促结缔组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤的临床病理学研究

目的探讨促结缔组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤（DSRCT）的细胞学和组织学形态、免疫学表型以及在石蜡包埋组织中检测EWS-WT1融合基因的可行性。方法回顾性复习15例DSRCT的临床资料、1例细胞学形态、14例组织学形态和15例免疫学表型,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）法检测1例石蜡包埋组织中的EWS-WT1融合性mRNA,经测序证实并确定融合类型。结果13例为男性,2例为女性,年龄范围12～38岁,平均23．8岁。临床上多表现为腹部不适、腹胀、腹痛和腹部包块,伴有呕心、便秘和体重减轻等症状。体检显示,多数病例于中下腹可触及质硬肿块,境界不清,活动度差。影像学检查显示腹腔或盆腔内多个或单个结节状肿块,直径为3—25cm,平均8．6cm。细胞学涂片显示,在出血性的背景中可见散在、成簇的小圆细胞,核染色深,核仁不清,核分裂象易见,胞质稀少。组织学上,肿瘤由深染的小圆细胞、卵圆形细胞及短梭形细胞组成,呈大小不一、外形不规则的巢状排列,大的瘤巢中央可见坏死,瘤巢之间为大量增生的纤维结缔组织,可伴有玻璃样变性。所有病例均弥漫强阳性表达AE1／AE3、波形蛋白、结蛋白和神经特异性烯醇化酶,部分病例尚表达CAM5．2、上皮膜抗原、CD57、嗜铬粒素A、突触素和WT1,不表达肌生成素、CK5／6、CD117、钙（视）网膜蛋白和CD99。RT-PCR检测出EWS-WT1融合性mRNA,测序结果显示由EWS基因的7号外显子与WT1基因的8号外显子融合所产生,融合性基因含有KTS序列。结论（1）DSRCT是一种好发于青少年男性腹腔和盆腔内、具有多向性分化的高度恶性小圆细胞肿瘤。（2）瘤细胞特征性的波形蛋白和结蛋白核旁点状染色,在DSRCT的诊断和鉴别诊断中具有十分重要的价值。（3）在石蜡包埋的DSRCT组织中能检测出EWS-WT1融合基因的转录产物,RT-PCR可作为DSRCT一项实用的分子遗传学诊断手段。     

促纤维组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤2例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨促纤维组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤的临床病理特点,提高诊断水平.方法 对2例本病少见部位发生者临床病理资料进行分析,并行组织病理学(HE)和免疫组化(SP法)观察.结果 该肿瘤多呈单结节或多结节状浸润性生长,瘤细胞小圆形、核深染、胞质少,呈团、巢状排列,间质有大量增生的纤维结缔组织.免疫表型同时表达上皮性、间叶性和神经源性标记物.结论 促纤维组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤罕见,临床表现复杂,可发生在腹腔也可在其他部位.肿瘤具有特征性的组织学和免疫组化表现.预后大多较差.     

Desmoplastic small round cell tumors: cytologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical features

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a recently recognized clinicopathologic entity that has a predilection for adolescent males and usually affects the abdominal cavity. Due to its uncommon nature, many pathologists lack experience with this tumor. The literature regarding DSRCT is reviewed with special attention to its histologic and cytologic diagnosis. Morphologic features of DSRCT and its immunohistochemical and cytogenetic profile are summarized and differential diagnosis with other small round cell tumors is discussed. As observed by both histologic and cytologic examinations, small round blue cells and fibrosclerotic stroma are the striking morphologic features of DSRCT. The typical immunohistochemical profile is characterized by coexpression of epithelial, mesenchymal, myogenic, and neural markers. Cytogenetically, this tumor harbors a specific karyotypic abnormality, namely t(11;22)(p13;q12). These features distinguish DSRCT from other members of the family of small round cell tumors.     

卵巢促纤维增生性小圆细胞肿瘤一例

患者女,37岁.因原发闭经、卵巢肿物4个月入院.患者曾于2008年10月在外院行双侧附件切除术,术中见肿物位于卵巢,盆腔其他部位未见肿物,术后病理不详.4个月后肿瘤复发,遂于2009年3月在北京协和医院行子宫、大网膜、回盲部等二次手术切除.     

