齐多夫定棕榈酸酯脂质体的制备及在小鼠体内的药物分布

目的制备齐多夫定棕榈酸酯脂质体并考察其在小鼠体内的分布情况。方法采用乙醇注入法制备齐多夫定棕榈酸酯脂质体;采用HPLC法测定静脉注射后小鼠体内齐多夫定的质量浓度。结果脂质体包封率为95.2%,粒径为(75.6±42.2)nm。小鼠尾静脉分别注射齐多夫定棕榈酸酯脂质体30.0mg.kg-1和齐多夫定溶液15.85mg.kg-1后,体内消除半衰期脂质体组为16.4min,溶液组为5.74min;30min内脂质体组肝、脾、肾和脑(15min内)中齐多夫定的AUC值分别为溶液组的1.6倍、1.19倍、80%、1.8倍。结论采用乙醇注入法制备的齐多夫定棕榈酸酯脂质体包封率高,粒径均匀;可延长药物体内消除半衰期,提高了其在肝和脑的靶向性。齐多夫定棕榈酸酯脂质体有望成为一种理想的抗艾滋病制剂,值得进一步深入研究。     

齐多夫定棕榈酸酯纳米乳剂的制备及其在小鼠体内药动学与组织分布的研究

目的制备齐多夫定棕榈酸酯(zidovudine palmitate,AZTP)纳米乳剂并考察其在小鼠体内药动学与组织分布情况。方法微射流法制备AZTP纳米乳剂,采用高效液相色谱法测定静脉注射后小鼠体内齐多夫定(zidovudine,AZT)的质量浓度;采用DAS2.1.1药动学程序计算药动学参数,并以相对摄取率(re)为指标,评价AZTP纳米乳剂的靶向性。结果本法制备的AZTP纳米乳剂为乳白色半透明混悬液,无油滴,未分层,平均粒径为(55.3±26.0)nm,包封率为98.4%。小鼠尾静脉分别注射AZTP纳米乳剂和AZT溶液后,体内消除半衰期分别为13.44和23.47 min。与AZT溶液相比,纳米乳剂组在血浆、心、肝、脾、肺、肾和脑的re值分别为1.46、1.52、2.75、2.20、1.59、0.76、2.57。结论采用微射流法制备的AZTP纳米乳剂外观良好,粒径均匀;可延长药物体内消除半衰期,提高其在肝、脑和脾中的靶向性。AZTP纳米乳剂有望成为一种理想的抗艾滋病制剂,值得进一步深入研究。     

齐多夫定棕榈酸酯半乳糖化脂质体在小鼠体内的分布

肝实质细胞作为人类免疫缺陷病毒的贮库，与病毒不断地向外周循环扩散有关。本文制备了含自制［(2-乳糖酰胺基)乙胺基］甲酸胆固醇酯(［(2-lactoylamido) ethylamino］ formic acid cholesterol ester， CH-ED-LA)为“肝自导向”辅料的齐多夫定棕榈酸酯(azidothymidine palmitate， AZTP)半乳糖化脂质体(GalLs)， 并对齐多夫定棕榈酸酯半乳糖化脂质体在小鼠体内的分布进行了研究。采用乙醇注入-超声分散法制备了以下4种脂质体， 脂质构成分别为：大豆磷脂(SPC)/胆固醇(CH)/CH-ED-LA(80∶10∶10, 10% GalLs)， SPC/CH/CH-ED-LA(80∶15∶5, 5% GalLs)， SPC/CH/CH-ED-LA(80∶17∶3, 3% GalLs)和SPC/CH(80∶20, CL)， 测得各脂质体的包封率均大于95%，平均粒径均小于100 nm； CH-ED-LA的加入量对AZTP脂质体的膜电位和药物含量均无影响。小鼠尾静脉注射齐多夫定溶液剂15.85 mg·kg^-1、 齐多夫定棕榈酸酯普通脂质体及半乳糖化脂质体各30 mg·kg^-1， HPLC法测定药物在小鼠体内各组织中的分布。各脂质体组的药物半衰期较溶液组均有显著增加(P<0.05)；与齐多夫定溶液剂相比，齐多夫定棕榈酸酯普通脂质体和CH-ED-LA分别占脂质总量3%， 5%， 10%(mol/mol)的半乳糖化脂质体的药物肝靶向摄取率(r_e)分别为1.32和1.48， 2.13和1.50。结果表明含新糖脂CH-ED-LA的脂质体可显著改善齐多夫定棕榈酸酯的肝靶向性，可望成为一种有用的靶向肝的药物传递载体。     

