周围型肺鳞癌和肺腺癌HRCT表现的比较

目的 对比分析周围型肺鳞癌和肺腺癌的主要HRCT表现并探讨其病理机制．进一步提高对周围型肺癌CT征象的认识。方法 对照分析经手术病理证实的35例周围型肺鳞癌和40例周围型肺腺癌主要HRCT征象，并探讨CT征象与病理学的联系。结果 与周围型肺腺癌比较。周围型肺鳞癌瘤体较大、以肿块为主要表现、瘤体边界多数清楚、边缘易出现多浅分叶、瘤体内多有坏死；腺癌瘤体较小、以结节为主要表现、瘤体边缘多见深分叶、毛刺、棘状突起、胸膜凹陷征和血管集束征、瘤体内易见小透亮影。以上征象的显示率有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。周围型肺鳞癌可见支气管铸形征和多边形结节；周围型肺腺癌可见磨玻璃结节。结论 不同的组织学特点和生物学行为决定了周围型肺鳞癌与肺腺癌HRCT表现的差异，结合临床资料术前鉴别两者是可能的。     

周围型肺癌中鳞癌与腺癌的HRCT征象分析

[目的】对比分析周围型肺鳞癌和肺腺癌的主要高分辨率CT（HRCT）表现,以提高对周围型肺癌CT征象的认识。【方法】对照分析经手术病理证实的37例周围型肺鳞癌和42例周围型肺腺癌主要HRCT征象,并探讨CT征象与病理学的联系。【结果】与周围型肺腺癌比较,周围型肺鳞癌瘤体较大,以肿块为主要表现、瘤体边界多数清楚、边缘易出现多浅分叶、瘤体内多有局灶性坏死;腺癌瘤体较小、以结节为主要表现、瘤体边缘多见深分叶、毛刺、棘状突起、胸膜凹陷征和血管集束征、瘤体内易见小空泡征。【结论】不同的组织学特点和生物学行为决定了周围型肺鳞癌与肺腺癌HRCT表现的差异,结合临床资料术前鉴别两者是可能的。     

肺腺鳞癌与腺癌和鳞癌螺旋CT及病理对比研究

目的:对肺腺鳞癌与腺癌和鳞癌的螺旋CT表现及病理基础对比研究。方法:收集经手术切除或纤支镜活检被病理证实,有完整CT资料的肺癌122例,包括肺腺鳞癌30例,腺癌38例,鳞癌54例。观察肿瘤的部位、分类、内部结构及边缘特征。结果:腺鳞癌和腺癌、鳞癌均以右肺多发,前两者以周围型多见,分别占66·7%(20/30)和65·6%(25/38),鳞癌主要为中央型(37/54,68·6%),P<0·05。肺腺鳞癌、腺癌及鳞癌CT表现为:分叶征21例(70%)、26例(68·4%)和25例(46%);毛刺征17例(56·7%)、26例(68·4%)和27例(50%);胸膜凹陷征14例(46·7%)、17例(44·7%)和10例(18·5%);血管集束征13例(43·3%)、17例(44·7%)和15例(27·8%);坏死9例(30%)、5例(13·2%)和23例(42·6%);密度不均匀20例(66·7%)、5例(13·2%)和5例(9·2%);三者之间部分征象存在明显差异(P<0·05)。结论:腺鳞癌的CT表现介于腺癌和鳞癌之间,但更趋向于腺癌,三者之间的部分CT表现有显著差异,这与其组织病理学成分、生物学行为不同有关。     

周围型肺癌钙化的CT表现及鉴别诊断意义

目的 评价周围型肺癌钙化的CT征象及诊断意义。材料与方法 98例经CT检查并有病理证实的周围肺癌中，17例可见钙化。其中腺癌10例，鳞癌5例，肺光癌2例。用2－3mm薄层扫描评价的钙化征象。结果 肺癌钙化征象的CT形态有三种：（1）细点状钙化：12例，其中腺癌6例，鳞癌4例，肺泡癌2例。钙化呈细小点或沙粒状偏心分布。（2）斑片状钙化：3例，其中腺癌2例，鳞癌1例。钙化呈不规则斑片状，偏心分布。（3）结节状钙化：2例均为腺癌，1例为单发结节，另1例为多发结节。结论 CT上肺结节或肿块内出现钙化，尤其是细点状钙化不能作为排除肺癌的指征，而应结合其它CT征象才能作出鉴别诊断。     

肺腺鳞癌病理分型与临床特征相关性研究

目的:探讨不同病理亚型肺腺鳞癌的临床特点.方法:根据肺腺鳞癌2种成分的分布不同分为独立生长型和混合生长型;根据2种成分含量不同分为腺癌为主、腺鳞相当及鳞癌为主型.分析不同病理亚型肺腺鳞癌的临床表现和术后生存期,研究病理与临床之间的联系.结果:性别、年龄、吸烟情况、病程、症状、手术切除率及P-TNM分期与病理分型无明显相关性.腺癌为主的病例多为周围型.纤维支气管镜下多表现为浸润型或非典型改变,以鳞癌为主的病例多为中央型,在纤维支气管镜下多表现为新生物,以腺癌为主者纵膈淋巴结转移率较高.独立生长型较混合生长型生存时间长;腺癌为主者生存时间最短,其次为腺鳞相当者,鳞癌为主者生存时间最长.结论:肺腺鳞癌的病理分型与临床特征之闻存在一定联系,掌握其相关性有利于对肺腺鳞癌的诊断及预后判断.     

