围手术期不同补液速度对冠脉介入术后血小板聚集率的影响

目的探讨围手术期不同补液速度对冠状动脉支架植入术后血小板聚集率的影响。方法冠状动脉介入治疗患者60例分为两组。冠脉造影后,对照组30 例输液速度维持于正常的1.5~2 ml/kg·h,试验组调整到6~9 ml/kg·h。记录两组患者的血压、心率、血小板聚集率及血浆渗透压。结果对照组术前的血小板聚集率与术后4 h 时相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);试验组术后4 h、术后次日的血小板聚集率与术前相比均有降低(P<0.05)。结论围术期快速补液能够降低血小板聚集率,可能有助于提高冠脉支架植入术的成功率,降低急性血栓的形成。     

心肌梗死患者介入术前后血小板活化及纤溶功能的变化

目的 观察急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者冠状动脉介入术后外周循环血中血小板活化及凝血-纤溶功能的变化。方法 采用ELISA检测PTCA和冠状动脉内支架术前后血小板表面α-颗粒膜蛋白（GMP-140），血管性假血友病因子（vWF)，组织纤溶酶原激活剂（t-PA)，纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物-1（PAI-1），D-二聚体（D-D）的含量。结果 35例急性心肌梗死患者PTCA术后10分钟，GMP-140，tPA和vWF明显增高，术后24小时vWF仍显著增高，结论 AMI患者介入术后血小板活化和纤溶功能均出现改变。     

冠状动脉腔内成形及支架植入术循证护理

目的运用循证护理解决经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术及支架植入术患者的护理问题.方法对80例冠状动脉腔内成形术及支架植入的患者按入院时间先后分为常规组和循证组,每组40例,常规组采用常规护理方法,循证组采用循证护理方法.结果循证组患者住院期间并发症发生率低于常规组（P＜0.05）.结论运用循证护理理论指导临床实践改善了护理质量,保证了治疗效果.     

Platelet characteristics associated with coronary artery disease

Summary.  Background/objective : To test the hypothesis that circulating platelets display evidence of interactions with atherogenesis, platelet capacity to express P-selectin and propensity for spontaneous microaggregation in vitro were measured in samples from normal donors (N), patients with asymptomatic advanced coronary calcification (CC) or acute coronary syndromes (AC). To measure the effect of angioplasty on platelet function, samples obtained before, 30 min after and 24 h after angioplasty were compared. Patients/methods : Platelet P-selectin was measured after maximal stimulation with thrombin. Microaggregation was measured as a platelet count deficit in citrate-anticoagulated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) relative to EDTA-anticoagulated blood. Results : P-selectin expression was significantly lower for platelets from patients with either AC or CC compared to normals. In addition, platelets from AC and CC patients have a significantly greater propensity to form microaggregates in citrate anticoagulant. After angioplasty, the PRP-platelet count decreased transiently. Conclusion : Both acute unstable and chronic stable coronary disease are associated with an increased share of platelets unable to express P-selectin and an increased share of platelets that microaggregate in citrate anticoagulant. The genesis of these platelet characteristics is not fully explained by focal acute arterial injury and may reflect exposure to systemic atherosclerosis or the atherogenic process.     

雷帕霉素洗脱支架对急性冠脉综合征患者介入术后C-反应蛋白的影响

目的：比较国产雷帕霉素洗脱支架（Partner^TM）与普通裸支架对急性冠脉综合征患者介入术后C-反应蛋白（CRP）水平的影响。方法；68例急性冠脉综合征患者随机分为两组：A组36例和B组32例。A组置入Partner^TM支架．B组置入普通裸支架。两组分别于术前、术后12、24h取肘静脉血采用胶乳增强免疫比浊法测定C-反应蛋白（CRP）水平。结果：A组术前CRP水平与B组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。A组术后12、24hCRP水平与B组比较。差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。结论；国产雷帕霉素洗脱支架（Partner^TM）对急性冠脉综合征患者介入术后CRP的产生有抑制作用，可能有抑制介入术后的炎症反应。     