5-氟尿嘧啶神经酰胺脂质体急性毒性的昼夜节律研究

目的研究5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)半乳糖神经酰胺(GalCer)脂质体急性毒性是否存在昼夜节律.方法分别于4、10、16、22时,采用静脉注射(iv),观察小鼠给予包封有5-FU的GalCer脂质体后所产生的毒性反应和死亡情况,计算半数致死量(LD50).结果iv 5-FU GalCer脂质体LD50分别为171.0、252.5、270.1和202.7 mg@kg-1;其95%可信区间分别为152.8～190.3、226.8～281.1、222.0～327.5和173.1～236.5 mg@kg-1.结论5-FU GalCer脂质体夜间的急性毒性大于白天,存在着明显的昼夜节律现象.     

齐多夫定血药浓度测定及药动学

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法,研究齐多夫定在健康人体内的药动学。方法:Hypersil C18柱(5μm,4.6mm×200mm),流动相:甲醇-水(30∶70),检测波长:266nm。9名健康志愿者单剂量口服300mg齐多夫定胶囊后,体内血药浓度采用3P97程序统计方法处理。结果:在确定的色谱分离条件下,血浆样品中齐多夫定无杂质干扰,且峰面积与相应浓度之间呈良好的线性关系。人体药动学参数Cmax(2 045±582)μg.L-1,tmax(0.56±0.22)h,消除半衰期t1/2ke为(1.29±0.16)h,V/F为(196.1±59.5)L,AUC0-t为(3 365±914)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-∞为(3 506±923)μg.h.L-1。结论:本法操作简便快速,定量准确可靠,适用于齐多夫定的人体药动学研究。     

静脉、腹腔给予羟喜树碱冻干粉针和脂质体在小鼠血液中的分布

目的 研究羟喜树碱(HCPT)冻干粉针及脂质体通过小鼠腹腔及静脉给药其血液中的分布.方法 昆明种小鼠108只随机分成4组:2组腹腔给予冻干粉针及脂质体；另2组静脉给药.给药后15,60,120 min取血,测定羟喜树碱浓度.结果 腹腔给药后在15,60 min的血药浓度,羟基喜树碱脂质体较注射用羟基喜树碱明显减少；而120 min较注射用羟基喜树碱明显增加(P＜0.05).静脉给药后在60,120 min的药物浓度,较15 min时2组均明显减少(P＜0.05)；而120 min时的药物浓度,脂质体较注射剂明显增加(P＜0.05).结论 静脉、腹腔给予冻干粉针及脂质体HCPT,药物在血液中迅速分布,很快被消除,符合其药动学特征.     

两种齐多夫定胶囊在健康人体的药动学和生物利用度比较(英文)

