人工瓣膜感染性心内膜炎17例临床分析

 目的 总结人工瓣膜感染性心内膜炎（prosthetic valve endocarditis,PVE）的发病情况、临床特点和治疗策略。方法 对我院近6年来诊断为感染性心内膜炎（infectivc endocarditis,IE）的242名患者中的17例PVE进行病例分析。结果17例PVE患者中男性7例、女性10例,平均年龄（51.1 ± 11.1）岁;感染共累及22个人工瓣膜,其中主动脉瓣14个、二尖瓣7个;患者主要表现有发热、贫血、心功能不全、栓塞等;分别有3例、5例经过单纯抗感染及联合手术治疗治愈,死亡9例（病死率52.9%）,6名葡萄球菌感染者全部死亡。结论 PVE的病死率高;感染累及主动脉瓣较二尖瓣常见;葡萄球菌感染者预后差。     

Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and prosthetic valve endocarditis.

A study of twenty-five cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis suggests that the antibiotics used for perioperative prophylaxis may alter the type and antibiotic sensitivity of organisms which subsequently infect the artificial valves. Based on the results of this study, the authors have been able to modify their prophylactic regime to encompass these organisms and to predict the antibiotics most likely to be effective in the treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis in their unit. No single prophylactic or therapeutic regime will be equally effective in all centres, but by examining the different types and sensitivities of bacteria which cause prosthetic valve endocarditis in a locality, antibiotic regimes can be chosen which best suit the local situation.     

Yersinia enterocolitica endocarditis on a prosthetic valve.

Yersinia entercolitica endocarditis has rarely been described before. This is the first report of prosthetic valve Yersinia enterocolitis endocarditis, complicated by infected brain embolization. The patient, however, completely recovered after 6 weeks of combined therapy with ceftriaxone and gentamicin.     

Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis with special reference to prosthetic valve endocarditis

Patients with native valve endocarditis treated surgically between 1968 and 1978 (n = 15) and all patients presenting with prosthetic valve endocarditis during this period (n = 21) were followed up for at least four years. Five of the patients with native valve endocarditis required urgent early surgical intervention, of whom two died. The remaining 10 underwent valve replacement after a course of antibiotic treatment: all survived, though one required further valve replacement. The 21 patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis suffered 25 attacks. Nine were cured by medical treatment alone; two died before surgical intervention was possible; 11 required valve replacement, of whom three died; and two required valve replacement after a course of antibiotic treatment. The incidence of early prosthetic valve endocarditis--that occurring within two months of operation--was 0.67%, but that of late prosthetic valve endocarditis could not be determined. Medical treatment when started early should cure endocarditis in most patients, but vigilance should be maintained for the appearance of indications for surgery. When such indications exist surgery should not be delayed.     

Epidemic of prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis

In an epidemic of prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis the surgeon was found to be the source of contamination. The probable route was accidental puncture of gloves during operation. During the epidemiological investigation a second cluster of patients contaminated with Staph epidermidis during open heart surgery was found also related to one surgeon. This strain caused no detectable signs or symptoms of infection. Carriage of virulent staph epidermidis has rarely been recognised as a hazard but may have serious consequences.     

Aetiology and outcome in 53 cases of native valve staphylococcal endocarditis

Within the last 30 years the profile of infective endocarditis has altered considerably with regard to microbiological causation, clinical features, and natural history. A contributory factor has undoubtedly been the development of potent antibiotics and their sometimes indiscriminate use. The increase in intravenous drug abuse in urban centres, the use of immunosuppressive agents, and the use of prosthetic heart valves have also all contributed. Although cardiac surgery in the uninfected heart provides a perfect environment for infective endocarditis, the improved design of prosthetic valves and the enhanced long-term survival and decreased immediate operative risk, means that surgery is viewed as the best option in many cases. In a series of 53 cases of staphylococcal endocarditis from a national endocarditis survey, those risk factors which influenced outcome were analysed. Thirty out of 53 patients had predisposing heart disease. Mortality was 39.6%. Statistical analysis revealed that attributable mortality was significantly associated with skin infection, systemic embolisation, and inappropriate therapy. Interestingly, surgical treatment was associated with better outcome.     

