胃癌术后早期的肠内营养支持

目的：观察胃癌术后患者早期给予肠内营养（EN）支持治疗的临床疗效.方法：肠外营养支持（PN）组术后每日行完全肠外营养支持直到经口进食.EN组术后第1 d以静脉支持为主,第2 d开始经空肠造瘘管滴入肠内营养制剂能全力,逐步加大支持强度并减少静脉支持.观察术后排气排便时间、并发症发生率、体重、血红蛋白（HGB）、血浆前白蛋白（PALB）和外周血淋巴细胞计数（LY）.结果：EN组术后排气、排便时间和术后平均住院时间均短于PN组.术后第7 d EN组各项指标的恢复速度均优于PN组.EN组术后并发症发生率为27.3%（3/11）,明显低于PN组54.6%（6/11）.结论：胃癌术后早期EN支持可促进小肠运动功能恢复,加快免疫和营养状态改善,降低了并发症的发生率.     

外科危重病人的营养支持

目的：总结外科危重病人应用肠外营养与肠内支持的方法及经验。方法：应用肠内营养（EN）支持26例,全部通过鼻肠管滴入安素或爱伦多溶液,通过中心静脉营养（CV－TPN）70例,周围静脉肠外营养（PV－TPN）52例,均应用3升营养袋匀速滴入全合一营养液（TNA）。结果：26例全胃切除术后病人应用EN,无死亡及其他严重并发症,应用TPN组有3例死亡,死亡原因与TPN无直接关系,病人恢复快,平均住院天数缩短。结论：由于外科危重病人存在独特的代谢特点,大部分病人存在营养不良,故营养支持对外科危重病人至关重要,直接影响病人的康得和预后,因此对外科危重病人应该进行积极的营养支持治疗。     

肝外伤术后肠内营养对肝功能的影响

目的 探讨肝外伤术后肠内营养对肝功能的影响.方法 将2005年7月至2011年3月收治65例肝外伤患者分成两组,30例术后接受肠内营养(EN组),35例术后行肠外营养(PN组),观察两组患者营养状况和肝功能恢复情况差异.结果 术后第1天两组患者营养状况及急性肝损伤指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但术后第8天EN组各项指标基本达到正常值,而PN组反映肝脏功能的指标ALT、AST和PT检验值偏高,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),表明肠内营养更有利于肝功能恢复.61例患者得到随访(93.8%),随访时间于术后3～12个月,平均6个月,术后3个月肝功能基本恢复,两组间营养状况及肝功能的差异无统计学意义.结论 肝外伤术后早期使用肠内营养是一种经济、有效的营养支持手段,是改善术后肝损害的重要举措.     

早期肠内营养在胃癌术后应用的疗效观察

目的：观察胃癌术后患者早期肠内营养支持的近期疗效。 方法：将117例患者随机分为肠内营养组与肠外营养组,于术后24h开始分别给予肠内与肠外营养,比较两组患者术后营养状况、免疫水平和临床恢复情况的差异。 结果：在供能基本相同的情况下,肠内营养组在术后短期内免疫水平和临床恢复及住院时间方面都优于肠外营养组（均P<0.05）。 结论：术后早期肠内营养能够有效改善胃癌术后患者的免疫功能,加快胃肠道功能的恢复。     

围手术期补充性肠外营养支持治疗

外科病人营养不良的发生率常较高,摄入不足和胃肠功能减退是主要原因,可导致术后并发症增加和住院时间延长,规范的营养支持治疗可改善临床结局。围手术期营养支持首选肠内营养（EN）,以维护肠屏障和免疫功能,耐受性问题是导致EN难以实施或供给不足的主要原因,较长时间能量和蛋白质供给不足可导致病死率和并发症发生率升高,补充性肠外营养（PN）的核心是在EN的基础上联合PN,既维护肠屏障功能,又能较快到达目标喂养量,满足机体代谢需求,进而达到改善临床结局的目标。围手术期补充性PN的对象是EN不能满足60%以上能量需求的病人,低营养风险筛查2002（NRS2002）评分≤３分或危重症病人营养风险（NUTRIC）评分≤５分病人建议术后7 d启动;对于术前高营养风险（NRS2002评分≥5分或NUTRIC评分≥6分）,术后48~72 h开始。补充性PN处方中添加谷氨酰胺和ω-3脂肪酸可优化外科病人临床结局,多腔袋的应用可减少血流感染,适合外科术后短期补充性PN病人。     

