交锁钉与加压钢板固定尺骨骨折的生物力学比较

[目的] 对交锁髓内钉与动力加压钢板固定尺骨骨折的生物力学性能进行测试,为临床应用提供理论依据.[方法] 采用12根新鲜尺骨标本,制作成中段横形骨折模型,分别用交锁髓内钉和6孔3.5 mm动力加压钢板固定,髓内钉规格为φ4mm,长200～230 mm.将标本固定于MTS试验机,对其进行抗轴向压缩、抗弯曲、抗扭转的生物力学测试,比较分析抗压刚度、抗弯刚度、抗扭刚度和抗压强度、抗弯强度、抗扭强度.[结果]交锁髓内钉固定的抗轴向压缩刚度、抗弯曲刚度和抗扭转刚度依次为(450.00±38.42)N/mm、(45.64±5.24)N·cm/Deg、(11.42±1.21)N·cm/Deg;6孔3.5mm动力加压钢板固定的抗轴向压缩刚度、抗弯曲刚度和抗扭转刚度分别为(405.40 4-29.26)N/mm、(41.00±4.78)N·cm/Deg、(10.05±1.32)N·cm/Deg.在1000 N轴向压缩载荷作用下,交锁髓内钉和加压钢板固定时尺骨的位移分别为(2.20±0.11)mm和(2.48±0.15)mm;在5 N·m弯曲载荷下,采用交锁髓内钉固定的尺骨的最大桡度为(3.25±0.15)mm,加压钢板固定的最大桡度为(3.60±0.21)mm;在扭转试验中,交锁髓内钉固定能承受扭矩最大达(2.40±0.13)N·m,而加压钢板固定能承受的扭矩为(1.90±0.10)N·m;实验所得的数据采用SPSS.10软件处理,再进行t检验显示具有显著性差异(P<0.05).可见交锁髓内钉在力学刚度和强度上均优于6孔3.5mm动力加压钢板固定.[结论] 交锁髓内钉具有良好的生物力学性能,固定可靠,符合生物学固定的原则.     

股骨颈合并同侧粗隆下骨折3种内固定方式的生物力学分析

目的比较股骨近端锁定板(PFLP)、加长型股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)、加长型股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)内固定股骨颈合并同侧粗隆下骨折的生物力学性能。方法将18根成年防腐人尸体股骨标本编号后通过随机数字表法随机分为3组,每组6根。制作成股骨颈完全无移位骨折,合并同侧股骨粗隆下内侧皮质缺损5 cm的骨折模型。依据标准技术分别予以PFLP、加长型PFNA、加长型PFN固定。在生物力学试验机上先后进行轴向压缩试验、扭转试验和轴向压缩破坏试验。结果加长型PFNA组轴向抗压刚度最高,为(130.61±5.51)N/mm;加长型PFN组其次,为(56.25±4.07)N/mm;PFLP组最低,为(3.59±2.52)N/mm;3组差异有统计学意义(F=2 337.77,P0.001)。PFLP组扭转刚度最高,为(1.30±0.23)Nm/°;加长型PFNA组其次,为(0.86±0.28)Nm/°;加长型PFN组最低,为(0.38±0.07)Nm/°;3组差异有统计学意义(F=106.05,P0.001)。加长型PFNA组破坏载荷最大,为(3 072.72±216.81)N;加长型PFN组其次,为(2 726.94±182.78)N;PFLP组最小,为(1 877.61±284.87)N;3组差异有统计学意义(F=138.31,P0.001)。结论内固定手术治疗股骨颈合并同侧粗隆下骨折时,加长型PFNA较PFLP、PFN具有生物力学优势。     