目的：建立灵敏、简便的高效液相色谱法测定血浆齐多夫定药物浓度,并研究2种齐多夫定胶囊(每粒100 mg,300 mg)的健康人体的药动学。方法：18名健康志愿者单剂量交叉口服齐多夫定参比和受试制剂各300 mg,采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法测定血浆药物浓度。用3P97药动学软件进行药动学参数计算及生物等效性评价。结果：2种齐多夫定胶囊在健康志愿者体内的药-时曲线均符合一室模型,参比制剂、受试制剂的主要药动学参数如下：c_(max)分别为(2 252±s 837)μ·L~(-1)和(2 300±1 099)μg·L~(-1)；t_(max)分别为(0.49±0.19)h和(0.5±0.3)h；t_(1/2ke)分别为(0.93±0.19)h和(0.99±0.24)h；AUC_(0-t)分别为(2 530±452)μg·h·L~(-1)和(2 467±605)μg·h·L~(-1)；AUC_(0-∞)分别为(2 689±414)μg·h·L~(-1)和(2 583±575)μg·h·L~(-1)。2制剂的AUC_(0-t),AUC_(0-∞)和c_(max)对数转换后方差分析和双单侧t检验结果证明2种制剂生物等效。结论：该方法灵敏、便捷、准确、精密,适用于齐多夫定药动学研究；2种齐多夫定胶囊为生物等效制剂。     

RGD环肽介导的靶向脂质体体内药动学及荷瘤动物活体成像研究

本文测定了大鼠单剂量(5 mg.kg1)尾静脉注射RGD环肽介导的羟基喜树碱(hydroxycamptothecin,HCPT)靶向脂质体(HCPT-RGD-LP)和HCPT长循环脂质体(HCPT-LP)的血药浓度,比较两组的药动学行为;研究了HCPT-LP及HCPT注射剂在正常小鼠血浆和心、肝、脾、肺、肾中的分布情况;采用人肝癌HepG2细胞移植裸鼠,以DiR为荧光探针,通过活体成像比较RGD环肽修饰的DiR靶向脂质体(DiR-RGD-LP)和DiR长循环脂质体(DiR-LP)在荷瘤裸鼠体内的分布。结果显示,HCPT-RGD-LP组和HCPT-LP组的主要药动学参数t1/2β、CL、Vc、AUC048 h、AUC0∞、MRT048 h和MRT0∞均无显著性差异(P>0.05);HCPT-LP在小鼠体内的循环时间明显长于HCPT注射剂,且药物在肝脏中的分布浓度较高;荷瘤裸鼠中,DiR-RGD-LP组肿瘤部位的荧光强度显著高于DiR-LP组,提示RGD环肽用于脂质体修饰能明显提高给药系统的肿瘤靶向性。     

丹皮酚在小鼠体内的药动学研究

目的:研究丹皮酚(paeonol,Pae)在正常小鼠体内的药动学过程,为Pae药理作用的研究提供实验依据。方法:正常小鼠一次性按50mg.kg-1灌胃(ig)Pae后,用HPLC法检测不同时间间隔血药浓度,血药浓度-时间(C-t)数据在计算机上经DAS ver1.0程序软件拟合,进行自动房室模型的判别及药动学参数的计算。结果:正常小鼠一次性50mg.kg-1ig Pae后血清的药-时曲线为单室模型一级吸收,其主要药动学参数为:Ka=(10.7±10.9)min-1,Ke=(0.10±0.07)min-1,Vd=(3.7±1.4)L.kg-1,t1/2Ka=(0.6±0.9)min,t1/2α=(8.7±3.9)min,CL=(0.37±0.16)L.min-1,AUC0-t=(121.9±37.3)mg.L-1.min,MRT0-t=(42.4±7.0)min,tmax=5.0min,Cmax=(14.5±6.1)mg.L-1。结论:正常小鼠ig Pae后,体内药动学过程符合单室模型一级吸收,药物进入体内迅速分布,代谢消除也较快。     

齐多夫定肉豆蔻酯脂质体与齐多夫定对实验动物毒性作用比较研究

目的研究齐多夫定肉豆蔻酯脂质体与齐多夫定对实验动物的毒性作用。方法采用昆明种小鼠,观察两种剂型药物的急性LD50。将昆明种小鼠分成3组,观察两种剂型药物对小鼠的行为活动、体重以及脏器系数的影响。采用Bagle犬分成3组,观察两种剂型药物对犬的行为活动、体重、脏器系数、血液学指标、血清生化值、脏器病理的影响。结果AZT组的LD50为12.50mg·kg^-1,AZT-ML组的LD50为20.30mg·kg^-1。AZT-ML组小鼠的行为活动基本正常,其体重、脏器系数的改变较AZT组明显减轻。AZT-ML组犬的行为活动基本正常、其体重、脏器系数、血液学指标、血清生化值、脏器病理的改变较AZT组明显减轻。结论与AZT相比,AZT-ML对实验动物机体的损害及毒性作用显著降低。     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of zidovudine in rats following intravenous administration of zidovudine myristate loaded liposomes