Haemodynamic effects of parenteral vs. enteral paracetamol in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial

Paracetamol is a commonly used drug in the intensive care unit. There have been reports in the literature of an association with significant hypotension, a potentially important interaction for labile critically ill patients. Route of administration may influence the incidence of hypotension. This single‐centre, prospective, open‐label, randomised, parallel‐arm, active‐control trial was designed to determine the incidence of hypotension following the administration of paracetamol to critically ill patients. Fifty adult patients receiving paracetamol for analgesia or pyrexia were randomly assigned to receive either the parenteral or enteral formulation of the drug. Paracetamol concentrations were measured at baseline and at multiple time points over 24 h. The maximal plasma paracetamol concentration was significantly different between routes; 156 vs. 73 micromol.l^?1 [p = 0.0005] following the first dose of parenteral or enteral paracetamol, respectively. Sixteen hypotensive events occurred in 12 patients: parenteral n = 12; enteral n = 4. The incident rate ratio for parenteral vs. enteral paracetamol was 2.94 (95% CI 0.97–8.92; p = 0.06). The incidence of hypotension associated with paracetamol administration is higher than previously reported and tends to be more frequent with parenteral paracetamol.     

Effect of Dietary Fiber and Growth Hormone on Colonic Adaptation in Short Bowel Syndrome Treated by Enteral Nutrition

BACKGROUND: Colon adaptation can partially compensate for the reduced capacity of nutrient absorption in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of combined treatment with enteral nutrition (EN), dietary fiber, and recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on promoting colonic adaptation. METHODS: A group of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats undergoing up to 80% to 85% small intestine resection were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 rats each: enteral nutrition (EN, the control); enteral nutrition/dietary fiber (EF); enteral nutrition/rhGH (EG); and enteral nutrition/dietary fiber/rhGH (EFG). All groups received isonitrogenous, isocaloric enteral feeding for 21 days. Body weight, daily nitrogen balance, colonic morphology, DNA, insulin-like growth factor-1/IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1)/IGF-1R) expression were determined. CONCLUSION: Morphologic adaptation of the colon (including increased mucosal thickness and plica height, enlarged surface area, increased hyditloid cells) was observed on postoperative day 21. GH is superior to fiber in several aspects: increasing colon diameters (0.46 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.38 +/- 0.02 cm, P < 0.05), villous height (356 +/- 23 vs. 307 +/- 21 microm, P < 0.05) and total surface area (15,222 +/- 1344 vs. 13,178 +/- 1727 microm(2), P < 0.05). Increased DNA content-1.66 +/- 0.13 (EG) and 1.71 +/- 0.13 (EGF) vs. 1.28 +/- 0.11(EF), P < 0.05-in the colon was also found in the EG and EGF groups. GH administration led to a significant increase in plasma IGF-1 (439.6 +/- 88.3 ng/ml in the EG group, 455.4 +/- 107.4 ng/ml in the EGF group) and growth hormone (9.29 +/- 6.49 ng/ml in the EG group, 9.68 +/- 3.26 ng/ml in the EGF group) as compared to the EN group (IGF-1, 328.7 +/- 68.1 ng/ml; GH, 5.81 +/- 2.41 ng/ml) and the EF group (IGF-1, 356.4 +/- 52.1 ng/ml; GH, 6.51 +/- 4.66 ng/ml). Analysis of IGF-1 and IGF-1 receptor mRNA also demonstrated a significantly higher IGF-1 mRNA in the EG and EFG groups than in the EN and EF groups. Colon functional adaptation was also associated with accelerated absorptive function of water in the EF, EG, and EGF groups. Improved nutritional status (body weight, nitrogen retention, plasma protein) were seen in the EG and EGF groups. Dietary fiber, in combination with growth factor, synergistically promoted colon adaptation in the SBS animal model and facilitated maintenance of daily nutritional needs in rodents.     