超声引导PTA在动静脉内瘘狭窄中的应用研究

目的:探究分析超声引导下经皮穿刺腔内血管成型术(PTA)在动静脉内瘘狭窄治疗中的应用效果。方法:选择2017年9月-2019年9月在我院进行超声引导下经皮穿刺腔内血管成型术治疗的78例动静脉内瘘狭窄患者为研究对象,记录技术成功率、临床治疗成功率,并比较治疗前后狭窄处内径、内瘘自然流量以及透析血流量。结果:101例次在超声引导下进行PTA治疗的技术成功率达到97.03%,临床成功率93.07%,且治疗后患者的狭窄处内径、内瘘自然流量以及透析血流量平均值均显著大于术前治疗(P<0.05)。术后有3例局部出现肿胀,经弹力绑带加压包扎后症状消失。结论:超声引导下进行经皮穿刺腔内血管成型术具有操作简单、无辐射、治疗成功率高、并发症少等优点,将其应用于动静脉内瘘狭窄治疗中能够直观观察到动静内瘘血管血流及管腔变化情况,并实时察看导丝、球囊的行进情况,临床应用价值高。     

超声心动图在监测急性心肌梗死合并心力衰竭冠脉内介入术后心功能中的作用

目的探讨超声心动图在观察急性心肌梗死合并心力衰竭患者经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术(PTCA)和冠状动脉内支架植入术后心功能的作用。方法采用超声心动图对36例急性心肌梗死合并心力衰竭患者PTCA加支架植术前,术后1周、1个月和3个月,进行多项心功能指标动态检测。结果与术前比较,术后1周左室收缩功能左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室短轴缩短率(LVFS)、每搏量(SV)、每分输出量(CO)有明显改善(P<0.05);术后1个月和术后3个月,左室容量、左室收缩功能、左室舒张功能等各项指标均有明显改善(P<0.05)。结论超声心动图在监测急性心肌梗死合并心力衰竭患者冠脉内介入治疗后心功能的变化方面具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Angiotensin converting enzyme DD genotype affects the changes of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction patients

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) DD genotype, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) 4G/4G genotype have been reported to affect PAI-1 activity in control subjects and atherosclerotic patients, but no data are available on the influence of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) A1166C polymorphism on the inhibitor levels. The degree of fibrinolytic activation after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has been found to affect the risk of restenosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of ACE I/D, AT1R A1166C, and PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphisms on the changes of PAI-1 activity after primary successful percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. In 29 consecutive acute myocardial infarction patients, undergoing primary successful angioplasty, genotyping of ACE I/D, AT1R A1166C, and PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphisms was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and PAI-1 plasma activity (chromogenic method) was assessed before and after angioplasty. Following angioplasty, PAI-1 activity increased in 10 of 29 patients and decreased or remained unchanged in 19 of 29. ACE DD genotype was significantly (P = 0.04) associated with an increase of PAI-1 activity post angioplasty (OR DD/ID+II = 6.5, CI 95% 4.83-8.22). Whereas no effect of PAI-1 4G/5G and AT1R A1166C polymorphisms on PAI-1 response to angioplasty was demonstrated, these data suggest that renin-angiotensin system genes are involved in the regulation of the fibrinolytic response to balloon injury, possibly affecting angiotensin converting enzyme activity. This interaction between the renin-angiotensin system and hemostasis may be a mechanism by which ACE DD genotype affects the risk of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.     

