的类型有较大帮助，其诊断可靠。     

Hamman-Rich syndrome revisited

In this article, we retrospectively review 29 cases of Hamman-Rich syndrome. As in some other recent reports, we have used the term "acute interstitial pneumonia" to emphasize the clinical and pathologic features of these cases and to distinguish them from the more common chronic interstitial pneumonias, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Of the 29 patients, 12 survived, some after a long and complicated hospitalization. The histologic features were those of organizing diffuse alveolar damage, and some patients, including survivors, had extensive fibroblastic distortion of lung parenchyma. The overall survival among these patients was not appreciably different from the survival of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome in general.     

Evaluation of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by fiberoptic bronchoscopy

Hospital records were reviewed on 78 consecutive patients (33 homosexuals, 37 Haitians and 8 IV drug abusers) who had AIDS and who underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy over a two year period. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was the most common bronchoscopic finding (53.8% of patients) followed by tuberculosis (14.1%), cytomegalovirus infection (12.8%) and atypical mycobacteriosis (3.8%). In 15.4% of patients multiple organisms were found. Twenty-seven percent of patients had non-diagnostic bronchoscopies. In 8 patients with non-diagnostic bronchoscopies, open-lung biopsy or autopsy revealed PCP (2 patients), Kaposi's sarcoma (3 patients) and non-specific lymphocytic-plasmacytic infiltrates (3 patients). Histologic studies of transbronchial biopsy specimens were more sensitive for the diagnosis of PCP than touch imprints. PCP was diagnosed in 15 patients who had received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for up to 4 days. Mean duration of respiratory symptoms prior to bronchoscopy was 4.2 weeks in patients with PCP and was not significantly different in patients with other bronchoscopic diagnoses. Historical, laboratory and chest radiographic parameters were not helpful in establishing a diagnosis or assessing prognosis in these AIDS patients with pulmonary infiltrates. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy is safe (only one of the patients had a self limited hemorrhagic episode) and sensitive for the diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in patients with AIDS.     

Parasitic diseases. Diseases associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

There are several protozoan infections that cause relatively benign illness in normal individuals but result in severe disease manifestations in patients with AIDS. These diseases include Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, CNS toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, and isosporiasis. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) caused by Pneumocystis carinii, is the most common opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is seen in more than 80% of individuals with this syndrome. Although historically classified as a protozoan, this organism shares many biochemical characteristics with fungi. The onset of PCP may be insidious, and cough and dyspnea are the most common presenting symptoms. Auscultation of the lungs is often unremarkable, but diffuse infiltrates are commonly seen on chest radiographs. The diagnosis of PCP can be confirmed by identifying the organism on specimens obtained by sputum induction or bronchoalveolar lavage. Trimethaprim-sulfamethoxazole is the treatment of choice but is unfortunately associated with leukopenia and rash in many individuals. Both trimethaprim-sulfamethoxazole and aerosolized pentamidine are used prophylactically in patients at high risk for initial or relapsing infection. The appropriate use of these agents has resulted in improved survival for AIDS patients with PCP. Toxoplasmosis, due to Toxoplasma gondii, affects the central nervous system in patients with AIDS. Headache is a common presenting symptom, and both seizures and paresis can occur. A diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is strongly suspected in symptomatic individuals with ringed mass lesions noted on head CT. Patients with this condition are treated with a combination of sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and folinic acid. Cryptosporidiosis and isosporiasis are coccidian protozoan diseases that can result in severe, acute, and chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals. Cryptosporidiosis is the more common of the two and is caused by an unknown species of the genus crytosporidium. Isosporiasis is due to infection with Isospora belli. Dehydration and weight loss are a common result of infection with either agent. A definitive diagnosis can be made by examining an acid fast stain of a diarrheal stool specimen and demonstrating oocysts that are specific for each of these organisms. Fluid replacement and general supportive care are essential in the treatment of both of these diseases. Spiramycin is an unproven treatment modality that is often used in patients with cryptosporidiosis. Isosporiasis responds to initial therapy with trimethaprim-sulfamethoxazole, followed by prophylaxis with pyrimethamine. The adoption of safe sexual practices that minimize fecal-oral contamination should decrease the future prevalence of these diseases and other enteric parasitic infections.     

造血干细胞移植后肺孢子菌肺炎23例临床研究

目的:分析异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后肺部危重并发症-肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）的高危因素、临床特点及预后转归。方法:回顾性收集并分析2016年1月至2021年1月在本院血液科接受HSCT后发生肺孢子菌肺炎的患者的临床特征、实验室资料、治疗及转归。结果:共纳入23例符合PCP临床诊断标准的患者,PCP中位发病时间为移植后221 d;影像CT以弥漫性磨玻璃样渗出影为主。血清β-1,3-D葡聚糖（BDG）中位数为894.25 ng/L,共有91.3%的患者大于60 ng/L;60.9%患者的淋巴细胞计数低于1×10 9/L;65.2%的CD4 +T淋巴细胞绝对值低于200/μL。21例患者在肺泡灌洗液mNGS中检测到肺孢子菌属序列,15例患者为混合感染。治疗上给予TMP-SMX抗肺孢子菌后18例患者好转出院,5例死亡。 结论:HSCT后患者并发PCP为肺部急症,进展较快,常合并混合感染,血清BDG升高对PCP诊断具有指导意义,肺泡灌洗液中二代测序（mNGS）对肺孢子菌敏感性高,及早进行肺泡灌洗,有助于早期诊治,明显降低病死率;PCP患者进展为需要机械通气及高流量吸氧提示预后不佳。     