Liposomes accumulating in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) appear to be a promising vehicle to improve the therapeutic index of anti-HIV drugs such as zidovudine (AZT). Since the entrapment efficiency of AZT in liposomes was found to be low and AZT leakage from liposomes is fast, zidovudine myristate (AZT-M) was synthesized as a prodrug, and AZT-M incorporated liposomes in a lyophilized form were prepared with an average diameter of 90 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 98% after reconstitution. The pharmacokinetic profiles and tissue distribution of AZT after i.v. administration of AZT-M liposomes in rats were investigated, and the results were compared with those after i.v. administration of AZT solution. AZT levels in plasma were significantly higher following application of AZT-M liposomes compared with AZT solution, and AUC0_infinity increased from 5.0 +/- 0.7 micromol x min x ml(-1) to 8.2 +/- 1.7 micromol x min x ml(-1) accordingly. Tissue distribution studies also confirmed higher concentrations of AZT in organs of RES and brain, suggesting that AZT-M liposomes might be promising candidates for therapy of HIV infections.     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 5-fluorouracil encapsulated by galactosylceramide liposomes in mice

AIM: To study the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 5-fluorouracil encapsulated by galactosylceramide liposomes (5-Fu-GCL) in mice. METHODS: The concentration of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) in serum was detected by high performance liquid chromatography after 5-Fu-GCL (80, 40, 20 mg/kg) and free 5-Fu (40 mg/kg) were injected intravenously into mice. The tissue distribution of 5-Fu-GCL (40 mg/kg) and free 5-Fu (40 mg/kg) was investigated, and concentration-time profile of the two preparations in the liver were studied. Data were analyzed by 3p97 program. RESULTS: Serum concentration-time curves of 5-Fu-GCL and free 5-Fu conformed to one compartment model of first order absorption. 5-Fu-GCL at 80, 40, and 20 mg/kg had T(1/2Ke) of 25.8+/-4.2, 27.3+/-4.4, and 28.2+/-5.6 min; C0 of 24.9+/-4.9, 17.7+/-3.6, and 11.5+/-2.7 mg/L; and AUC of 990.0+/-45.2,622.5+/-38.3, and 340.4+/-25.6 mg x min x L(-1), respectively. In contrast free 5-Fu at 40 kg/mg had T(1/2Ke) of 15.8+/-2.2 min, C0 of 35.8+/-6.2 mg/L, AUC of 639.0+/-35.9 mg x min x L(-1). The tissue distribution of 5-Fu-GCL in the liver and immune organs was significantly increased, while in heart and kidney it was remarkably decreased. The AUC of 5-Fu-GCL in the liver was 3 times higher than that of free 5-Fu. CONCLUSION: The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 5-Fu-GCL appears to be linear-related and dose-dependent, and exhibits sustained-release and hepatic target characteristics.     

Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of (±)-3′-Azido-2′,3′-dideoxy-5′-O-(2-bromomyristoyl)thymidine,a Prodrug of 3′-Azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT) in Mice