超声引导下经皮腔内血管成形术在血液透析患者动静脉内瘘狭窄中的应用

目的  探讨维持血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘狭窄行经皮腔内血管成形术的应用。方法  对2018年1月~2019年12月在本院进行血液透析并发动静脉内瘘狭窄的40例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,所有患者均在术前采用超声评估血管,术中采用超声指导经皮腔内血管成形术治疗,统计手术技术成功率、临床成功率、并发症发生情况,比较手术前后患者的血流指标。结果  介入超声可清晰显示狭窄部位,引导内瘘狭窄行球囊扩张手术进程。经皮腔内血管成形术后彩超显示40例患者血管狭窄及血栓消失,治疗技术成功率100%,临床成功率100%。仅2例患者出现穿刺点皮下轻度血肿,所有患者均无严重并发症发生。术后动静脉内瘘狭窄处内径、透析血流量、内瘘血流量均较术前明显增加（P < 0.05）。结论  超声引导下内瘘狭窄行腔内血管成形术具有较高的成功率及开通率,可作为一种安全有效的引导方法,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Tirofiban in acute coronary syndromes

Acute coronary syndromes represent a major health problem in terms of incidence and mortality. Intracoronary platelet-rich thrombi may develop in response to plaque rupture, and are involved in the pathogenesis of all acute coronary syndromes. The glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, a platelet surface integrin, plays a key role in platelet aggregation once it has been activated by specific ligands. The development of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors has revolutionized the management of acute coronary syndromes. Tirofiban is one of three parenteral glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in clinical use, and many trials have demonstrated its clinical efficacy and low rate of adverse effects in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. This article reviews the data concerning its use in the clinical settings of acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary angioplasty, and discusses its benefits in different treatment strategies and in association with other drugs. In particular, the role of early, upstream tirofiban coupled with early aggressive revascularization in the management of high-risk non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes is emphasized.     

PTCA及支架安置术后患者应对方式的调查

目的了解PTCA及支架安置术后患者的应对方式。方法采用基本情况调查表及医学应对方式问卷,对50例PTCA及支架安置术后的患者进行调查。结果PTCA及支架安置术后患者最常采用的应对方式为面对,其次为回避,较少使用屈服的应对方式。不同的性别、民族、文化程度、婚姻状态及医疗费用支付方式的患者所选择的应对方式也有差异。结论PTCA及支架安置术后患者主要采取面对的积极应对方式,医护人员应鼓励患者采取这些应对策略去缓解术后压力,以便有的放矢地改善患者手术后的身心症状,提高生活质量。     

Rapid dissociation of platelet-rich fibrin clots in vitro by a combination of plasminogen activators and antiplatelet agents.

Thrombin promotes the formation of arterial thrombi by converting fibrinogen to fibrin and by causing platelets to aggregate. We have examined the combined effects of plasminogen activators and inhibitors of platelet aggregation on the lysis of platelet-rich fibrin clots formed by alpha-thrombin in citrated platelet-rich plasma. The extent of platelet aggregation and clot formation were measured by recording light transmission in an aggregometer. Immediately after the formation of platelet-rich fibrin clots, addition of 2,000 U/ml streptokinase or 50 micrograms/ml recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator alone resulted in the degradation of polymerized fibrin and the release of trapped platelet aggregates without causing significant platelet deaggregation. Preincubation of the platelet-rich plasma with 20 microM indomethacin for 1 min before thrombin stimulation or simultaneous addition of prostaglandin E1 (10 microM) with the plasminogen activators after thrombin stimulation resulted in spontaneous platelet deaggregation. Because platelet aggregation is, in part, mediated by the binding of Arg-Gly-Asp-containing adhesive proteins to activated platelets, the effect of Arg-Gly-Asp peptides on platelet deaggregation was examined. By itself, Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro specifically caused dose- and time-dependent deaggregation of platelet aggregates formed by ADP or by thrombin in the presence of 1 mM Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro, but had no effect on the dissociation of thrombin-induced platelet-rich fibrin clots. In combination with streptokinase or recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro enhanced the rate of lysis of platelet-rich fibrin clots. The control Gly-Arg-Gly-Glu-Ser-Pro peptide was completely ineffective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Outcome of noncardiac operations in patients with severe coronary artery disease successfully treated preoperatively with coronary angioplasty.