3种方法固定股骨粗隆下骨折的生物力学研究

目的探讨动力髋螺钉(DHS)、股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)、Inter Tan 3种内固定材料固定股骨粗隆下骨折生物力学性能,为临床选择有效内固定方式提供科学依据。方法采购人工股骨标本18根,按照Seinsheimer分型Ⅲa型予以截骨制作成粗隆下骨折模型,分别用3种内固定材料固定,进行股骨的强度、刚度、稳定性、承载能力测式等生物力学实验,分析比较3种内固定方式固定股骨粗隆下骨折的生物力学性能。结果实验力学结果表明:Inter Tan髓内钉固定强度为(1.84±0.15)MPa,DHS为(1.39±0.11)MPa,PFNA为(1.36±0.12)MPa内固定的强度,Inter Tan组内固定强度大于DHS组和PFNA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Inter Tan组刚度EF为(945.35±82.01)N/mm,DHS为(638.54±78.21)N/mm,PFNA为(755.33±86.32)N/mm,Inter Tan组刚度大于DHS组和PFNA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Inter Tan组的抗剪、抗扭的稳定性、承载能力均明显优于DHS、PFNA组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);其动态力学性能疲劳寿命也相应比DHS、PFNA组优越。结论 Inter Tan及PFNA均是固定Ⅲa型股骨粗隆下骨折的理想方法,其中Inter Tan整体生物力学性能优于PFNA髓内钉固定,而DHS不适用于此型股骨粗隆下骨折。     

股骨近端锁定钢板与Gamma 3型髓内钉固定不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的生物力学研究

目的比较股骨近端锁定钢板与Gamma 3型髓内钉在固定不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折中的生物力学特性,为临床选择内固定方式提供理论依据。方法选取5对防腐股骨标本,每对标本配对随机分为A组和B组,所有股骨标本制成31-A2.2型骨折模型,A组使用Gamma 3型髓内钉固定,B组使用股骨近端锁定钢板固定,在力学测试机上进行轴向压缩、扭转、破坏试验。结果在1 200 N载荷时,A组轴向刚度为(306.52±11.32)N/mm,B组为(258.38±14.63)N/mm,A组的轴向刚度较B组高18.6%,差异有统计学意义(t=17.74,P=0.03)。A、B组在扭转角为0.5°、1.0°、1.5°、2.0°、2.5°时的扭矩值差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组扭转刚度为(1.35±0.06)N·mm/deg,B组为(1.48±0.09)N·mm/deg,2组差异无统计学意义(t=-5.00,P=0.13)。A组最大屈服载荷为(3 101.33±174.83)N,B组最大屈服载荷为(2 396.68±142.07)N,A组最大屈服载荷值较B组高29.4%,差异有统计学意义(t=48.52,P0.001)。结论股骨近端锁定钢板在内固定治疗以31-A2.2型骨折为例的不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折时,其轴向负重力学性能不如Gamma 3型髓内钉,不宜作为首选内固定。     

两端膨胀自锁髓内钉治疗股骨骨折的生物力学评价

目的 对一种新型无需传统锁钉的两端膨胀自锁髓内钉进行生物力学性能测试和评价. 方法将6对新鲜人股骨尸体标本分为两组,均制备股骨中段横行骨折模型,分别用两端膨胀自锁髓内钉和国产传统交锁髓内钉内固定,并使断端间保留1.5 cm的裂隙.分别对其进行轴向压缩载荷、水平扭转及三点弯曲等生物力学测试,并对相关实验数据进行统计学分析. 结果两端膨胀自锁髓内钉的抗短缩刚度、抗旋转刚度及抗弯曲刚度均略小于传统交锁髓内钉,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论两端膨胀自锁髓内钉与交锁髓内钉固定效果相当,具有较强抗压、抗弯、抗旋性能,符合生物学固定的要求,有较好的临床推广应用前景.     

两端膨胀自锁髓内钉治疗股骨骨折的生物力学评价

目的 对一种新型无需传统锁钉的两端膨胀自锁髓内钉进行生物力学性能测试和评价. 方法将6对新鲜人股骨尸体标本分为两组,均制备股骨中段横行骨折模型,分别用两端膨胀自锁髓内钉和国产传统交锁髓内钉内固定,并使断端间保留1.5 cm的裂隙.分别对其进行轴向压缩载荷、水平扭转及三点弯曲等生物力学测试,并对相关实验数据进行统计学分析. 结果两端膨胀自锁髓内钉的抗短缩刚度、抗旋转刚度及抗弯曲刚度均略小于传统交锁髓内钉,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论两端膨胀自锁髓内钉与交锁髓内钉固定效果相当,具有较强抗压、抗弯、抗旋性能,符合生物学固定的要求,有较好的临床推广应用前景.     