中晚期宫颈癌放疗联合介入化疗临床观察

我们2000-08～2002-08对中晚期宫颈癌患者采用根治性放疗联合髂内动脉灌注化疗，临床观察总结如下。 1对象和方法 1．1对象患者84例，年龄30-70岁，中位年龄56．9岁。随机分为放介组（43例）与单放组（41例），两组均经病理证实为中晚期宫颈癌。放介组：鳞癌30例，腺癌11例，腺鳞癌2例；单放组：鳞癌30例，腺癌10例，腺鳞癌1例。     

周围型肺癌与支气管关系的多层螺旋CT表现

目的：运用多层螺旋CT（MSCT）后处理技术显示周围性肺癌与支气管关系,分析其影像表现及诊断价值。方法：采用MSCT对77例周围性肺癌行层厚为0．5mm的容积靶扫描,通过多平面或曲面重建（MPR或CMRP）以及表面遮盖（SSD）法显示支气管与周围肿块的关系,CT影像表现与手术、病理对照。结果：（1）全部3～7级支气管均全程、较完整显示。42例腺癌中与支气管有关系者为39例（92．9％）,20例鳞癌中为15例（75．0％）。（2）肿瘤-支气管关系可分为4型：I型,支气管被肿块截断;II型,支气管进入肿块内后被截断;Ⅲ型,支气管在肿块内保持通畅;Ⅳ型,支气管紧贴肿块边缘走行,形态正常或受压移位。（3）发生率：I型为48．1％（37／77）,其中鳞癌略多于腺癌;Ⅱ型为13．0％（10／77）,其中鳞癌略多于腺癌;Ⅲ型为16．9％（13／77）,仅见腺癌;Ⅳ型为15．6％（12／77）,腺癌略多于鳞癌。（4）与第四级支气管相关的肿块,鳞癌多于腺癌;与第六级支气管相关的肿块,腺癌多于鳞癌。结论：采用MSCT超薄层靶扫描后行MPR、CMPR和SSD重建,能准确显示肿块与支气管关系,并反映一定的病理改变关系,对良恶性鉴别或长期预后等相关性研究有着重要意义。     

CT研究肺孤立性结节与支气管的关系

目的探讨肺孤立性结节（SPN）中支气管改变在MSCT的表现及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析54例肺孤立性肺结节与支气管的关系在MSCT的表现。结果CT显示支气管截断征18例（33.3%）,其中腺癌6例,腺鳞癌2例,转移性肿瘤2例,淋巴瘤2例,其他恶性肿瘤2例,良性病灶4例;支气管在SPN穿行12例（22.2%）,腺癌5例,腺鳞癌2例,良性病灶5例;支气管在SPN边缘走行、形态无明显改变或扩张的10例（18.5%）,腺癌6例,腺鳞癌1例,其它恶性肿瘤1例,良性病灶2例;支气管在SPN边缘走行并受压移位的14例（25.9%）,良性病灶11例,腺癌2例,其它恶性肿瘤1例。结论MSCT能很好的评价SPN的支气管改变,对SPN的良、恶性的判断有重要的价值。     

周围型肺腺癌、鳞癌的CT、病理表现与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的相关性研究

目的研究周围型肺腺癌、鳞癌的CT征象、病理表现与VEGF阳性表达的相关性。方法对67例经手术病理证实的肺癌术前进行CT平扫,其中54例平扫后行动态增强扫描,并对手术切除肿瘤标本进行PV-6000二步法免疫组织化学染色,检测其VEGF的表达。分析周围型肺腺癌、鳞癌的病理表现、CT征象与VEGF的表达之间的关系。结果肿瘤的分化程度、有无肺门和（或）纵隔淋巴结转移及某些CT征像与VEGF阳性表达相关。结论VEGF表达程度是反应肿瘤的恶性程度及肿瘤浸润转移的重要指标,某些CT征像可以评价肿瘤的恶性生物学行为。     

炎症型肺浸润性黏液腺癌的动态CT特征及其病理基础分析

目的：探讨炎症型肺浸润性黏液腺癌（PIMA）动态CT变化特征及其病理基础。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理或穿刺活检证实的24例炎症型PIMA患者的系列CT影像征象及病灶动态变化特点，并观察镜下病理切片有无气腔播散（STAS）现象。结果：24例患者中位年龄67岁，男16例（66.7%），主要临床表现有咳嗽、咳痰，其中11例咳白色泡沫痰；18例为单发病灶，6例为双肺多发病灶。CT均表现为片状实变影伴周围磨玻璃密度影（GGO），并见支气管充气征、肺叶膨隆征及血管造影征。动态CT观察病灶实性成分周围可出现游走性GGO及结节影，且随病程进展其数目增多、体积增大。12例病理切片中均观察到STAS现象。结论 ：炎症型PIMA临床症状无特异性，CT表现为大片实变影，病灶周围出现结节影或远处肺组织出现新发病灶时，应考虑到STAS现象的存在。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.