The in-vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetics in mice of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine ( 1 , AZT), 2-bromomyristic acid ( 2 ) and their common prodrug, (±)-3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxy-5′-O-(2-bromomyristoyl)thymidine ( 3 ) are reported. The objectives of the work were to enhance the anti-human immunodeficiency virus and anti-fungal effects of 1 and 2 by improving their delivery to the brain and liver. The pharmacokinetics of AZT (βt1/2 (elimination, or beta-phase, half-life) = 112.5 min; AUC (area under the plot of concentration against time) = 29.1 ± 2.9 μmol g^?1 min; CL (blood clearance) = 10.5 ± 1.1 mL min^?1 kg^?1) and its ester prodrug ( 3 , βt1/2 = 428.5 min; AUC = 17.3 ± 4.7 μmol g^?1 min; CL = 17.6 ± 4.8 mL min^?1 kg^?1) were compared after intravenous injection of equimolar doses (0.3 mmol kg^?1) via the tail vein of Balb/c mice (25.30 g). The prodrug was rapidly converted to AZT in-vivo, but plasma levels of AZT (peak concentration 0.17 μmol g^?1) and AUC (12.3 μmol min g^?1) were lower than observed after AZT administration (peak concentration 0.36 μmol g^?1; AUC 29.1 μmol min g^?1). The prodrug also accumulated rapidly in the liver immediately after injection, resulting in higher concentrations of AZT than observed after administration of AZT itself (respective peak concentrations 1.11 and 0.81 μmol g^?1; respective AUCs 42.5 and 12.7 μmol min g^?1). Compared with doses of AZT itself, 3 also led to significantly higher brain concentration of AZT (25.7 compared with 9.8 nmol g^?1) and AUCs (2.8 compared with 1.4 μmol min g^?1). At the doses used in this study the antifungal agent 2-bromomyristic acid was measurable in plasma and brain within only 2 min of injection. Hepatic concentrations of 2-bromomyristic acid were higher for at least 2 h after dosing with 3 than after dosing with the acid itself. In summary, comparative biodistribution studies of AZT and its prodrug showed that the prodrug led to higher concentrations of AZT in the brain and liver. Although the prodrug did not result in measurably different concentrations of 2-bromomyristic acid in the blood and brain, it did lead to levels in the liver which were higher than those achieved by dosing with the acid itself.     

洛伐他汀烟酸缓释片在比格犬体内的药代动力学

目的研究洛伐他汀烟酸缓释片在Beagle犬体内的药动学变化。方法6只Beagle犬采用两周期随机交叉实验设计,口服500mg洛伐他汀烟酸缓释片或烟酸片,采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)内标定量法测定烟酸血药浓度及药代动力学参数。结果Beagle犬口服给予洛伐他汀烟酸缓释片和烟酸片后,两者在犬体内的代谢均表现为一室模型,主要药动学参数:T12(Ke)64.99min vs.106.09min,T(peak)75.67min vs.112.20min,C(max)52.95μg.ml-1vs.28.50μg.ml-1,AUC 10831.10 vs.9086.42μg.ml-1。结论RP-HPLC内标定量测定烟酸,该方法操作简便、准确灵敏、重现性好,可用于烟酸在体内的药动学研究。单剂量口服洛伐他汀烟酸缓释片后测得的T12(Ke)、T(peak)和C(max)与烟酸组相比,差异性显著;AUC基本一致。缓释片的T12(Ke)、T(peak)明显长于烟酸片,Cmax低于烟酸片,这表明我们制备的复方洛伐他汀烟酸缓释片在Beagle犬体内具有缓释作用,相对生物利用度基本一致。     

间硝苯地平在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学

目的用反相高效液相色谱法研究间硝苯地平(m-nifedipine，m-Nif)在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学特征。方法正交设计优化色谱分离条件，Beagle犬分别iv给予m-Nif 0.288 mg·kg^-1和ig m-Nif 1.152，3.456，10.370 mg·kg^-1。用反相高效液相色谱法分析血浆中原型药物浓度，血浆药物浓度-时间数据用3P97药代动力学软件分析。结果Beagle犬iv m-Nif，其体内过程符合二室模型，T_1/2β为116.8 min；ig给予m-Nif 后在Beagle犬体内的代谢符合一室模型，其中低剂量(1.152 mg·kg^-1)组C_max为20 μg·L^-1， T_1/2(k_e)为147 min；中剂量(3.456 mg·kg^-1)组C_max为36 μg·L^-1，T_1/2(k_e) 为122 min；高剂量(10.37 mg·kg^-1)组C_max为69 μg·L^-1，T_1/2(k_e)为144 min。结论Beagle犬ig和iv m-Nif 后，血浆中药物消除迅速，口服绝对生物利用度较低。     