The risk of perioperative myocardial infarction and death was evaluated in 50 patients (mean age, 68 years) with severe coronary artery disease who underwent a noncardiac operation after revascularization had been achieved by successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Before angioplasty, all patients were thought to be at high risk for perioperative complications on the basis of assessment of clinical variables and findings on specialized diagnostic tests. Of the 50 patients, 31 had Canadian Heart Association class III or IV angina or unstable angina. All patients who underwent functional testing had positive results. At catheterization, 38 patients (76%) had multivessel disease. The 50 patients underwent 54 noncardiac operations at a median of 9 days after angioplasty. The overall frequency of perioperative myocardial infarction was 5.6%, and the mortality was 1.9%. Two nonfatal non-Q-wave infarctions and one fatal Q-wave infarction occurred. In patients who have undergone successful angioplasty for severe coronary artery disease, the risk of major cardiac complications associated with a noncardiac surgical procedure is low.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for atheromatous renal artery stenosis--blood pressure response and discriminant analysis of outcome predictors

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was performed in 39 consecutive patients with atheromatous renal artery stenosis associated with hypertension. The mean blood pressure before angioplasty was 191/107 mmHg and this had dropped to a mean of 167/90 mmHg at the patient's most recent visit, representing a significant fall in both systolic (p less than 0.01) and diastolic pressures (p less than 0.001). The mean serum creatinine was 166.7 mumol/l before percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and 155.3 mumol/l at the most recent visit (not statistically significant). The mean number of anti-hypertensive drugs fell from 2.4 to 1.9 after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (p less than 0.05). Three patients (eight per cent) were 'cured' (diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg without medication), 25 (64 per cent) had 'improved' (diastolic blood pressure less than 109 mmHg, with a fall of more than 15 per cent) and 11 (28 per cent) had not improved. Logistic discriminant analysis showed that pre-percutaneous transluminal angioplasty diastolic blood pressure, age, serum creatinine and smoking habit together correctly predicted the outcome of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in 90 per cent of patients, with four 'false positives' and no 'false negatives'. Ten patients suffered a total of 12 serious complications related to the procedure: one death in acute renal failure, one myocardial infarction, one severe hypotension just after the procedure, one deep vein thrombosis, one episode of transient ischaemia of the toes and seven groin haematomas. Thus percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for atheromatous renal artery stenosis rarely 'cures' hypertension, but improved blood pressure control is often achieved, albeit at the expense of troublesome complications. A prospective, randomized trial is needed to establish whether or not the improvement is due directly to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.     

Changes in platelet aggregation caused by glyburide in diabetic patients

The effect of glyburide on platelet aggregation was investigated in 31 patients with maturity-onset diabetes. Platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma was measured before and one hour after the patients had ingested 5 mg of glyburide. The drug caused a significant decrease in platelet aggregation as determined by changes in the amplitude and slope of the curve.     

Right coronary artery-to-right ventricle fistula complicating percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: case report and review of the literature.

This case report describes an iatrogenic right coronary artery-to-right ventricle fistula resulting from percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. In this patient transthoracic echocardiography with Doppler color flow mapping allowed direct visualization of the right coronary artery aneurysm and the coronary fistula, enabling us to identify the cardiac chamber into which the fistula drained. Transthoracic echocardiography was used for follow-up of this patient, demonstrating spontaneous closure of the fistula within 3 months of the procedure. In addition, this article provides a brief overview of reported cases of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty-induced coronary fistulae. The clinical course of this complication and therapeutic approaches presented in the literature are also briefly discussed.     

可视化B超引导对经皮球囊扩张血管成形术后动静脉内瘘穿刺的应用

目的 探讨可视化B超引导下穿刺经皮球囊扩张血管成形术后动静脉内瘘的安全应用效果.方法 选取2019年6月至2020年6月在桂林医学院附属医院行规律透析内瘘狭窄行经皮球囊扩张血管成形术后患者120例,随机分成可视化B超引导下穿刺组和常规穿刺组,每组60例.比较两种方法穿刺成功率以及穿刺相关并发症发生率.结果 常规穿刺组穿...     