肱骨干骨折髓内外固定的生物力学研究

目的 通过对单一加压钢板螺钉加髓内针、交锁髓内钉和微创技术简单有限内固定加单臂外支架3种不同固定方法治疗肱骨干复杂骨折的生物力学性能进行对比研究,为临床应用提供可靠的生物力学依据.方法 取自愿捐赠的18个新鲜湿润肱骨标本,制备肱骨干复杂骨折模型,根据不同固定方式随机分为3组,每组6个.钢板组:采用单一加压钢板螺钉加髓内针固定;髓内钉组:采用交锁髓内钉固定;外支架组:采用微创技术简单有限内固定加单臂外支架固定.分别进行轴向压缩实验和水平扭转实验.结果 轴向压缩实验:各组载荷-位移曲线呈线性到非线性变化.钢板组及髓内钉组最大载荷值分别为(6162.09±521.06)N和(6738.32±525.89)N,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);外支架组最大载荷值为(2753.57±185.59)N,与其余两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).钢板组及外支架组刚度值分别为(171.69±6.49)N/mm和(132.59±2.93)N/mm,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);髓内钉组的刚度值为(333.04±36.85)N/mm,与其余两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).水平扭转实验:各组扭矩-扭角曲线呈线性到非线性变化.髓内钉组和外支架组的最大扭矩分别为(17.12±5.73)Nm和(20.26±6.42)Nm,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);钢板组的最大扭矩为(38.24±7.08)Nm,与其余两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).钢板组及外支架组刚度值分别为(16.36±2.07)Ncm/°和(18.79±2.62)Ncm/°,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);髓内钉组的刚度值为(11.45±0.22)Ncm/°,与其余两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 钢板组压缩和扭转强度均较强,旋转刚度较强而压缩刚度较弱;髓内钉组压缩强度和压缩刚度较强,而扭转强度和扭转刚度较弱;外支架组仅在扭转刚度上与钢板组相当,而在其他3项指标上均较弱.     

股骨重建型交锁髓内钉闭合固定股骨粗隆下骨折

报告股骨重建型交锁髓内钉在股骨粗隆下骨折的疗效。29例创伤性骨折,按Seinsheimers分类:Ⅱ型3例,Ⅲ型5例,Ⅳ型17例,Ⅴ型4例。采用透视下Russell-Taylor股骨重建型交锁髓内钉闭合固定。结果29例获得随访,时间9～23个月,平均14个月。术中不需输血,术后无需外固定,未出现感染、交锁钉断裂等并发症。可早期功能锻炼及不负重下地。1例患肢术后长2.5cm,2例髋关节轻度不适,其余无特殊,疗效优异。认为股骨重建型交锁髓内钉采用冷锻制造,壁加厚,提高了其抗剪力、抗弯及抗疲劳能力。对粗隆部及粗隆下粉碎骨折,股骨重建型交锁髓内钉闭合固定最为合适,创伤小、并发症少,骨折愈合快,功能恢复满意,特别是重建股骨型交锁钉较一般交锁钉有利于避免交锁钉的断裂。     

第3代Gamma交锁髓内钉闭合复位微创内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折

目的探讨采用第3代Gamma交锁髓内钉闭合复位微创内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法笔者自2013-01—2014-12采用第3代Gamma交锁髓内钉闭合复位微创内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折105例。结果本组手术时间平均65(45~110)min,85例获得12~15个月随访,平均10.5个月,20例失访。其中1例因肺癌股骨粗隆骨转移死亡,其余患者均获骨性愈合。术后6个月疗效按髋关节Harris评分标准评定:优50例,良20例,可10例,差5例。结论第3代Gamma交锁髓内钉闭合复位微创内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折,手术时间短,组织损伤少,固定牢固,疗效满意。     

叉型股骨自锁髓内钉治疗股骨骨折的生物力学研究

目的 对叉型股骨自锁髓内钉(Tridentate self-locking intramedullary femoral.nail,TSIFN)力学性能进行实验研究,为临床应用提供依据。方法 采用8具成人新鲜尸体股骨标本进行应力分析实验。比较用TSIFN、梅花钉、Orthofix公司生产的第三代交锁髓内钉固定的股骨骨折在抗压、抗弯、抗扭强度、刚度及其系统承载能力等方面的差异性。结果 实验结果表明:TSIFN在抗压、抗弯、抗扭强度和刚度及其系统承载能力均优于梅花钉内固定(P<0.05)。与Orthofix交锁髓内钉两者无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论 TSIFN不但生物力学性能优越,强刚度符合生物力学要求,而且应力遮挡小,远端毋需交锁,弹性固定,固定牢靠,能加速骨折愈合,且手术操作简单,便于推广应用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.