心脏再同步化治疗无反应的研究进展

心脏再同步化治疗（cardiac resynchronization therapy,CRT）是20世纪后期出现的一种治疗部分心力衰竭的有效手段。大量临床随机对照试验已经证实CRT可改善部分慢性充血性心力衰竭患者的临床症状、提高生活质量及延长寿命。然而CRT的临床试验结果表明,约有1/3符合CRT治疗指征的患者植入CRT后效果不佳,称之为CRT治疗无反应[1]。探究CRT无反应因素是当前及未来的研究热点及重点。本文将对CRT无反应因素研究进展进行综述。     

左心室纵向收缩应变与组织多普勒成像在心脏再同步化治疗中的应用

目的 比较左心室纵向收缩应变(LS)及TDI两种方法在评价左心室机械收缩不同步性及预测心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)应答中的价值.方法 选择66例CRT应答者及17例CRT无应答者,分别应用LS和TDI评价左心室收缩的不同步性.在起搏器植入前后,记录LS测量的机械延迟间期(MD)及TDI测量的电机械延迟间期(EMD).结果 植入起搏器前,LS测量所有CRT应答者的MD均＞60 ms,TDI测量75.76％ CRT应答者的EMD＞60 ms,无应答者两种方法测量的延迟时间均≤60 ms.植入起搏器后,LS测量所有CRT应答者的MD均降低,TDI测量29.41％ CRT应答者的EMD未下降,LS测量无应答者的MD增高,TDI测量无应答者的EMD却无变化.结论 LS延迟间期＞60 ms可以精确预测CRT应答.对于预测CRT应答,LS明显优于TDI.     

胸腔镜辅助心外膜电极植入同步化治疗慢性心功能不全的手术配合体会

目的 探讨胸腔镜辅助心外膜电极植入同步化(cardiac resynchronization therapy,CRT)治疗慢性心功能不全的手术配合.方法 3例心肌病慢性心功能衰竭患者经心电图和超声心动图明确诊断心衰伴心脏不同步运动,DSA下植入左室起搏电极失败后采用胸腔镜辅助小切口植入左室心外膜起搏电极完成CRT.结果 手术过程顺利,手术效果好.结论 手术室护士熟练准确的护理配合是确保手术安全、顺利进行的重要环节.     

血清胆红素变化对心脏再同步化治疗术后反应性预测的价值

目的通过观察慢性心力衰竭患者心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)术前后血清胆红素水平变化,探讨血清胆红素变化与CRT治疗反应性的关系。方法选取因慢性心力衰竭行CRT-P/D植入的患者,分别在术前及术后检测患者血清胆红素水平,分析胆红素水平变化与CRT疗效的关系。结果共入选124例患者,其中随访CRT有反应组83例,CRT无反应组41例。CRT有反应组患者血清总胆红素水平降低(ΔTBIL)及间接胆红素的降低(ΔIBIL)较无反应组差异有统计学意义(P=0. 008,P=0. 016)。logistic回归分析提示,除性别、缺血性心肌病、完全性左束支传导阻滞之外,ΔTBIL是CRT有反应的独立预测因子(OR=1. 073,95%CI:1. 006~1. 144,P=0. 033)。结论慢性心力衰竭患者CRT术后血清总胆红素水平降低是CRT有反应的独立预测因子。     

多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图在心脏再同步化治疗过程中的研究进展

心力衰竭(简称心衰)是具有较高患病率和病死率的严重疾患,虽然近年来药物治疗取得了长足进展,但仍有相当数量患者疗效不佳。心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)是指通过植入右心室及左心室电极,同时起搏左、右心室,通过多部位起搏恢复左、右心室同步收缩。临床研究证实的CRT对心力衰竭患者的各种改善均见于对CRT有反应的患者,但有20%³0%的患者对CRT无反应。近期研究主要集中在扩大CRT适应证,强调轻微或无症状患者亦可从CRT中获益。心肌负荷超声等超声新技术可更好地评估心肌运动的不同步,综合分析各种超声指标可提高对CRT反应的预测价值,有效减少不能从CRT中获益的患者。本文就多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图在CRT治疗过程中的研究应用进展作一综述。     

心室再同步心脏转复除颤器植入术围术期护理

慢性心力衰竭晚期伴恶性心律失常可导致病人猝死.研究已经证实,心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)可改善心力衰竭病人的临床症状,植入式心脏复律除颤(ICD)能有效预防心脏性猝死.因此,植入具有CRT 和ICD 双重功能的装置--心室再同步心脏转复除颤器(CRT-D)已成为心功能不全病人的最佳治疗方案[4].2008 年7月29日和2009年6月24日,我院心脏介入中心为2例慢性心力衰竭伴恶性室性心律失常病人成功植入了CRT-D,经过精心治疗和护理,疗效满意.现报告如下.     