造血干细胞移植后肺孢子菌肺炎23例临床研究

目的:分析异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后肺部危重并发症-肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）的高危因素、临床特点及预后转归。方法:回顾性收集并分析2016年1月至2021年1月在本院血液科接受HSCT后发生肺孢子菌肺炎的患者的临床特征、实验室资料、治疗及转归。结果:共纳入23例符合PCP临床诊断标准的患者,PCP中位发病时间为移植后221 d;影像CT以弥漫性磨玻璃样渗出影为主。血清β-1,3-D葡聚糖（BDG）中位数为894.25 ng/L,共有91.3%的患者大于60 ng/L;60.9%患者的淋巴细胞计数低于1×10 9/L;65.2%的CD4 +T淋巴细胞绝对值低于200/μL。21例患者在肺泡灌洗液mNGS中检测到肺孢子菌属序列,15例患者为混合感染。治疗上给予TMP-SMX抗肺孢子菌后18例患者好转出院,5例死亡。 结论:HSCT后患者并发PCP为肺部急症,进展较快,常合并混合感染,血清BDG升高对PCP诊断具有指导意义,肺泡灌洗液中二代测序（mNGS）对肺孢子菌敏感性高,及早进行肺泡灌洗,有助于早期诊治,明显降低病死率;PCP患者进展为需要机械通气及高流量吸氧提示预后不佳。     

造血干细胞移植后肺孢子菌肺炎23例临床研究

目的:分析异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后肺部危重并发症-肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）的高危因素、临床特点及预后转归。方法:回顾性收集并分析2016年1月至2021年1月在本院血液科接受HSCT后发生肺孢子菌肺炎的患者的临床特征、实验室资料、治疗及转归。结果:共纳入23例符合PCP临床诊断标准的患者,PCP中位发病时间为移植后221 d;影像CT以弥漫性磨玻璃样渗出影为主。血清β-1,3-D葡聚糖（BDG）中位数为894.25 ng/L,共有91.3%的患者大于60 ng/L;60.9%患者的淋巴细胞计数低于1×10 9/L;65.2%的CD4 +T淋巴细胞绝对值低于200/μL。21例患者在肺泡灌洗液mNGS中检测到肺孢子菌属序列,15例患者为混合感染。治疗上给予TMP-SMX抗肺孢子菌后18例患者好转出院,5例死亡。 结论:HSCT后患者并发PCP为肺部急症,进展较快,常合并混合感染,血清BDG升高对PCP诊断具有指导意义,肺泡灌洗液中二代测序（mNGS）对肺孢子菌敏感性高,及早进行肺泡灌洗,有助于早期诊治,明显降低病死率;PCP患者进展为需要机械通气及高流量吸氧提示预后不佳。     

HIV/AIDS肺部感染的影像学表现

目的 探讨HIV／AIDS合并肺部感染的X线及CT表现。方法 收集临床确证的HIV／AIDS病人中有胸部影像异常者10例,所有病例均有胸部X线及CT照片。结果 肺结核表现为肺内斑片、大片影,纵隔淋巴结肿大及肺外淋巴结肿大。军团菌肺炎为大片状影像,卡氏囊虫肺炎为弥漫性浸润及间质异常影像。结论 肺结核、卡氏肺囊虫及革兰阴性杆菌肺炎是HIV／AIDS的较常见的机会感染。HIV／AIDS病人肺内出现斑片、大片和弥漫病变,或有关淋巴结肿大时应考虑到这些疾病的可能。     

85例AIDS并机会感染患者的临床分析

目的：进一步认识获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）并发机会感染的临床特点,提高临床诊断水平,减少误诊。方法：回顾性分析我院85例住院的AIDS患者的临床资料。包括临床表现、常见的机会感染、实验室检查异常情况及机会感染的确诊时间等情况。结果：本组资料中发生机会感染患者主要为青壮年男性,发病后误诊率为70％,大多经两家医院就诊后确诊。60％以上患者首诊于非感染科。临床表现主要有发热、咳嗽、腹泻、消瘦、皮疹、贫血等症状和体征。肺部感染35例（14％）,肺结核12例（14％）,乙型肝炎9例（10％）,丙型肝炎10例（11％）,梅毒7例（8％）,耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）15例（17％）,败血症1例（1％）。结论：HIV机会感染呈多器官受累,临床表现复杂,不具特异性。临床应提高认识,减少误诊。