微创血肿清除术对脑出血患者血清NSE水平的影响

目的 探讨微创血肿清除术对脑出血患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平的影响.方法 住院脑出血患者80例,随机分为微创手术组38例和保守治疗组42例.在入院当时及2,4,7,14d各留取血液标本1次,测定血清中神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的水平.在入院时和7、14、21d进行欧洲卒中量表(ESS)和日常生活能力(ADL)评分.结果 脑出血患者入院时血清NSE含量即有升高,微创组与保守组NSE水平均在2d达到高峰,4、7、14d时微创组NSE水平低于保守组(P<0.05),微创组神经功能缺损和生活能力神经功能缺损和生活能力评分明显高于保守组(P<0.05).结论 微创穿刺血肿清除术能降低ICH患者血清NSE水平,减轻神经损伤,促进神经功能恢复.     

小骨窗显微手术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效及对血清 S-100β的影响

目的：观察小骨窗显微手术治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效及对血清S‐100β蛋白变化的影响。方法将90例出血量30～60 m L的高血压脑出血患者随机分为2组,每组45例,保守组采用内科保守治疗,手术组采用小骨窗显微手术治疗。比较2组不同时间点血清S‐100β蛋白含量、GCS评分及神经功能缺损评分,并于出院后6个月进行GOS预后评估。结果入院时2组血清S‐100β蛋白含量比较差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）,手术组入院后1 d、3 d、1周血清S‐100β蛋白含量均低于保守组（P＜0.01）;入院后3 d、1周手术组GCS评分高于保守组（P＜0.01）,相关性分析显示血清S‐100β蛋白含量与GCS评分呈负相关（r＝－1.0369,P＝0.0045）;入院后2周、4周手术组神经功能缺损评分低于保守组（P＜0.01）;出院后6个月,手术组恢复优良率优于保守组（χ2＝4.4643,P＝0.0346）。结论对于出血量30～60 m L的高血压脑出血患者,小骨窗显微手术能够快速清除血肿、降低颅内压,并通过下调血清中S‐100β蛋白含量保护神经细胞,临床疗效优于保守治疗。     

微创术治疗中等量壳核脑出血的临床研究

目的 探讨微创颅内血肿清除术及内科保守治疗中等量壳核脑出血的临床疗效.方法 对我院2003年～2009年收治的出血量30～50ml的壳核脑出血135名患者,按治疗方法分为微创组及内科保守组;采用SPSS13.0统计软件分析两组患者治疗前年龄、性别、出血量及NIHSS评分无统计学差异的前提下,比较两组患者治疗后7d、14d、1个月的NIHSS评分及死亡率.结果 微创组治疗后第7天、第14天、1个月后的NIHSS评分均明显低于对照组(P<0.01);微创组住院期间的死亡率也明显低于内科保守治疗组.结论 与内科保守治疗相比,微创颅内血肿清创术治疗中等量壳核脑出血能尽早尽快地改善其神经功能,降低死亡率.     

脑内血肿微创清除术对脑出血患者灶周水肿及神经功能的影响

目的观察脑内血肿微创清除术对脑出血患者病灶周围水肿及神经功能的影响.方法脑出血患者60 例,被随机分为微创组30例,对照组30例.两组患者均给予脱水、控制血压等基础治疗.观察两组患者治疗后第1天、第7天、第15天与治疗前病灶周围水肿体积及神经功能缺损评分之差.结果两组患者治疗后第1天、第7天、第15天与治疗前病灶周围水肿体积之差比较,差异显著,(P＜0.01),而神经功能缺损评分于治疗后第7天、第15天微创组降低明显,与治疗前之差两组比较差异显著,(P＜0.01).结论脑内血肿微创清除术能抑制脑水肿的形成,促进脑出血患者的神经功能恢复.     

高血压脑出血凝血酶与脑水肿的临床研究

目的研究凝血酶与高血压脑出血脑水肿形成的关系。方法62例出血量在35～50ml之间的急性高血压脑出血患者分为3组,高血压对照组、常规治疗组和微创治疗组。常规治疗组分别在起病1d、3d、5d和7d测定血清凝血酶浓度、神经功能缺损程度评分以及影像学的脑水肿比值。微创治疗组分别在起病1d、3d、5d和7d测定外周血和血肿液中所测得凝血酶浓度、神经功能缺损程度评分以及影像学的脑水肿比值。高血压对照组测定血清凝血酶浓度。结果血肿凝血酶浓度和脑水肿比值呈正相关(r=0.663,P<0.05);血清凝血酶浓度和脑水肿比值呈正相关(r=0.702,P<0.05);血肿局部凝血酶和神经功能缺损评分呈正相关(r=0.553,P<0.05)。结论凝血酶有可能导致脑出血患者脑水肿形成;微创治疗不能完全缓解脑出血患者早期(≤3d)血肿内凝血酶所诱导的脑水肿形成;微创治疗能改善脑出血后期(>3d)的脑水肿及神经功能缺损评分。     