接受中心静脉导管置入的恶性血液疾病患者中导管相关性血栓的研究进展

导管相关性血栓(CRT)是接受中心静脉导管(CVC)置管的恶性血液疾病患者的严重并发症之一.然而,目前CRT的危险因素、发生机制及治疗方案等尚未明确.CRT的发生主要与患者内在因素、疾病及治疗相关因素、导管相关因素及其他导管事件相关.目前,暂不推荐在恶性血液疾病患者(多发性骨髓瘤患者除外)中对CRT进行预防性药物治疗.当患者明确出现CRT时,则应根据具体情况选择抗凝血药物治疗或直接拔管.     

心脏再同步治疗反应性与β受体阻滞剂及血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂的关系

目的：分析心脏再同步治疗(CRT)患者术后药物治疗情况及与 CRT 反应性的关系。方法行 CRT 的慢性心力衰竭患者35例,平均年龄(64.1±9.7)岁;所有患者术前及术后6个月均行常规超声心动图检查,并根据临床表现评估术前及术后6个月患者心功能分级。对患者 CRT 植入前后药物治疗情况,尤其是β受体阻滞剂及血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)的使用情况进行分析。根据 CRT 术后反应性分为有反应组及无反应组,对两组β受体阻滞剂及 ACEI 术前和术后使用情况进行比较,分析 CRT 反应性与药物剂量变化的关系。结果 CRT 临床有反应组28例,无反应组7例。有反应组术前和术后美托洛尔平均使用剂量分别为(25.0±11.0)mg/d 和(59.6±24.4)mg/d (P <0.01),而无反应组术前和术后美托洛尔平均使用剂量分别为(25.0±8.8)mg/d 和(27.5±22.4)mg/d(P >0.05)。CRT 治疗有反应组术前和术后培哚普利日平均使用剂量分别为(3.47±0.91)mg/d 和(4.74±1.52)mg/d (P <0.05),而无反应组术前和术后培哚普利日平均使用剂量分别为(3.60±0.89)mg/d 和(3.80±0.45)mg/d(P >0.05)。CRT 术后反应性与 CRT 治疗前后β受体阻滞剂剂量变化有较好的相关性(r =0.688,P <0.01),而与ACEI 剂量变化无明显相关性(r =0.355,P >0.05)。结论 CRT 反应性与术后优化药物治疗相关,其治疗效果是优化药物治疗及起搏器治疗的共同作用结果。     

植入型心律转复除颤器在心脏性猝死一级预防中的应用

目的随访观察植入型心律转复除颤器（ICD）／心室再同步心律转复除颤器（CRT．D）在中国单中心心脏性猝死（SCD）高危患者一级预防中的临床应用。方法入选2009年1月至2011年12月入住浙江大学医学院附属第一医院心内科符合一级预防适应证并植入ICD／CRT．D的患者共80例,其中33例植入单腔／双腔ICD,47例植入CRT．D。基础病因主要为扩张性心肌病（55．0％）和冠状动脉性心脏病（27．5％）。植入ICD／CRT．D后第1个月末和第3个月末各随访1次,以后每6个月随访1次,若患者发生电击等ICD治疗事件,则即时进行检查。结果80例患者平均随访（23±7）个月,非计划性再入院11例（13．7％）,死亡4例（5．0％）。记录ICD治疗事件共38次,其中有26次（68．4％）为ICD识别持续性VT／VF发作而进行的适当治疗,12次（31．6％）为由于心房颤动而进行的不适当治疗事件。结论ICD,CRT—D能在短时间内对发生恶性快速性心律失常的患者进行识别及实施治疗,在SCD一级预防中疗效明确,可使SCD的高危患者获益。     

一例心脏再同步化治疗及除颤器植入围术期护理

慢性心力衰竭晚期伴恶性心律失常是临床治疗的难题,心力衰竭可引发一系列严重临床症状,恶性心律失常可导致患者猝死。心脏再同步化治疗（cardiac resynchronization therapy,CRT）可改善心力衰竭患者的临床症状,植入式心脏复律除颤（implantable cardiac deftbrillator,ICD）能有效预防心脏性猝死。因此植入具有CRT和ICD双重功能的装置（CRT—D）已成为心功能不全患者的最佳治疗方案。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.