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor of the abdomen. Report of two cases

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare clinicopathological entity individualized in 1989. Its etiopathogenesis is still unknown, and diagnosis can be achieved only by immunohistochemistry and cytogenetic studies. The objective of this work is to report two new cases of DSRCT and to review the literature to clarify its epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects.     

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor presenting as a neck mass: a case report

An unusual case study of a desmoplastic small round cell tumor presenting as a 3.5-cm, firm, supraclavicular neck mass and diagnosed by fine-needle aspirate biopsy in a 16-yr-old male is reported. Clinical, cytologic, and immunocytochemical findings are described. Histologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic features are discussed. Desmoplastic small round cell tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of small round cell tumors of any site; the importance of ancillary studies in arriving at the correct diagnosis is emphasized.     

儿童肾脏促纤维组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤

促纤维组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤（DSRCT）是一种少见的恶性肿瘤，其发生明确与1个特殊的染色体易位t（11；22）（p13；q12）相关。主要发生于男性青少年和年轻成人，典型表现为广泛的腹腔浆膜下肿块，有时也可能发生在肝脏、胰腺或卵巢，但并不与任一特定器官恒定相关。腹膜外仅有发生于颅腔、肺、头颈和肢体的单个病例报道。当发生在内脏器官时，DSRCT的诊断非常困难。     

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor of the central nervous system: report of two cases and review of the literature

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a malignant tumor often involving the abdominal and/or pelvic peritoneum. Only one fully documented example has arisen in the central nervous system (CNS). Herein, we describe two additional examples, fulfilling the morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular criteria (EWS/WT1 translocation) of DSRCT. Both arose in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) and underwent spinal dissemination. Patient 1, a 37-year-old male, underwent a subtotal resection, and 2 years later died of recurrent disease with spinal dissemination. Patient 2, a 39-year-old man, presented with cerebellar and CPA lesions as well as spinal leptomeningeal deposits. After 27 months of adjuvant therapy, he is alive with progressive disease. In conclusion, CNS DSRCT follows a similar aggressive course as do peritoneal examples. Although rare, DSRCT warrants consideration in the differential diagnosis of “malignant small blue cell tumors” of the CNS. For consideration of publication in Virchows Archiv.     

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor with sphere‐like clusters mimicking adenocarcinoma

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare and aggressive neoplasm that predominantly affects young men. DSRCT often presents as multiple nodules on the serosal surface and is histologically categorized as a small round cell tumor. However, the cytological spectrum of DSRCT is not fully understood because of its rarity. Here, we report an unusual case of DSRCT that showed spheres of cells without stromal cores in pleural fluid cytology material, a finding that is typically associated with metastatic adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma. The specimen from a simultaneous needle biopsy showed the classic histology of DSRCT, comprising nests of small round cells set in desmoplasia. The diagnosis of DSRCT was further supported by immunohistochemical coexpression of cytokeratin and desmin, as well as Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 gene rearrangement, which was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The unusual cytological finding in this case illustrates a potential pitfall of the cytological diagnosis of pleural fluid or ascites. DSRCT should not be excluded from the differential diagnosis when sphere‐like round cell clusters are observed in pleural or abdominal effusion, particularly in young male patients. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:214–217. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

恶性颗粒细胞瘤临床病理、免疫组化和超微结构观察

目的：探讨恶性颗粒细胞瘤的病理学诊断和鉴别诊断要点及组织学起源。方法：对３例恶性颗粒细胞瘤进行临床病理、免疫组化及超微结构观察研究。结果：男性２例，女性１例，平均年龄为４９岁。部位分别为颈部１例，右大腿２例。其中２例分别于术后２年半及７年复发，并伴有区域淋巴结转移。组织学上３例与良性颗粒细胞瘤十分相似，局部区域出现梭形瘤细胞，空泡状核及明显的核仁，其中１例在肿瘤的周边部可见到瘤细胞与外周神经束支之间有直接移行关系。免疫酶标结果显示瘤细胞强阳性表达Ｓ－１００蛋白和神经特异性烯醇化酶（ＮＳＥ），１例电镜检测显示胞浆内充满膜包被复合性溶酶体。结论：对临床明显恶性而组织学上却极似良性的恶性颗粒细胞瘤，以下几点能提示恶性诊断：（１）肿瘤超过４ｃｍ；（２）核分裂象超过２个／１０ＨＰＦ；（３）核呈空泡状并有明显的核仁；（４）出现梭形瘤细胞；（５）有肿瘤性坏死。此外，免疫组化标记及超微结构观察有助于鉴别诊断及揭示组织学起源。     