注射用灯盏花素脂质体在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学

目的制备灯盏花素脂质体，研究灯盏花素脂质体在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学。方法采用双周期交叉试验法，6只Beagle犬分别单剂量(以灯盏乙素计为28 mg/只)静脉注射自制灯盏花素脂质体和市售普通注射液，用反相高效液相色谱法测定不同时间血浆中灯盏乙素的浓度，采用3P97计算药代动力学参数，并进行统计学分析。结果脂质体和市售注射液的T_1/2α分别为(4.4±0.7) min和(1.8±1.3) min；T_1/2<>分别为(55±27) min和(28±23) min；V_c分别为(1 580±265) mL和(2 460±2 200) mL；CL_s分别为(88±10) mL·min^-1和(324±69) mL·min^-1； AUC_0-720分别为(363±42) μg·min·mL^-1和(102±19) μg·min·mL^-1。两种制剂的T_1/2α，CL_s及AUC_0-720经方差分析后均存在极显著或显著性差异。结论与市售普通注射液相比，灯盏花素脂质体Beagle犬静脉注射给药后，大大提高了血药浓度，显著改善了灯盏乙素原药的药代动力学性质，具有缓释作用。     

抗癌复方硫酸长春新碱脂质体的体外释药特性及小鼠体内的组织分布

目的研究复方硫酸长春新碱脂质体的制备方法并考察其体外释放规律以及在小鼠体内的组织分布。方法采用pH梯度法合并逆相蒸发制备同时包载硫酸长春新碱(VCR)和盐酸米托蒽醌(MTO)的复方脂质体，实验考察脂质体的体外释药特性；采用反相高效液相法测定小鼠组织中的VCR和MTO浓度。结果体外释放结果表明，复方脂质体中VCR在24 h释放完全，对照溶液中VCR在6 h释放完全，脂质体中MTO在288 h仅释放了0.05%，对照溶液中MTO在12 h释放完全；体内药动学结果表明复方脂质体在血浆中VCR的AUC是对照溶液的1.70倍，T_1/2(Ke)为对照溶液的1.14倍；MTO的AUC是对照溶液的40.62倍，T_1/2(Ke)为对照溶液的432倍。结论 与对照液比较，体外释放实验证实复方脂质体具有缓释特性，体内实验结果表明复方脂质体可延长药物在血液中的循环时间并且提高了药物在血液中浓度，改善了原药的体内分布特性。     

Zidovudine pharmacokinetics in five HIV seronegative patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

A few reports in the literature describe zidovudine (AZT) pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing hemodialysis; however, the effect of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) on the drug's disposition has not been studied. The pharmacokinetics of AZT were evaluated in five patients, age 37-62 years, who were seronegative for the human immunodeficiency virus and were undergoing CAPD. Serial plasma, urine, and dialysate samples were collected after oral administration of AZT 200 mg. Samples were assayed using radioimmunoassay (RIA). Model-independent analysis was used to determine total plasma clearance, apparent volume of distribution, mean residence time, and half-life. Net peritoneal dialysis clearance was calculated to measure the effect of CAPD on AZT disposition. We found wide interpatient variability in AZT pharmacokinetics. Peak serum concentrations ranged from 0.3-47.8 microns and area under the curve from 0.5-26.1 mg x hour/L. These differences resulted in corresponding differences in clearance (range 66-3176 ml/min/1.73 m2) and volume of distribution (range 16-825 L). Interpatient variability in glucuronidation may partially account for this variability. Net peritoneal dialysis clearance of AZT was 5 ml/minute. Although the effect of peritoneal dialysis on AZT disposition was negligible, clinicians should be aware of the large differences in the way in which individual patients with renal dysfunction handle this drug.