腹腔镜辅助与完全腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术的临床比较

目的：探讨腹腔镜辅助与完全腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术治疗直肠癌的临床效果。方法60例直肠癌患者随机分为对照组和观察组。对照组采用腹腔镜辅助保肛手术治疗,观察组采用完全腹腔镜保肛手术治疗。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、保肛率等手术情况,比较两组术后并发症发生情况。结果观察组手术时间、术中出血量、术后48小时腹腔引流管血量与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）。观察组肛门排气时间、进食流质食物时间、住院时间显著少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。观察组与对照组术后并发症发生率经统计学分析,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术利于患者恢复,并发症少,值得临床推广应用。     

新辅助化疗联合腹腔镜下中低位直肠癌保肛手术的临床效果

目的 探讨新辅助化疗联合腹腔镜手术在中低位直肠癌保肛治疗中的应用价值.方法 选择我院2007年1月-2012年12月收治的可切除的中低位直肠癌54例,分为辅助化疗组24例和对照组30例,两组均行腹腔镜下直肠癌手术治疗,辅助化疗组术前行3周期FOLFOX4方案（奥沙利铂＋亚叶酸钙＋氟尿嘧啶）新辅助化疗,对照组不行任何放化疗.结果 辅助化疗组41.6％的病例肿瘤体积缩小、变软,肿瘤距肛缘距离增加,保肛率为75.0％;对照组保肛率为46.7％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;经腹直肠前切除术比例、淋巴结转移比例与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 术前新辅助化疗联合腹腔镜手术可显著提高中低位直肠癌的根治率及保肛率.     

低位直肠癌保肛手术患者并发症的观察及护理

低位直肠癌是指发生于距肛缘3-6cm的直肠上皮源性恶性肿瘤。低位前切除或超低位前切除低位直肠癌保留肛门（简称保肛）手术已成为目前常用的术式。随着手术技术的改进、吻合器的应用及术前新辅助治疗（术前放化疗）的应用，保肛手术成功率显著增高。2003年1月-2006年3月我院对287例低位直肠癌保肛手术患者的并发症进行观察和护理，现报道如下。     

术前新辅助治疗应用于直肠癌效果分析

目的 探讨术前新辅助治疗在直肠癌手术辅助治疗中的效果.方法 将78例直肠癌患者按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组39例.对照组直接根据患者的TME分级选择最佳的手术方式,术后常规进行化疗;观察组在手术前给予新辅助治疗.对2组患者的手术治疗效果阴中瘤边缘阴性率（RO切除率）、肿瘤切除率、保肛率及术中输血率]及术后不良反应（骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应、肾功能损害、放射性膀胱炎）的发生率进行比较.结果 观察组RO切除率、肿瘤切除率、保肛率均高于对照组,术中输血率及术后不良反应的发生率均低于对照组（均P＜0.05）.结论 术前新辅助治疗对提高直肠癌患者的保肛率、肿瘤切除率及减少术后的不良反应有着明显的效果,是直肠癌患者很好的术前辅助治疗方案.     

肛门减压管在低位直肠癌保肛患者中的应用效果研究

目的探讨肛门减压管在低位直肠癌保肛术患者中的临床应用效果。方法将2010年3月～2011年3月在我科行低位直肠癌保肛手术的162例患者随机纳入实验组及对照组，两组患者均切除肿瘤后直接行盆内吻合。实验组患者盆内吻合完毕后，经肛门置入一根减压管，并外接一次性引流袋。比较两组患者术后吻合口瘘、肛门排气时间、肛周皮肤受损病例及大便污染床单位次数。结果对照组患者发生吻合口瘘2例，实验组患者未发生吻合口瘘。实验组及对照组平均肛门排气时间分别为（23．21±12．23）h和（28．41±7．23）h；肛周受损患者分别为9例及24例；出现大便污染床单位次数分别为10例和38例，差异有显著意义（t=3．41，P=0．003；X2=6．857，P=0．009；X2=17．818，P=0．000）。结论肛门减压管应用于低位直肠癌保肛术，方法简单，可行度高。不仅可降低术后吻合口瘘的发生率，促进肠功能的恢复，同时能减少大便对肛周皮肤的损害，减轻护士的工作量。     