Enteral vs parenteral nutrition after major abdominal surgery: an even match

HYPOTHESIS: Immediate enteral feeding following major abdominal surgery reduces postoperative complications and mortality when compared with parenteral nutrition. DESIGN: A prospective multicenter randomized trial. SETTING: A university hospital department of digestive surgery. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Two hundred forty-one malnourished patients undergoing major elective abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to receive, after surgery, either enteral (enteral nutrition group: 119 patients) or parenteral nutrition (total parenteral nutrition group: 122 patients). The patients were monitored for postoperative complications and mortality. RESULTS: The rate of major postoperative complications was similar in the enteral and parenteral groups (enteral nutrition group: 37.8%; total parenteral nutrition group: 39.3%; P was not significant), as were the overall postoperative mortality rates (5.9% and 2.5%, respectively; P was not significant). CONCLUSION: The present study failed to demonstrate that enteral feeding following major abdominal surgery reduces postoperative complications and mortality when compared with parenteral nutrition.     

Treatment of persistent chylothorax after Norwood procedure with somatostatin

A newborn who had undergone Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome developed a voluminous chylothorax that persisted despite weeks of prolonged complete bowel rest, total parenteral nutrition, and effective chest tube drainage. Chest tube output diminished immediately following initiation of intravenous somatostatin, allowing restoration of full enteral feeds and removal of chest tubes within 6 days.     

肝门胆管癌切除后早期肠内营养的应用

目的:探讨肠内营养在肝门胆管癌切除后的应用价值.方法:回顾性分析开滦医院24年间收治的肝门胆管癌行切除术89例患者的临床资料.其中52例早期应用肠内营养(EN),37例术后行肠外营养(PN).分析两组患者术后胆瘘发生率、肠功能恢复时间、黄疸指数、术后体温、住院费用等的差异.结果:与PN组比较,EN组肠功能恢复早、胆瘘发生率低、术后体温恢复快、平均住院费用低(均P＜0.05).结论:肠内营养应用于胆管癌切除术后是安全可行的;它既可改善患者术后营养,又可促进肠道功能恢复,降低胆瘘发生率.     

短肠综合征的肠内营养支持

目的探讨短肠综合征患者肠内营养支持的临床意义、疗效及注意事项。方法回顾性总结1999至2005年收治的40例短肠综合征患者的临床资料。所有患者均存活至今,并随访2年以上。统计分析其肠内营养用量、费用、脱离肠外营养时间及目前营养状况。结果40例患者平均残存小肠（50．8±29．4）cm,脱离肠外营养平均时间为（29．1±9．2）个月。肠内营养用量为（3284．0±1408．8）kJ／d,其费用显著低于肠外营养（P〈0．01）。目前本组患者平均体质指数为（17．8±3．2）kg,／m^2,血红蛋白（113．3±14．8）g／L,血清白蛋白（35．0±4．1）g／L。平均大便次数为（3．4±1．7）次／d,平均大便量为（720．2±350．3）ml／d。结论肠内营养对于维持短肠综合征患者营养状况、减少并发症具有重要意义,但在具体实施时需掌握方法。     

肝移植术后早期肠内营养降低终末期肝病患者移植术后感染发生率的研究

目的探讨肝移植术后早期肠内营养对患者感染发生率的影响。 方法收集2012年6月至2015年1月于本中心行肝移植手术的全部病例,进行前瞻性队列研究。共有177例患者参与研究,其中60例在术后24 h内开展肠内营养,辅以肠外营养（试验组）;117例早期予以全肠外营养,直至患者肛门排气后开始肠内营养（对照组）。根据患者术前的MELD评分进行分级,观察早期肠内营养对不同MELD评分的患者肝移植术后感染的影响。 结果177例患者中共有106例（59.9%）发生术后感染。性别、MELD评分与早期肠内营养3个变量为影响总感染率的独立危险因素（P=0.027、0.045、0.000）。早期肠内营养可以降低11≤MELD评分≤20患者的术后感染发生率（P=0.014）。随着MELD评分增加,早期肠内营养对感染发生率的影响逐渐缩小。 结论早期肠内营养可降低中度终末期肝病患者肝移植术后感染发生率。     