Clear cell chondrosarcoma: a pathological and immunohistochemical study

AIM: Clear cell chondrosarcoma (CCC) is a rare malignant cartilaginous neoplasm of bone. CCC is characterized by clear cells (CCC cells), osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Many important questions concerning the varied histological features of CCC, and the interactions between CCC cells and coexisting osteoclasts and osteoblasts have not been fully investigated and remain controversial. The aim of this study is to clarify and explain the varied histological features and the possible interaction between tumour cells (CCC cells) and stromal cells such as osteoclasts and osteoblasts. METHODS AND RESULTS: Four cases of CCC were histologically and immunohistochemically studied in order to elucidate the biological nature and histological characteristics. A comparative study with chondroblastoma and grade I conventional chondrosarcoma (CC) was also performed. S100 protein and type II collagen were expressed in CCC cells, chondroblastoma cells and CC cells. CD68 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were expressed in coexisting histiocytes and osteoclasts. Parathyroid hormone-like protein (PTH-LP) was expressed in histiocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, chondroblastoma cells and CCC cells. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptor (PDGF-R) were observed in osteoblasts, chondroblastoma cells and CCC cells. However, PTH-LP, PDGF and PDGF-R were not expressed in CC cells. PCNA (proliferating-cell nuclear antigen) was expressed more intensely in CCC than in chondroblastoma. CONCLUSION: These observations suggest that CCC cells trigger the varied histological changes in association with several cytokines. The difference of PCNA expression between CCC and chondroblastoma seemed to be related to the biological difference between the two tumours.     

Intraabdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumor: Cytopathologic findings in two cases

Intraabdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is an extremely rare entity. This study describes fine-needle aspiration, ascitic fluid, and touch imprint cytomorphology of DSRCT in 2 patients with extensive abdomino-pelvic disease. Cytopathologic features were unique and showed good morphologic correlation with subsequent histology of the resected tumor. Immunocytochemical profile and differential diagnosis with other small round cell tumors in this age group are also discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1998;18:449–452. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Pathologic, cytologic and immunohistochemical findings of an intra-abdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumor in a 15-year-old male

The intra-abdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumor is a rare neoplasm. It usually occurs in young males and diffusely involves the peritoneum and pursues an aggressive clinical course. The present patient was a 15-year-old male who experienced abdominal pain and abdominal swelling. The patient was diagnosed with an intestinal myogenic sarcoma, and surgery for tumor resection was performed in June 1999. The tumor was a 20 x 15 x 15 cm well-defined mass in the peritoneum involving the transverse colon and stomach with peritoneal disseminations and splenic metastasis. Microscopic findings were well-defined nests composed of small round cells and separated by abundant desmoplastic stroma. Cytologically, the tumor cells consisted of small, round to oval cells with a scant amount of light blue cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for anti-epithelial membrane antigen, vimentin, desmin, neuron-specific enolase and WT1 protein antibodies. Similar pathologic features with other small round cell tumors may lead to differential diagnostic difficulties that require the application of ancillary diagnostic methods, such as immunohistochemistry and cytogenetic techniques.     

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) with ovarian involvement in 2 young women.

We report 2 cases of desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) involving the ovaries in young women. The first patient presented with symptoms of acute appendicitis and the second patient presented with a mass in the lower abdomen and slightly elevated CA-125 level. In both patients, the tumor was widely metastatic at presentation. The ovarian involvement was unilateral in the first patient and bilateral in the second with tumor size ranging from 9 to 11 cm. Morphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular cytogenetics were consistent with DSRCT. Despite tumor debulking and multiple chemotherapy regimens, the first patient died at 20 months after initial diagnosis and the second is still undergoing chemotherapy at 7 months after initial presentation. To gain additional insight on DSRCT with ovarian involvement, the literature was reviewed and summarized.