直肠癌手术前后放化疗疗效的研究

目的比较术前和术后放化疗对直肠癌病人疗效的影响。方法选取确诊的158例中晚期直肠癌患者,随机分为两组,78例接受直肠癌手术前放化疗联合治疗（术前放化疗组）,80例接受直肠癌手术后放化疗联合治疗（术后放化疗组）,随访6年,比较两组患者手术保肛率、生存率、放化疗急性反应发生率与严重程度、局部复发率、远处转移率等指标。结果术前放化疗组的保肛率（93．15％）大于术后放化疗组的保肛率（68．42％）,局部复发率（16．44％）高于术后放化疗组的局部复发率（3．95％）,差异均有统计学意义（X2分别=14．53、6．42,P均〈O．05）;两组患者肿瘤远处转移率、生存率比较,差异均无统计学意义（X2分别=0．74、0．05,P均〉0．05）;两组均没有出现4级以上毒副反应情况,两组的患者皮肤放射反应、胃肠道反应、膀胱放射反应和骨髓抑制反应比较,差异亦均无统计学意义（U分别=0．15、0．72、0．56、0．82,PN〉0．05）。结论术前放化疗和术后放化疗患者的毒副作用基本相似,但是术前放化疗患者的手术保肛率要高,术后放化疗患者的局部复发率要低于术前。     

直肠癌腹腔镜下Miles手术期临床护理路径的实施及效果

目的探讨临床护理路径对直肠癌腹腔镜下Miles手术疗效和术后患者生存质量的影响。方法对我科收治的60例接受腹腔镜下Miles手术的低位直肠癌患者施行临床护理路径和常规护理,评估患者疗效和术后生存质量。结果观察组患者满意率为（95．0±0．4）％,平均住院时间（14．5±1．2）d,住院费用（28156．0±572．5）元,对照组分别为（75．0±2．6）％,（16．5±1．3）d和（34245．0±785．6）元,两组间差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;观察组患者术后并发症、接受和护理造口时间显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）;两组患者术前生存质培差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,观察组术后评分显著高于对照组,患者生存质量显著增加（P〈0．05）。结论临床护理路径显著降低直肠癌腹腔镜下Miles手术患者住院时间和费用,减少术后并发症,提高患者满意度,显著增加术后患者生存质量,是腹腔镜下Miles手术护理方式的最佳选择。     

低位直肠癌保肛术后吻合口漏的原因及防治

【目的】探讨低位直肠癌保肛术后吻合口漏的原因及防治。【方法】对246例低位直肠癌（距肛缘3～8cm）患者低位保肛术后的临床资料进行回顾性分析。【结果】本组发生吻合口漏12例（4．9％）,8例经保守治疗治愈,4例行结肠造瘘及二期手术关瘘获愈。吻合口漏的发生与年龄、低蛋白血症、肠道准备等有关（P〈0．05）,与性别、肿块与肛缘间距无关。【结论】低位直肠癌保肛术后吻合口漏的发生与病人营养状况、年龄、术前肠道准备等因素密切相关,对有高危因素的患者,术中应考虑预防线行近端结肠造瘘术。     

术前放化疗联合手术治疗低位局部晚期直肠癌19例疗效观察

目的探讨术前放化疗联合手术治疗低位局部晚期直肠癌的临床价值。方法2001年2月-2004年12月本院肿瘤科共对19例低位局部晚期直肠癌患者采用术前放化疗联合手术治疗方案。术前放疗总剂量45Gy，每周5次，每次1．8Gy，同时联合奥沙利铂、甲酰四氢叶酸钙2、5-氟尿嘧啶同步化疗。放化疗结束6周后行手术治疗。结果经过术前放化疗治疗，原发病灶平均直径由4．6cm缩小为2．5cm（P〈0．05）；57．9％的病例T降期，58．3％的病例N降期。全组74％（14／19）的病例采用保留肛门手术，26％（5／19）的患者采用腹会阴联合切除术。术后病理手术标本呈轻度反应2例、中度反应5例、重度反应11例，肿瘤消失2例。结论对低位局部晚期直肠癌患者采用新辅助治疗，可使肿瘤分期降低，提高手术切除率和保肛率。     

手助腹腔镜与开腹低位直肠癌切除术疗效观察

目的探讨手助腹腔镜全系膜切除术（（total mesorectal excision,TME）在低位直肠癌手术中的可行性及安全性。方法行手助腹腔镜下全系膜切除术的46例低位直肠癌患者为手助腹腔镜组,行开腹全系膜切除术的53例低位直肠癌患者为开腹组,比较2组术中出血量、手术时间、术后短期并发症发生率、淋巴结清除数量、保肛率等。结果手助腹腔镜组无中转开腹病例;手助腹腔镜组保肛率（91.3%）高于开腹组（73.6%）（P〈0.05）,手术时间（（131±29）min）长于开腹组（（109±35）min）（P〈0.05）,术中出血量、术后短期并发症发生率、住院时间（（58±23）mL、21.7%、7.4d）少于开腹组（（130±67）mL、27.1%、9.2d）（P〈0.05）,清扫淋巴结数目（（15.3±6.9）个）与开腹组（（14.5±5.8）个）比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论手助腹腔镜TME治疗低位直肠癌与开腹手术效果相当,可提高术中显露与保肛率,降低术后短期并发症发生率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.