小骨窗显微手术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效及对血清S-100β的影响

目的 观察小骨窗显微手术治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效及对血清S-100β蛋白变化的影响。方法 将90例出血量30~60mL的高血压脑出血患者随机分为2组,每组45例,保守组采用内科保守治疗,手术组采用小骨窗显微手术治疗。比较2组不同时间点血清S-100β蛋白含量、GCS评分及神经功能缺损评分,并于出院后6个月进行GOS预后评估。结果 入院时2组血清S-100β蛋白含量比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,手术组入院后1d、3d、1周血清S-100β蛋白含量均低于保守组（P〈0.01）;入院后3d、1周手术组GCS评分高于保守组（P〈0.01）,相关性分析显示血清S-100β蛋白含量与GCS评分呈负相关（r=-1.0369,P=0.0045）;入院后2周、4周手术组神经功能缺损评分低于保守组（P〈0.01）;出院后6个月,手术组恢复优良率优于保守组（χ^2=4.4643,P=0.0346）。结论 对于出血量30~60mL的高血压脑出血患者,小骨窗显微手术能够快速清除血肿、降低颅内压,并通过下调血清中S-100β蛋白含量保护神经细胞,临床疗效优于保守治疗。     

微创穿刺技术治疗脑出血后脑水肿的临床研究

目的　研究微创穿刺技术治疗脑出血后脑水肿的临床疗效。方法　微创脑血肿穿刺技术治疗脑出血 80例 ,并与内科治疗组 6 0例进行比较 ,分别在入院治疗后 7天、14天、2 1天、2 8天观察脑水肿面积大小、脑血肿体积大小及神经功能缺损评分。结果　微创穿刺技术组脑水肿轻、脑水肿消退时间明显缩短 ,脑血肿体积减少快 ,神经功能康复好 ,与内科治疗组比较差异显著 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　微创脑血肿清除技术是治疗脑出血后脑水肿有效方法     

疏血通注射液对急性期脑出血的疗效观察

目的 观察疏血通注射液对急性期脑出血患者的临床疗效.方法 选取60例符合条件的急性期脑出血患者并按随机数字表法分为治疗组(30例)和对照组(30例).对照组采用常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗基础上给予疏血通注射液6mL 1次/d静滴,连用15 d.入院第1天,治疗第7、15天行头颅CT检查测量血肿体积、血肿周围低密度容积的大小,应用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)进行神经功能缺损评分,同时监测两组患者血浆纤维蛋白原水平.结果 入院第1天,两组神经功能缺损评分、血肿体积、血肿周围低密度容积的大小、血浆纤维蛋白原水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗第7、15天,治疗组神经功能缺损评分、血肿体积、血肿周围低密度容积的大小均明显低于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗第7、15天,两组血浆纤维蛋白原水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 疏血通注射液能促进脑出血时的血肿吸收、血肿周围低密度区缩小和神经功能改善,不会引起血浆纤维蛋白原水平下降和血肿的扩大.     

疏血通治疗急性期脑出血74例临床疗效分析

目的对比疏血通治疗急性期脑出血患者的临床效果。方法选取74例急性期脑出血患者随机,分为疏血通组(36例)和对照组(38例)。疏血通组在对照组常规治疗的基础上加用疏血通8mL/d,连用2周。入院当天,疗程第7、14天查头CT检测血肿大小和周围低密度容积并行神经功能缺损评分。结果入院第l天,2组神经功能缺损评分、血肿大小、周围低密度容积比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗第7、14天治疗组神经功能缺损评分、血肿及周围低密度容积的大小低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论疏血通能促进急性期脑出血的血肿吸收和神经功能改善,不引起血肿扩大。     

脑出血患者血清NSE、S100β蛋白水平变化及其意义研究

目的分析脑出血患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、S100β蛋白的变化特征及与患者神经功能缺损程度的关系。方法选取本院收治的100例脑出血患者作为病例组、100例年龄、性别与之匹配的健康人群作为健康组,分别检测病例组入院时、治疗3d后、治疗7d后的血清NSE、S100β蛋白水平,并分析血清NSE、S100β蛋白水平入院时水平与美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分的关系。结果病例组的血清NSE、S100β测定值在入院时、治疗3 d后、治疗7d后均显著的高于对照组且差异有统计学意义(P0.05);病例组患者的血清NSE、S100β测定值在治疗第3天时达到高峰,显著的高于入院时和治疗7d后(P0.05);病例组的患者依据不同出血量分组,结果显示在入院时、治疗3d、治疗7d后,血清NSE、S100β测定值组间比较为出血量≤15ml、患者出血量15~30ml、患者出血量≥30ml差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);NSE、S100β与NIHSS评分呈现显著的正相关关系(r=0.419、r=0.338)(P0.05)。结论脑出血患者血清NSE、S100β蛋白随着治疗时间发生显著变化,并且与患者神经缺损程度具有一定的关系。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.