Standardized ultrasound as a new method to induce platelet aggregation: evaluation, influence of lipoproteins and of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist tirofiban.

Most of the published studies concerning platelet aggregation were performed with chemical stimulation procedures, however, mechanical stimulation might be a better simulation of physiological activation of platelets. In order to evaluate the influence of ultrasound on platelet aggregation in vitro, we developed an ultrasound device in a standardized set-up, and we evaluated the influence of lipoproteins and the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban on ultrasound induced platelet aggregation. A cylindrical shaped plastic test tube with 1 ml of platelet-rich plasma was placed in an ultrasound bath (35 kHz) for 5 s. The ultrasound energy transfer into the sample (Delta W=3.77 J) was calculated using the average temperature increase (averaged by 0.935 degrees C) of the sample. Platelet aggregation was quantified immediately after stimulation with ultrasound or adenosine diphosphate (ADP 2.1 and 4.2 microM) by the Myrenne Aggregometer PA2 at low (40 s(-1)) and afterwards at high (2500 s(-1)) shear. To evaluate the influence of lipoproteins, seven healthy male volunteers were investigated before and after a fat load (50 g fat per m(2) body surface), and 11 patients suffering from hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic disease before and after a single low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis. Platelet aggregation after ultrasound stimulation was well correlated with platelet aggregation after ADP (r between 0.50 and 0.95). However, when exposed to high shear, the low shear-induced platelet aggregates were more stable after ultrasound stimulation compared with ADP stimulation either with or without tirofiban. After the fat load triglyceride concentration increased from 0.86+/-0.39 to 2.10+/-1.10 mmol l(-1) (P<0.05) resulting in a reduced formation of platelet aggregates after weak (ADP 2.1 microM) but not after strong (ADP 4.2 microM or ultrasound) stimuli. After a single LDL apheresis LDL cholesterol dropped from 3.99+/-0.90 to 1.06+/-0.55 mmol l(-1) (P<0.005). No changes in platelet aggregation were observed with the exception of a lower aggregation when exposed to high shear after stimulation with 2.1 microM ADP. In conclusion, we found the ultrasound stimulation of platelet-rich plasma easy to perform. The platelet aggregation after ultrasound stimulation correlated well with stimulation after ADP. While a reduction in LDL cholesterol concentration had only slight effects on platelet aggregation, an increase in triglyceride concentration resulted in a reduced formation of platelet aggregates after weak stimulation.     

A method for studying intravascular platelet aggregation in vitro]

A simple available method for evaluating intravascular platelet aggregation is proposed. It consists in graphic recording of disaggregation of platelet-rich citrate plasma, which indicates the degree of intravascular aggregation. Intravascular aggregation is notably increased in coronary patients and negligible in normal subjects. The method may be used for the diagnosis of diseases with a high thrombogenic risk.     

Emergency angioplasty and stent deployment for acute occlusion of an anomalous single coronary artery (all three coronary arteries from one ostium in the right sinus of Valsalva)

A single coronary ostium is traditionally considered to be of little clinical significance. We report a case of a single ostium in the right sinus of Valsalva, giving rise to the right coronary artery, from which the left main coronary artery originated. Sudden death occurred seven days after acute gastrointestinal bleeding and subsequent interruption of aspirin therapy. Acute coronary angiography following successful resuscitation revealed an ascending thrombus in the right coronary artery. The patient underwent a complex percutaneous coronary angioplasty with stent deployment. We conclude that coronary artery disease may lead to severe ischemia with a large area at risk and major complications in patients with coronary anomalies. Patients with acute stent implantation might benefit from platelet aggregation even in cases of recent intestinal bleeding.