Role of nutritional support in the treatment of enteric fistulas

Enteric fistulas are nowadays considered an important therapeutic challenge. Artificial, total parenteral and enteral nutrition have allowed an improvement in the healing of these fistulas and a lower incidence of mortality. Fourteen patients with enteric fistulas (10 men, 4 women; mean age: 64.4 years; range: 20-80 years) were observed. The fistula was located in the large bowel in 11 patients, in the ileum in 2, and in the jejunum in 1. Thirteen patients received enteral nutrition. The patient with the jejunal fistula received total parenteral nutrition for 30 days and then enteral nutrition. The fistulas were successfully treated in 11 patients. One patients underwent surgery after 6 weeks of treatment with enteral nutrition because of lack of improvement of the symptomatology. In two patients, with advanced cancer of the colon and stomach, respectively, only a reduction of the fistula output was achieved. Nutritional support in the treatment of enteric fistulas is an effective procedure widely utilised to restore adequate nutritional status and bowel rest, which are two important targets for achieving fistula closure. Nutritional support is also useful in the management of patients undergoing surgery in order to reduce the postoperative complication rate.     

如何提高外科危重病人的营养支持疗效

外科危重病人高分解代谢、营养物质需求增加,营养支持是危重病人治疗的重要措施之一。合理、有效的营养支持包括提供合适的营养底物,选择正确的喂养途径和时机。早期肠内营养、改善肠内营养的安全性和耐受性、联合应用肠外肠内营养以满足机体对热量的需求、有效控制高血糖以及提供一些药理营养素均可降低应激状况下机体的分解代谢反应,改善机体重要脏器和免疫功能,降低并发症发生率,缩短入住ICU和住院时间,提高危重病人救治成功率。     

营养不良的胃肠道肿瘤患者术后营养支持的随机对照研究

目的评价术后营养支持对营养不良的胃肠道肿瘤患者预后的影响。方法646例营养不良的胃肠道肿瘤患者随机分为肠外营养组(215例)和肠内营养组(215例)及对照组(216例),术后营养支持7d,采用等热卡[125.5kJ(30kcal)·kg-1·d-1]和等氮(0.25g·kg-1·d-1);对照组术后常规补液直至恢复正常饮食。观察比较术后死亡率、并发症发生率及住院时间。结果入选的3组患者资料具有可比性。术后总死亡率为1.5%,3组间差异无统计学意义。术后并发症发生率:肠外营养组33.5%(72例),肠内营养组28.4%(61例),对照组44.9%(97例);对照组与肠外营养组比较,P=0.001;与肠内营养组比较,P=0.000。肠内营养组感染性并发症发生率10.2%,明显低于肠外营养组的15.3%,P=0.002;而两组非感染性并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(21.9%vs.23.7%,P=0.06)。住院时间:肠外营养组(11.2±5.0)d,肠内营养组(9.8±3.4)d,对照组(14.5±7.1)d;肠内营养组住院时间短于肠外营养组,P=0.002;对照组与肠外营养组比较,P=0.003;与肠内营养组比较,P=0.001。结论术后营养支持可改善营养不良的胃肠道肿瘤患者的预后,术后早期肠内营养较肠外营养能降低术后感染性并发症发生率,并缩短住院时间。     

Total intestinal aganglionosis: a new technique for prolonged survival

Total small bowel aganglionosis is uniformly fatal; and prolonged nutritional treatment for the resulting severe short bowel syndrome in the absence of a therapy designed to achieve a functional bowel length has not been warranted. We report an operative technique, long segment small bowel myectomymyotomy, which has produced a functioning length of intestine capable of supporting ever increasing amounts of enteral nutrition. A term female was noted to have neonatal intestinal obstruction, and two laparotomies proved total colonic and near-total small bowel aganglionosis. At 2 months of age reoperation was done and the aganglionosis was proved to extend to 7 cm below the ligament of Treitz. From this transition zone to 10 cm distally, a myectomy was done removing a 1 cm wide length of seromuscular tissue to the level of the submucosa. From the distal end of the myectomy, another 40 cm of bowel received an antimesenteric border myotomy cutting to the submucosal level followed by spreading of the cut surface to a width of 1 cm. This left the patient with 55 to 60 cm of small bowel from the ligament of Treitz to the end of the myotomy at which point an end ostomy was created. The remainder of the small bowel was excised and the colon exteriorized as a mucous fistula. The patient was continued on total parenteral nutrition alone for ten days at which time small volume enteral feeds were introduced. By 5 months of age, 25% of calories were enteral; by 6 months, 33% of calories were enteral; and by 8 months, 45% of intake was enteral.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