人工瓣膜感染性心内膜炎

目的　对 30例人工瓣膜感染性心内膜炎患者进行临床分析 ,重点讨论防治问题。方法　全组 30例患者中男性 15例 ,女性 15例。年龄 19～ 5 6岁 ,平均 36岁。人工瓣膜感染性心内膜 (PVE)的发生率为 2 .8% ,其中二尖瓣 (MV)、主动脉瓣 (AV)及双瓣 (DV)的PVE发生率各为 2 .2 %、4.3%及 4.2 3%。单纯内科疗法 2 2例 ;内外科联合疗法 8例。结果　内科疗法病死率 86 % ;内外科疗法病死率 12 .5 %。结论　内外科疗法效果优于单纯内科疗法。     

国产GK-2型人造心脏瓣膜20年临床应用的随访观察

目的总结20年间应用413枚GK2型人造心脏瓣膜的治疗效果,评价国产GK2型单叶式机械瓣膜的远期疗效。方法对1985年初至2004年间施行的327例心脏瓣膜替换术患者进行随访观察,男123例,女204例。年龄1.6～68岁(38.62岁±10.14岁)。心功能Ⅱ级21例,Ⅲ级216例,Ⅳ90例。术式为二尖瓣置换(MVR)205例(62.69%),二尖瓣及主动脉瓣置换(DVR)86例(26.30%),主动脉瓣置换(AVR)31例(9.48%),三尖瓣置换(TVR)5例(1.52%)。共使用GK2型二尖瓣296枚,主动脉瓣117枚。随访0.5～19.6年(9.05年±4.59年),总随访人年数为2440.7患者年。结果早期死亡11例,死亡率为3.36%(11/327)。远期死亡24例,死亡率0.98%患者年。5年、10年、15年生存率分别为93.31%±0.03%、89.59%±2.1%及83.61%±6.09%。12例发生出血事件(0.49%患者年),7例发生瓣膜血栓形成或栓塞(0.29%患者年)。91.98%的患者(241/262)心功能恢复至(NYHA)I、II级。结论连续20年的临床应用和长期随访表明,该型瓣膜具有多项优点,瓣膜相关事件发生率处于较低水平,远期效果满意。     

自体瓣感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的　总结自体瓣感染性心内膜炎 (NVE)外科治疗的时机和手术方法。方法　 2 0 0 1年 9月至 2 0 0 4年4月收治NVE患者 2 0例中男 14例 ,女 6例 ,平均 2 9.5岁。发病前无原发性瓣膜病变或心脏其它畸形者 4例 ,具有原发性瓣膜病变或心脏其它畸形者 14例 ,术前心功能Ⅱ级 3例 ,Ⅲ级 13例 ,Ⅳ级 4例。感染性病变侵犯主动脉瓣 13例 ,二尖瓣 8例 (其中主动脉瓣、二尖瓣均受损 5例 ) ,肺动脉瓣 6例 (1例合并二尖瓣受损 ,1例合并主动脉瓣受损 )。施行主动脉瓣和二尖瓣双瓣膜替换 5例 ,主动脉瓣替换 8例 ,二尖瓣替换 3例 ,肺动脉瓣赘生物摘除 1例 ,肺动脉瓣修补成形 5例。结果　本组 2 0例全部生存。 1例主动脉瓣瓣周脓肿合并左室右房瘘病人 ,主动脉瓣替换术后发生Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞。术后随访 1～ 2 4个月 ,心功能全部恢复至Ⅰ级 ,无瓣周漏 ,无再感染。结论　NVE首先应用抗生素抗感染治疗 ,右心瓣膜心内膜炎待感染进入稳定期后采取瓣膜修复术 ;而左心瓣膜心内膜炎 ,应依据患者心功能和赘生物的状态决定手术时机 ,心脏瓣膜替换术仍是左心瓣膜心内膜炎的有效手术方法。     

二尖瓣术后感染性心内膜炎早期二尖瓣和三尖瓣MCSF-1及受体c-fms基因表达

目的探讨MCSF-1和其受体,c-fms,在二尖瓣术后心内膜炎中的作用和其对瓣膜组织在细菌种植,赘生物形成中的影响以及心脏二尖瓣术后感染性心内膜炎早期家兔心脏瓣膜MCSF-1和c-fmsmRNA的表达水平变化。方法7只家兔静脉注射5×106CFU金葡菌;9只家兔行二尖瓣手术;8只家兔同时行二尖瓣手术和静脉注射金葡菌;7只正常家兔做对照。6h后取出心脏瓣膜,提取RNA,应用RT-PCR技术测量MCSF-1和c-fmsmRNA表达水平。结果二尖瓣和三尖瓣MCSF-1mRNA在二尖瓣手术后明显的高表达;附加金葡菌注射后,二尖瓣MCSF-1mRNA表达水平进一步提高(P<0.01,与二尖瓣手术组比较),而三尖瓣却没有明显变化。相反,二尖瓣c-fmsmRNA在二尖瓣手术后明显的降低表达水平(P<0.05)。结论二尖瓣手术后感染性心内膜炎早期心脏二尖瓣和三尖瓣瓣膜有不同的MCSF-1和c-fms表达反应;瓣膜组织中MCSF-1mRNA表达水平反映巨噬细胞的聚集,增殖,分化和炎症发展状态。