肝内胆管结石行肝叶切除术患者围手术期营养支持

目的 探讨肝内胆管结石行肝叶切除术患者围手术期的肠内外营养支持对手术治疗效果的影响.方法 回顾性分析2011年3月-2015年3月重庆市涪陵中心医院收治的55例肝叶切除术患者,均为择期手术.根据围手术期营养支持方法的不同,随机分为肠内外营养组(n=25)和肠外营养组(n=30).结果 肠内外营养组术后并发症发病率及肠道功能恢复时间,明显优于肠外营养组(28％ vs 40％),[(4.50±0.50)d vs (5.50±1.00)d],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组手术前后体重指数变化[(22.10±1.80) vs (22.30±1.70)]、前白蛋白[(130.00±45.00) mg/Lvs (124.00±55.00) mg/L]和白蛋白[(35.50±2.72) g/L vs (36.50±2.70) g/L]改善情况,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 围手术期肠内外营养支持可明显改善患者的营养状况,缩短术后肠道功能恢复时间及住院日,提高手术治疗效果.     

胃肠术后早期肠内营养对患者预后影响的Meta分析

目的系统评价早期肠内营养对胃肠手术患者的预后影响。方法检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）、中国知网、万方和维普等数据库中有关术后早期肠内营养的临床随机对照研究,采用Jadad质量评价量表对纳入文献进行质量评价,提取营养指标、肠功能恢复指标、术后并发症及卫生经济学指标等结局资料,应用RevMan5．2软件进行Meta分析。结果11项临床随机对照研究共计1087例病例纳入分析,其中术后24h内予以肠内营养者541例（早期营养组）,术后予以常规营养支持或单纯静脉输液者546例（对照组）。Meta分析结果显示．早期营养组患者术后血浆白蛋白和前白蛋白水平较对照组明显升高（WMD=2．87,95％CI：1．03。4．71：WMD=0．04,95％CI：0．02-0．05）,术后肠通气恢复时间较对照组明显缩短（WMD=4．10,95％CI：-5．38—2．82）,术后并发症发生率明显降低（RR=0．64,95％CI：0．44—0．93）。结论胃肠道手术后予以早期肠内营养,可以较好地改善患者的营养状况、促进肠道功能恢复并降低术后并发症发生率,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

胃肠术后早期肠内营养治疗246例报告

目的 总结胃肠术后早期肠内营养治疗的临床实施方案及效果。方法 回顾分析1997年1月至2000年12月间胃肠手术后以早期肠内营养进行营养支持治疗的246例的适应证、方式方法及临床效果。结果 246例均取得良好的临床营养支持效果。术后恢复肛门排气时间平均为36h,恢复排便时间平均为48h。整个疗程中病人无饥饿感,术后无明显的体重丢失。未见需终止治疗的并发症。治疗费用约为肠外营养的1／3。结论 早期肠内营养治疗具有符合生理、安全、简便、并发症少、减少医药费用等优点,可例入术后常规应用。     

联合营养支持疗法对食管癌患者围手术期营养状况改善的效果

目的观察联合营养支持疗法对轻中度营养不良食管癌患者围手术期营养改善的效果。 方法运用患者总体主观评分法(PG-SGA)筛选轻、中度营养不良食管癌患者172例,并采用随机数字法分成观察组和对照组,每组86例。观察组术前3 d进行肠内营养治疗,术后第1天给予肠内外营养支持治疗;对照组术后第3天给予肠内营养治疗。比较两组患者的围手术期营养状态(术后第7天)、胃肠功能、并发症发生情况及患者满意度。 结果术后第7 d,观察组血清前白蛋白和白蛋白水平分别为(34.33±3.32)g/L和(33.68±4.12)g/L,显著高于对照组的(31.23±3.41)g/L和(31.32±3.37)g/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组肠鸣音恢复时间和肛门排气时间分别为(61.53±6.37)h和(66.69±9.47)h,显著短于对照组的(82.31±8.24)h)和(113.24±12.38)h,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);观察组和对照组术后并发症发生率比较的差异无统计学意义(8.14% vs 9.30%,P>0.05);观察组术后患者满意度优秀率为89.53%,显著高于对照组的61.63%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。 结论术前营养干预联合术后早期肠内外营养支持治疗,能显著改善食管癌患者围手术期的营养状态,促进胃肠道功能恢复,提高患者满意度。